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Genotoxicity of mixtures of glyphosate with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid chemical forms towards Cnesterodon decemmaculatus (Pisces, Poeciliidae)

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Abstract

Acute genotoxicity of commercial glyphosate (GLY) (Credit®)-, 2,4-D-acid (2,4-D) (Dedalo Elite)-, 2,4-D-amine (2,4-D DMA) (Weedar Full®)- and 2,4-D-ester (2,4-D BE) (Herbifen Super®)-based herbicide formulations alone and their combinations were analysed in Cnesterodon decemmaculatus. Mortality was evaluated as a lethal end-point and the single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) bioassay was used as a sublethal end-point. LC5096h values for Dedalo Elite was 0.46 mg/L and Herbifen Super® was 2.67 mg/L based on 2,4-D and 2,4-D BE, respectively. Results reveal a higher toxicity exerted on C. decemmaculatus after exposure to 2,4-D- rather than 2,4-D BE-based herbicide formulations. Overall, results demonstrated an enhancement in the genetic damage index committed to an enhancement of damaged erythrocytes of C. decemmaculatus when exposed to Credit®, Dedalo Elite, Weedar Full® and Herbifen Super® at 5% and 10% of LC5096h values alone as well as in their combinations. Overall, the combination of GLY plus 2,4-D or GLY plus 2,4-D DMA showed a synergistic pattern whereas the combination of GLY plus 2,4-D BE was antagonic. Furthermore, this research is pioneer in the assessment of lethality and genotoxicity induced by 2,4-D-, 2,4-D DMA- and 2,4-D BE-based formulations when combined with GLY-based formulated herbicides in fish after they are acutely exposed.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thanks A. Duarte and E. Grognett from Nufarm S.A. Argentina, Buenos Aires (Argentina) for kindly providing the GLY-based commercial-grade formulation Credit® and the 2,4-D-based commercial-grade formulation Weedar® Full as well as to E. Fernandez and S. Calvo from Red Surcos S.A. (Santa Fe, Argentina) for kindly providing the 2,4-D-based commercial-grade formulation Dedalo Elite. Part of the results have been included without subjecting them to peer review in the W. F. Carvalho’s Doctoral Thesis “Genotoxic and mutagenic evaluation of herbicides in aquatic organisms” (Universidade Federal de Goiás, Brazil) (http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/8423). The “Programa de Doutorado Sanduíche no Exterior (CAPES-PDSE-Edital n° 19/2016, Processo: 88881.135034-2016-01, W.F.C.) is also acknowledged.

Funding

The funding for this study was provided by the National University of La Plata (Grants 11/N817 and 11/N847) and the National Agency of Scientific and Technological Promotion (PICT 2015 Number 3059) from Argentina.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratório de Mutagênese, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil

    Wanessa F. Carvalho & Daniela de Melo e Silva

  2. Cátedra de Citología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 64 N° 3, B1904AMA, La Plata, Argentina

    Celeste Ruiz de Arcaute, Luciano Torres, Sonia Soloneski & Marcelo L. Larramendy

  3. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Celeste Ruiz de Arcaute, Sonia Soloneski & Marcelo L. Larramendy

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  1. Wanessa F. Carvalho
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Carvalho, W.F., Ruiz de Arcaute, C., Torres, L. et al. Genotoxicity of mixtures of glyphosate with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid chemical forms towards Cnesterodon decemmaculatus (Pisces, Poeciliidae). Environ Sci Pollut Res 27, 6515–6525 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-07379-x

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