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Impacts of forest harvesting on mobilization of Hg and MeHg in drained peatland forests on black schist or felsic bedrock

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Abstract

Forest harvesting, especially when intensified harvesting method as whole-tree harvesting with stump lifting (WTHs) are used, may increase mercury (Hg) and methylmercury (MeHg) leaching to recipient water courses. The effect can be enhanced if the underlying bedrock and overburden soil contain Hg. The impact of stem-only harvesting (SOH) and WTHs on the concentrations of Hg and MeHg as well as several other variables in the ditch water was studied using a paired catchment approach in eight drained peatland-dominated catchments in Finland (2008–2012). Four of the catchments were on felsic bedrock and four on black schist bedrock containing heavy metals. Although both Hg and MeHg concentrations increased after harvesting in all treated sites according to the randomized intervention analyses (RIAs), there was only a weak indication of a harvest-induced mobilization of Hg and MeHg into the ditches. Furthermore, no clear differences between WTHs and SOH were found, although MeHg showed a nearly significant difference (p = 0.06) between the harvesting regimes. However, there was a clear bedrock effect, since the MeHg concentrations in the ditch water were higher at catchments on black schist than at those on felsic bedrock. The pH, suspended solid matter (SSM), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and iron (Fe) concentrations increased after harvest while the sulfate (SO4-S) concentration decreased. The highest abundances of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) were found on the sites with high MeHg concentrations. The biggest changes in ditch water concentrations occurred first 2 years after harvesting.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the Natural Resources Institute Finland’s (former Finnish Forest Research Institute) field technicians for collecting the samples from the study sites as well as the laboratory staff for carrying out the pre-treatment and analyses of the samples. This study was funded by Finnish Forest Research Institute, the Geological Survey of Finland, the University of Helsinki, and the University of Oulu with co-funding provided by the Academy of Finland project Hydro-biogeochemistry of drained peatlands: impacts of bioenergy harvesting on trace metal transport under different hydrogeological settings (HYPE) (project no. 132447).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Natural Resources Institute Finland, P.O. Box 18, Vantaa, FI-01301, Finland

    Liisa Ukonmaanaho, Marjatta Kantola, Hannu Fritze, Tero Tuomivirta, Juha Heikkinen & Tiina M. Nieminen

  2. Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland

    Mike Starr

  3. Natural Resources Institute Finland, P.O. Box 68, Joensuu, FI-80101, Finland

    Ari Laurén

  4. Natural Resources Institute Finland, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 413, Oulu, FI-90014, Finland

    Juha Piispanen & Päivi Merilä

  5. Valmet, Elektroniikkatie 9, Oulu, 90590, Finland

    Heidi Pietilä

  6. Department of Chemistry, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, Oulu, FI-90014, Finland

    Paavo Perämäki

  7. Geological Survey of Finland, P.O. Box 1237, Kuopio, FI-70211, Finland

    Jari Mäkinen

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  1. Liisa Ukonmaanaho
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Correspondence to Liisa Ukonmaanaho.

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ESM 1

Supplementary figure. Map of the studied catchments. Brown patches are harvested peatland area and green patches are mineral soil. Note that map of the FS_SOH is in smaller scale than other maps (PNG 224 kb)

ESM 2

Supplementary data, Table 1. Ditch water Hg and MeHg concentrations (ng L−1) before harvesting (2008) and after harvesting (2009 and average of 2010–2012); standard deviation (SD) is in italics (DOC 63 kb)

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Ukonmaanaho, L., Starr, M., Kantola, M. et al. Impacts of forest harvesting on mobilization of Hg and MeHg in drained peatland forests on black schist or felsic bedrock. Environ Monit Assess 188, 228 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-016-5210-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-016-5210-x

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