Summary
The three yolk protein genes (yp) of Drosophila melanogaster are transcribed in a sex- and tissue-limited fashion. We have searched for cis-regulatory sequences in regions flanking yp1 and yp2 to identify the elements that confer female-specific expression in the fat body. One such 127 by element has previously been identified in this region. We show here the existence of two additional regions which confer female fat body-specific expression on an Adh reporter gene and on the native yp2 gene, respectively. This suggests some redundancy in the regulation of expression of the yp genes. Computer searches for putative binding sites for the DSX protein, which regulates sex-specific expression of the yp genes, revealed several such sites in our constructs. However, the significance of these is unclear since many such sites also occur in genes which one would not expect to be regulated in a sex-specific manner (e.g. Adh, Actin 5C). We suggest that DSX acts in concert with other proteins to mediate sex- and tissue-specific expression of the yp genes.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abel T, Bhatt R, Maniatis T (1992) A Drosophila CREB/ATF transcriptional activator binds to both fat body- and liver-specific regulatory elements. Genes Dev 6:466–480
Baker BS (1989) Sex in flies: the splice of life. Nature 340:521–524
Baker BS, Ridge KA (1980) Sex and the single cell. I. On the action of major loci affecting sex determination in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 94:383–423
Baker BS, Wolfner MF (1988) A molecular analysis of doublesex, a bifunctional gene that controls both male and female sexual differentiation in Drosophila melanogaster. Genes Dev 2:477–489
Barnett T, Pachl C, Gergen JP, Wensink PC (1980) The isolation and characterization of Drosophila yolk protein genes. Cell 21:729–738
Barnett T, Wensink PC (1981) Transcription and translation of yolk protein mRNA in fat bodies of Drosophila. In: Brown DD, Fox CF (eds) Developmental biology using purified genes UCLA-ICN Symposium. University of California Press, Berkeley, vol 23, pp 99–106
Beck E, Ludwig G, Auerswald EA, Reiss B, Schaller H (1982) Nucleotide sequence and exact localization of the neomycin phosphotransferase gene from transposon Tn5. Gene 19:327–336
Biggin MD, Tjian R (1989) Transcription factors and the control of Drosophila development. Trends Genet 5:377–383
Bonner JJ, Parks C, Parker-Thornburg J, Martin MA, Pelham HRB (1984) The use of promoter fusions in Drosophila genetics isolation of mutations affecting the heat shock response. Cell 37:979–991
Bownes M (1980) The use of yolk protein variations in Drosophila species to analyse the control of vitellogenesis. Differentiation 16:104–116
Bownes M, Hames BD (1978) Analysis of the yolk proteins in Drosophila melanogaster. FEBS Lett 96:327–330
Bownes M, Nöthiger R (1981) Sex-determining genes and vitellogenin synthesis in Drosophila melanogaster. Mol Gen Genet 182:222–228
Bownes M, Scott A, Blair M (1987) The use of an inhibitor of protein synthesis to investigate the roles of ecdysteroids and sex-determination genes on the expression of the genes encoding the Drosophila yolk proteins. Development 101:931–941
Bownes M, Scott A, Shirras A (1988) Dietary components modulate yolk protein gene transcription in Drosophila melanogaster. Development 103:119–128
Brennan MD, Weiner AJ, Goralski TJ, Mahowald AP (1982) The follicle cells are a major site of vitellogenin synthesis in Drosophila melanogaster. Dev Biol 89:225–236
Burtis KC, Baker BS (1989) Drosophila doublesex gene controls somatic sexual differentiation by producing alternatively spliced mRNAs encoding related sex-specific polypeptides. Cell 56:997–1010
Burtis KC, Coschigano KT, Baker BS, Wensink PC (1991) The Doublesex proteins of Drosophila melanogaster bind directly to a sex-specific yolk protein gene enhancer. EMBO J 10:2577–2582
England BP, Heberlein U, Tjian R (1990) Purified Drosophila transcription factor, Adh distal factor-1 (Adf-1), binds to sites in several Drosophila promoters and activates transcription. J Biol Chem 265:5086–5094
Falb D, Maniatis T (1992) A conserved regulatory unit implicated in tissue-specific gene expression in Drosophila and man. Genes Dev 6:454–465
Friederich E, Baeuerle PA, Garoff H, Hovemann B, Hüttner WB (1988) Expression, tyrosine sulfation and secretion of the yolk protein 2 of Drosophila melanogaster in mouse fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 263:14930–14938
Fischer JA, Maniatis T (1988) Drosophila Adh: a promoter element expands the tissue specificity of an enhancer. Cell 53:451–461
Garabedian MJ, Hung M-C, Wensink PC (1985) Independent control elements that determine yolk protein gene expression in alternative Drosophila tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82:1396–1400
Garabedian MJ, Shepherd BM, Wensink PC (1986) A tissue-specific transcription enhancer from the Drosophila yolk protein 1 gene. Cell 45:859–967
Garabedian MJ, Shirras AD, Bownes M, Wensink PC (1987) The nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for Drosophila melanogaster yolk protein 3. Gene 55:1–8
Hoveman B, Galler R, Walldorf U, Küpper H, Bautz EKF (1981) Vitellogenin in Drosophila melanogaster: sequence of the yolk protein I gene and its flanking regions. Nucleic Acids Res 9:4721–4734
Hung M-C, Wensink PC (1981) The sequence of the Drosophila melanogaster gene for yolk protein 1. Nucleic Acids Res 9:6407–6419
Hung M-C, Wensink PC (1983) Sequence and structure conservation in yolk proteins and their genes. J Mol Biol 164:481–492
Jowett T (1986) Preparation of nucleic acids. In: Roberts DB (ed) Drosophila, a practical approach. IRL Press, Oxford, pp 275–286
Laemmli UK (1970) Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature 227:680–685
Lindsley DL, Grell EH (1968) Genetic variations of Drosophila. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publ. No. 627
Logan SK, Garabedian MJ, Wensink PC (1989) DNA regions that regulate the ovarian transcriptional specificity of Drosophila yolk protein genes. Genes Dev 3:1453–1461
Logan SK, Wensink PC (1990) Ovarian follicle cell enhancers from the Drosophila yolk protein genes: different segments of one enhancer have different cell-type specificities that interact to give normal expression. Genes Dev 4:613–623
Nielsen O, Egel R (1989) Mapping the double-strand breaks at the mating-type locus in fission yeast by genomic sequencing. EMBO J 8:269–276
Nöthiger R, Leuthold M, Andersen N, Gerschwiler P, Grüter A, Keller W, Leist C, Roost M, Schmid H (1987) Genetic and developmental analysis of the sex-determining gene double sex (dsx) of Drosophila melanogaster. Genet Res Camb 50:113–123
Perkins KK, Dailey GM, Tjian R (1988) Novel Jun- and Fosrelated proteins in Drosophila are functionally homologous to enhancer factor AP-1. EMBO J 7:4265–4273
Postlethwait JH, Lange G, Handler AM (1980) Yolk protein synthesis in ovariectomized and genetically agametic [X87] Drosophila melanogaster. Gen Comp Endocrinology 40:385–390
Rio DC, Rubin GM (1985) Transformation of cultured Drosophila melanogaster cells with a dominant selectable marker. Mol Cell Biol 5:1833–1838
Rubin GM, Spradling AC (1983) Vectors for P element-mediated gene transfer in Drosophila. Nucleic Acids Res 11:6341–6351
Shirras AD, Bownes M (1987) Separate DNA sequences are required for normal female and ecdysone-induced male expression of Drosophila melanogaster yolk protein 1. Mol Gen Genet 210:153–155
Slee R, Bownes M (1990) Sex determination in Drosophila melanogaster. Quart Rev Biol 65:175–204
Spradling AC, Rubin GM (1982) Transposition of cloned P elements into Drosophila germ line chromosomes. Science 218:341–347
Stanojevic D, Hoey T, Levine M (1989) Sequence-specific DNA-binding activities of the gap proteins encoded by hunchback and Krüppel in Drosophila. Nature 341:331–335
Steinmann-Zwicky M, Amrein H, Nöthiger R (1990) Genetic control of sex determination in Drosophila. Adv Genet 27:189–237
Steller H, Pirrotta V (1985) A transposable P vector that confers selectable G418 resistance to Drosophila larvae. EMBO J 4:167–171
Tamura T, Kunert C, Postlethwait J (1985) Sex- and cell-specific regulation of yolk polypeptide genes introduced into Drosophila by P-element-mediated gene transfer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82:7000–7004
Wildeman AG (1988) Regulation of SV40 early gene expression. Biochem Cell Biol 66:567–577
Xiao H, Perisic O, Lis J (1991) Cooperative binding of Drosophila heat shock factor to arrays of a conserved 5 by unit. Cell 64:585–593
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Communicated by K. Illmensee
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Abrahamsen, N., Martinez, A., Kjær, T. et al. Cis-regulatory sequences leading to female-specific expression of yolk protein genes 1 and 2 in the fat body of Drosophila melanogaster . Molec. Gen. Genet. 237, 41–48 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00282782
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00282782