Abstract
Coal mining safety has been compromised with water inrushes from aquifers either overlying or underlying the coal seams. Detailed studies of the associated hydrogeological conditions in China have led to different approaches to mitigate the water inrush risks from these two types of aquifers—the ‘three diagram method’ for overlying-aquifer water inrushes and the ‘vulnerability index method’ for underlying-aquifer water inrushes. The ‘three diagram method’ consists of: (1) aquifer water-abundance distribution charts derived from a geographic information system and analytic hierarchy process based water-abundance index model; (2) a fracture height map showing mining-induced fractures above the coal seam, established with stratified numerical simulations; and (3) a comprehensive partition map identifying the overlying-aquifer water inrush risk. The ‘vulnerability index method’ uses site-specific data to establish thematic maps for major factors that affect the underlying-aquifer water inrushes, whereas the weight of each control factor is determined by the analytic hierarchy process. The calculated vulnerability index is indicative of water inrush risks. The effectiveness of these methods is illustrated with a case study at the Pingshuo No. 1 underground coal mine, Shanxi Province, China.
Résumé
La sécurité des mines de charbon est compromise par des arrivées d’eau en provenance d’aquifères localisés soit au toit, soit au mur des couches de charbon. Des études détaillées des conditions hydrogéologiques associées, en Chine, ont conduit à des approches différentes pour atténuer les risques d’arrivée d’eau en provenance de ces deux types d’aquifère—« la méthode des trois diagrammes » pour les arrivées d’eau en provenance du toit et la « méthode des indices de vulnérabilité » pour les arrivées d’eau en provenance du mur. La méthode des trois diagrammes consiste en: (1) des diagrammes de distribution d’abondance d’eaux souterraines dérivés d’un système d’information géographique et d’un processus de hiérarchie analytique basé sur un modèle d’indice d’abondance d’eau; (2) une carte des hauteurs de fracturation montrant les fractures induites par la mine au-dessus de la couche de charbon, établie à partir de simulations numériques stratifiées; et (3) une carte de répartition complète identifiant les risques d’arrivées d’eau des aquifères sus-jacents. La ‘méthode des indices de vulnérabilité’ utilise des données spécifiques au site pour établir des cartes thématiques des facteurs majeurs qui affectent les arrivées d’eau en provenance des aquifères au mur de la mine, tandis que le poids de chaque facteur de contrôle est déterminé par le processus de hiérarchie analytique. L’indice de vulnérabilité calculé indique les risques d’arrivées d’eau. L’efficacité de ces méthodes est illustrée par une étude de cas dans la mine de charbon de Pingshuo N°1, Province de Shanxi, Chine.
Resumen
La seguridad de la minería del carbón se ha visto comprometida por la afluencia de agua de los acuíferos que ya sea suprayacen o subyacen las vetas de carbón. Los estudios detallados de las condiciones hidrogeológicas asociadas en China ha llevado a diferentes enfoques para mitigar los riesgos de afluencia de agua desde estos dos tipos de acuíferos—el ‘método de los tres diagramas’ para la afluencia de agua proveniente del acuífero suprayacente y el ‘método del índice de vulnerabilidad’ para la afluencia de agua proveniente del acuífero subyacente. El ‘método de los tres diagramas’ consiste en: (1) cartas de distribución de la abundancia de agua del acuífero derivadas de un sistema de información geográfica y modelo de índices de abundancia de agua basado en el de jerarquía analítica; (2) un mapa de altura de fracturas que muestra las fracturas inducidas por la minería por encima de la veta de carbón, establecida con simulaciones numéricas estratificadas; y (3) un mapa de particiones abarcativo que identifica los riesgos de afluencia de agua del acuífero suprayacente. El ‘método del índice de vulnerabilidad’ usa datos específicos del sitio para establecer mapas temáticos para los factores principales que afectan la afluencia de agua proveniente del acuífero subyacente, mientras que el peso de cada factor de control está determinado por el proceso de jerarquía analítica. El índice calculado de vulnerabilidad es indicativo de los riesgos de afluencia de agua. La eficacia de estos métodos está ilustrada con un caso de estudio en la mina de carbón subterránea de Pingshuo No.1, Provincia de Shanxi, China.
摘要
煤炭采矿安全受到煤层之上或之下的含水层涌水威胁。在中国,对水文地质条件详细的研究催生了对付这两类含水层涌水风险的不同的方法—对付上覆含水层涌水的“三图法”和对付下伏含水层涌水的“脆弱性指数法”。“三图法”包括:(1)源自地理信息系统的含水层富水分布图和基于层次分析法的富水指数模型;(2)显示煤层之上开采诱发的断裂的断裂高度图,这个图用分层数值模拟建立;(3)确认上覆含水层涌水风险的综合分区图。“脆弱性指数法”利用特定场地的资料建立影响下伏含水层涌水的主要因素专题图,而每个控制因素权重由层次分析法确定。计算出的脆弱性指数可显示涌水风险性。这些方法的实效性通过中国山西省平朔一号地下煤矿一个研究实例进行了论述。
Resumo
A segurança da exploração em minas de carvão sido comprometida com afluências súbitas de água de aquíferos supra ou subjacentes às camadas de carvão. Estudos detalhados sobre as condições hidrogeológicas na China levaram a diferentes abordagens para mitigar os riscos de afluência destes dois tipos de aquíferos: o "método dos três diagramas” para afluências súbitas de água de aquíferos sobrejacentes e o "método do índice de vulnerabilidade” para afluências de água de aquíferos subjacentes. O "método dos três diagramas” consiste em: (1) gráficos de distribuição de abundância de água do aquífero derivada de um sistema de informação geográfica e modelo índice de abundância de água baseado num processo de hierarquia analítica, (2) mapa de dimensão de fraturas mostrando fraturas induzidas pela exploração mineira acima do nível de carvão, criado a partir de simulações numéricas estratificadas, e (3) um mapa de distribuição detalhado identificando o risco de afluência de água do aquífero sobrejacente. O "método índice de vulnerabilidade” usa dados específicos do local para estabelecer mapas temáticos para os principais fatores que afetam as afluências súbitas de água do aquífero subjacente, enquanto o peso de cada fator de controlo é determinado pelo processo de hierarquia analítica. O índice de vulnerabilidade calculado é indicativo de riscos de afluência da água. A eficácia destes métodos é ilustrada com um caso de estudo na mina de carvão subterrânea Pingshuo No.1, na província de Shanxi, na China.
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Acknowledgements
This research was financially supported by China National Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. 51174289, 41102180), Innovation Research Team Program of Ministry of Education (IRT1085), China National Scientific and Technical Support Program (Grant No. 201105060–06, 2012BAB12B03), National Geological Survey Program (shui[2012]-01-035-036), Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2010YD02) and State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining.
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Wu, Q., Fan, Z., Zhang, Z. et al. Evaluation and zoning of groundwater hazards in Pingshuo No. 1 underground coal mine, Shanxi Province, China. Hydrogeol J 22, 1693–1705 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-014-1138-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-014-1138-9