Abstract
Caraiba, the largest Brazilian copper deposit under exploitation, consists mostly of disseminated and remobilised bornite and chalcopyrite hosted in early Proterozoic norite and hypersthenite. The mafic igneous complex comprises multiple intrusions of dykes, veins and breccias of norites and hypersthenites, with minor proportions of amphibolised gabbronorite and peridotite xenoliths transported by the magma from deeper levels in the lithosphere. The country rocks are high-grade gneisses, granulites and metasediments. Compositions of plagioclase(An60-40) and orthopyroxene(En70-60) fall in a narrow range similar to the Koperberg Suite from the Okiep copper district, South Africa, and to that in many massif-type anorthosites. Whole-rock major and trace element geochemistry indicate a parental magma enriched in Fe, LREE, P, K, and Cu. Negative Nb anomalies on multi-element plots and fractionated REE patterns, along with sulphide sulphur isotopes in the range δ34S = −1.495 to + 0.643‰, suggest a primary mantle lithosphere source, although a lower crustal source for the gabbronorite and peridotite xenoliths cannot be excluded. Geochronological and field evidence indicate that both norite and hypersthenite are likely to have been emplaced during a major sinistral transcurrent (partly transpressional) shearing event associated with the waning stage of evolution of the early Proterozoic Salvador-Curaçá orogen.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ackermand, D., Herd, R.K., Reinhardt, M., Windley, B.F. (1987) Sapphirine parageneses from the Caraiba complex, Bahia, Brazil. The influence of Fe2+-Fe3+ distribution on the stability of sapphirine in natural assemblages. J. Metamorphic Geol. 5:323–339
Allègre, C.J., Minster J.F. (1978) Quantitative models of trace element behaviour in magmatic processes. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 38:1–25
Alt, J.C., Shanks, W.C., Jackson, M.C. (1993) Cycling of sulfur in subduction zones: the geochemistry of sulfur in the Mariana Island Arc and back-arc trough. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 119:477–494
Andreoli, M.A.G., Hart, R.J., Andersen, N.J.B., Moore, J. (1988) Th,U, REE-rich anorthosite from Namaqualand, S. Africa. Implications for metallogenesis and KREEP-basalt. Chem. Geol. 70:p.69
Ashwal, L.D. (1982) Mineralogy of mafic and Fe-Ti oxide-rich differentiates of the Marcy anorthosite massif, Adirondacks, New York. Am. Mineral. 67:14–27
Ashwal, L.D. (1988) Anorthosites: classification, mythology, trivia, and a simple unified theory. J. Geol. Soc. India 31:6–8
Ashwal, L.D., Wooden, J.L., Emslie, R.F. (1986) Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopes in Proterozoic intrusives astride the Grenville front in Labrador: implications for crustal contamination and basement mapping. Geochim. Cosmochin. Acta 50:2571–2585
Barbosa, J.S.F. (1986) Constitution lithologique et metamorphique de la region granulitique du Sud de Bahia, Brèsil. Univ. Paris, Mem. de Sciences de la Terre 86-34: 401pp
Barbosa, J.S.F. (1990) The granulites of the Jequié complex and Atlantic Coast mobile belt, southern Bahia, Brazil — and expression of Archean/Early Proterozoic plate convergence. In: Vielzeuf, D., Vidal, P. (eds.) Granulites and crustal evolution. Kluwer, Amsterdam, pp. 195–221
Barbosa, J.S.F., Fonteilles, M. (1989) Caracterização dos protólitos de região granulitica do Sul da Bahia-Brasil. Rev. Bras. Geoc. 19:3–18
Berg, J.H., (1980) Snowflake troctolite in the Hettasch intrusion, Labrador: evidence for magma-mixing and supercooling in a plutonic environment. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 72:339–351
Boer, R.H., Meyer, F.M., Cawthorn, R.G. (1994) Stable isotopic evidence for crustal contamination and desulfidation of cupriferous Koperberg Suite, Namaqualand, South Africa. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 58:2677–2687
Burns, L.E. (1985) The Border Ranges ultramafic and mafic complex, south-central Alaska: cumulate fractionates of island-arc volcanics. Can. J. Earth Sci. 22:1020–1038
Carlson, R.W., Wiebe, R.A., Kalamarides, R.I. (1993) Isotopic study of basaltic dikes in the Nain Plutonic Suite: evidence for enriched mantle sources. Can. J. Earth Sci. 30:1141–1146
Cawthorn, R.G., O'Hara, M.J. (1976) Amphibole fractionation in calc-alkaline magma genesis. Am. J. Sci. 276:309–329
Chaussidon, M., Albarede, F., Sheppard, S.M.F. (1989) Sulphur isotope variations in the mantle from ion microprobe analyses of micro-sulphide inclusions. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 92:144–156
Clifford, T.N., Gronow, L., Rex, D.C., Burger, A.J. (1975) Geochronological and petrogenetic studies of high-grade metamorphic rocks and intrusives in Namaqualand, South Africa. J. Petrol. 16:154–188
Clifford, T.N., Barton, E.S., Retief, E.A., Rex, D.C. (1990) New isotope data from the Koperberg Suite and some associated rocks, O'okiep district, Namaqualand, South Africa (abstract). Geocongress 90, Geol. Soc. South Africa. Cape Town, pp. 96–98
Clifford, T.N., Barton, E.S., Retief, E.A., Rex, D.C., Fanning, C.M. (1994) A crustal progenitor for the intrusive anorthosite-charnockite kindred of the cupriferous Koperberg Suite, O'okiep District, Namaqualand, South Africa. New isotope data for the country rocks and the intrusives. J. Petrol. (in press)
Coleman, R.G. (1977) Ophiolites. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, New York, 229 pp
Conradie, J.A., Schoch, A.E. (1986) Petrographical characteristics of the Koperberg Suite, South Africa — An analogy to massif-type anorthosites? Precambrian Res. 31:157–188
Conradie, J.A., Schoch, A.E. (1988) Rare earth elemenl geochemistry of an anorthosite-diorite suite, Namaqua mobile belt, South Africa. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 87:409–422
Czamanske, G.K., Bohlen, S.R. (1990) The Stillwater Complex and its anorthosites: an accident of magmatic underplating? Am. Mineral. 75:37–45
Delgado, I.M., Souza, J.D. (1975) Projeto Cobre Curaçá. Rel. final. Goel. Economica do distrito cuprifero do Rio Curaçá-Bahia-Brasil. CPRM/DNPM, vol. 30
Delgado, I.M., Souza, J.D. (1981) Projeto Cobre-Curaçá-Parte 1. In: Brasil. DNPM-Cobre no Vale do Rio Curaça, Estado da Bahia. Geologia 20. Seção Geologia Economica 3:7–149
DeMaiffe, D., Hertogen, J. (1981) Rare earth element geochemistry and strontium isotopic composition of a massif-type anorthositic-charnockitic body: the Hidra massif (Rogaland, SW Norway). Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 45:1545–1561
DePaolo, D.J. (1981) Trace element and isotopic effects of combined wallrock assimilation and fractional crystallization. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 53: 189–202
Dick, H.J.B. (1977) Partial melting in the Josephine Peridotite. I. The effect on mineral composition and its consequence for geobarometry and geothermometry. Am. J. Sci. 227:801–832
Emslie, R.F., (1985) Proterozoic anorthosite massifs. In: Tobi, A.C., Touret, J.L.R. (eds.) The deep Proterozoic crust in the North Atlantic Provinces. Reidel, Dordrecht, pp. 39–60
Figueiredo, M.C.H. (1981) Geoquimica das rochas metamorficas de alto grau do nordeste da Bahia-Brasil. In: Inda, H.A.V., Marinho, M.M., Duarte, F.B. (eds) Geologia e Recursos Minerais do Estado da Bahia, Textos Básicos, vol. 4, pp. 1–71
Figueiredo (1989) Geochemical evolution of eastern Bahia, Brazil: a probable Early Proterozoic subduction-relation magmatic arc. J. South Am. Earth Sci. 2:131–145
Foley, S. (1992) Vein-plus-wall-rock melting mechanisms in the lithosphere and the origin of potassic alkaline magmas. Lithos 28:435–453
Fourcade, S., Maury, R.C., Defant, M.J., McDermott, F. (1994) Mantle metasomatic enrichment versus arc crust contamination in the Philippines: oxygen isotope study of Batan ultramafic nodules and northern Luzon arc lavas. Chem. Geol. 114:199–215
Frost, B.R., Lindsley, D.H., Simmons, C. (1989) Origin and evolution of anorthosites and related rocks. Penrose Conference Report. Geology 17:474–475
Gava, A., Nascimento, D.A., Vidal, J.L.B., Ghignone, J.I., Oliveira, E.P., Santiago Filho, A.L., Teixeira, W. (1983) Geologia. In: Projeto RADAMBRASIL. Folhas SC.24/25 Aracaju/Recife. Levantamento de Recursos Naturais 30:27–376
Gill, J.B. (1981) Orogenic andesites and plate tectonics. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, 390 pp
Goldberg, S.A. (1984) Geochemical relationships between anorthosite and associated iron-rich rocks, Laramie Range, Wyoming, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 87:376–387
Green, D.H., Ringwood, A.E. (1967) The genesis of basaltic magmas. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 15:103–190
Green, T.H. (1969) High-pressure experimental studies on the origin of anorthosite. Can. J. Earth Sci. 6:427–440
Grove, T.L., Baker, M.B. (1984) Phase equilibrium controls on the tholeiitic versus calc-alkaline differentiation trends. J. Geophys. Res. 89:3253–3274
Hasui, Y., Silva, L.J.H.D., Silva, F.J.L., Mandetta, P., Moraes, J.A.C., Oliveira, J.G., Miola, W. (1982) Geology and copper mineralization of Curaçá River Valley, Bahia. Rev. Bras. Geoc. 12:463–474
Haughton, D.R., Roeder, P.L., Skinner, B.J. (1974) Solubility of sulfur in mafic magmas. Econ. Geol. 69:451–467
Hawkesworth, C.J., Mantovani, M.S.M., Taylor, P.N., Palacz, Z. (1986) Evidence from the Paraná of south Brazil for a continental contribution to Dupal basalts. Nature 322:356–359
Hergt, J.M., Peate, D.W., Hawkesworth. C.J. (1991) The petrogenesis of Mesozoic Gondwana low-Ti flood basalts. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 105:134–148
Herz, N. (1969) Anorthosite belts, continental drift, and the anorthosite event. Science 164:944–947
Hoover, J.D. (1989) Petrology of the marginal border series of the Skaergaard intrusion. J. Petrol. 30:399–440
Inda, H.A.V., Barbosa, J.F. (1978) Mapa geologico do Estado da Bahia. (Escala 1: 1.000.000). Secretaria de Minas e Energia da Bahia, Bahia
Irvine, T.N. (1974) Petrology of the Duke Island ultramafic complex, southeastern Alaska. Geol. Soc. Am. Mem. 138, 240 pp.
Irvine, R.N., Baragar, W.R.A. (1971) A guide to the chemical classification of the common volcanic rocks. Can. J. Earth Sci. 8:523–548
Khan, M.A., Jan, M.Q., Windley, B.F., Tarney, J., Thirlwall, M.F. (1989) The Chilas mafic igneous complex: the root of the Kohistan Island Arc in the Himalayas of N. Pakistan. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 232:75–94
Kuno, H. (1968) Differentiation of basalt magmas. In: Hess, H.H., Poldervaart, A. (eds.) Basalts, vol. 2, Wiley New York, pp. 623–688
Kyser, T.K. (1986) Stable isotope variations in the mantle. In: Valley, J.W. et al. (eds.) Stable isotopes in high temperature geological processes. Rev. Mineralogy 16:141–164. Mineralogical Society of America
Ladeira, E.A., Brockes, J.R.H. (1969) Goelogia das Quadriculas de Poco de Fora, Esfomeado, Tanque Novo e Lajes, Distrito cuprifero do Rio Curaçá, Bahia, Brasil. Relat. Geosol submetido ao DNPM, 209 pp
Lambert, D.D., Simmons, E.C. (1988) Magma evolution in the Stillwater complex, Montana.II. Rare earth element evidence for the formation of the J-M reef. Econ. Geol. 83:1109–1126
Leake, B.E., Farrow, C.M., Townend, R. (1979) A pre-2000 Myr old granulite facies metamorphosed evaporite from Caraiba, Brazil? Nature 277:49–50
Leinz, V. (1948) Genese da jazida de cobre de Caraiba, Bahia. Miner. Metal. 12:277–278
Lindenmayer, Z.G. (1981) Evolucão geológica do Vale do Rio Curaçá e dos corpos máfico-ultramáficos mineralizados a cobre. In: Inda, H.A.V., Marinho, M.M., Duarte, F.B. (eds.) Geologia e Recursos Minerais do Estado da Bahia. Textos Básicos, vol. 4:72–110
Loferski, P.J., Arculus, R.J. (1993) Multiphase inclusions in plagioclase from anorthosites in the Stillwater Complex, Montana: implications for the origin of the anorthosites. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 114:63–78
Lofgren, G. (1974) Temperature induced zoning in synthetic plagioclase feldspar. In: MacKenzie, W.S., Zussman, J. (eds.) The Feldspars. Manchester Univ. Press pp. 362–375
Lombaard, A.F., Exploration Department Staff of the O'okiep Copper Company Ltd. (1986) The copper deposits of the Okiep district, Namaqualand. In: Anhaeusser, C.R., Maske, S. (eds.) Mineral deposits of southern Africa. Vols. I, II. Geol. Soc. S. Africa, pp. 1421–1445
Maaloe, S. (1976) The zoned plagioclase of the Skaergaard intrusion, East Greenland. J. Petrol. 17:398–419
MacLean, W.H., Shimazaki, H. (1976) The partition of Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn between sulfide and silicate liquids. Econ. Geol. 71:1049–1057
Mandetta, P. (1982) Aspectos geologicos e petrogeneticos das associacoes mafico-ultramaficas de regiao de Caraiba, Vale do Curaçá. B.A. Unpublished Master thesis, Federal University of Bahia, Bahia
Mantovani, M.S.M., Marques, L.S., Sousa, M.A., Civetta, L., Atalla, L., Innocenti, F. (1985) Trace element and strontium isotope constraints on the origin and evolution of Paraná continental flood basalts of Santa Catarina State (Southern Brazil). J. Petrol. 26:187–209.
Marinho, N.M., Barbosa, J.S.F., Vidal, P (1993) O embasamento do craton do Säo Franciso no suteste da Bahia: revisäo geochronológica. Proceedings of the II Symposium on the San Francisco Craton, Brazilian Geological Society, Salvador, pp. 12–16
Mascarenhas, J.F., Pedreira, A.J., Misi, A., Motta, A.C., Silva S.A, J.H. (1984) Provincia São Francisco. In: Almeida, F.F.M., Hasui, Y. (eds.) O Pre-Cambriano do Brasil. Blucher, São Paulo, pp. 46–122
Mathison, C.I. (1987) Pyroxene oikocrysts in troctolitic cumulates evidence for supercooled crystallization and postcumulus modification. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 97:228–236
McIver, J.R., McCarthy, T.S., Packham, B.V. (1983) The copperbearing basic rocks of Namaqualand, South Africa. Mineral. Deposita 18:135–160
McLelland, J., Ashwal, L., Moore, L. (1994) Composition and petrogenesis of oxide-, apatite-rich gabbronorites associated with Proterozoic anorthosite massifs: examples from the Adirondack Mountains, New York. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 116:225–238
Menuge, J.F. (1988) The petrogenesis of massif anorthosites: a Nd and Sr isotopic investigation of the Proterozoic of Rogaland/Vest-Agder, SW Norway. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 98:363–373
Moorlock, B.S.P., Tarney, J., Wright, A.E. (1972) K-Rb ratios of intrusive anorthosite veins from Angmagssalik, East Greenland. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 14:39–46
Morse, S.A. (1982) A partisan review of Proterozoic anorthosites. Am. Mineral., 67:1087–1100
Morse, S.A., Hamilton, M.A. (1991) The problem of unsupported radiogenic strontium in the Nain anorthosites, Labrador. In: Gower, C.F., Rivers, T., Ryan, B. (eds.) Mid-Proterozoic Laurentia-Baltica. Geol. Assoc. Canada, Spec. Pap. 38:373–385
Mullan, H.S., Bussell, M.A. (1977) The basic rock series in batholithic associations. Geol. Mag. 114:265–280
Mysen, B.O., Boettcher, A.L. (1975) Melting of a hydrous mantle: I. Phase relations of natural peridotite at high pressures and temperatures with controlled activities of water, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen. J. Petrol. 16:520–548
Naldrett, A.J. (1981) Nickel sulfide deposits: Classification, composition, and genesis. Econ. Geol. 75th Anniversary Volume, pp. 628–685
Naldrett, A.J., Mason, G.D. (1968) Contrasting Archean ultramafic igneous bodies in Dundonald and Clergue townships, Ontario. Can. J. Earth Sci. 5:111–143
Ohmoto, H. (1986) Stable isotope geochemistry of ore deposits. In: Valley, J.W., et al. (eds.) Stable isotopes in high temperature geological processes. Rev. Mineralogy 16:491–559. Mineralogical Society of America
Oliveira, E.P. (1990a) Novos conceitos sobre as rochas máfico-ultra-máficas cupríferas da mina Caraiba, Bahia, Rev. Bras. Geoc. 19:449–461
Oliveira, E.P. (1990b) Petrogenesis of mafic-ultramafic rocks from the Precambrian Curaçá terrane, Brazil. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, 287 pp
Oliveira, E.P., Choudhuri, A. (1993) Sulphur isotope geochemistry indicative of a mantle source for the Caraiba copper sulphides, Brazil. Ext. Abstract, 2nd Symposium on São Francisco Craton, 21–25 August, Salvador, Brazil
Oliveira, E.P., Lacerda, C.M.M. (1993) Field evidences for the synkinematic emplacement of the Caraiba hypersthenites, Brazil, Ext. Abstract, 2nd Symposium on São Francisco Craton, 21–25 August, Salvador, Brazil
Oliveira, E.P., Tarney, J. (1994) Nature and significance of mafic and ultramafic inclusions in the early Proterozoic Caraiba Hypersthenite-Norite Complex, Brazil. J. South Am. Earth Sci. (in preparation)
OLson, K.E., Morse, S.A. (1990) Regional Al-Fe mafic magmas associated with anorthosite-bearing terranes. Nature 344: 760–762
Osborn, E.F. (1959) Role of oxygen pressure in the crystallization and differentiation of basaltic magma. Am. J. Sci. 257:609–647
Padilha, A.V., Melo, R.C. (1991) Evolução Geológica. In: Melo, R.C. (ed.) Programa de Levantamentos Geológicos Básicos do Brasil. Pintadas-Folha Sc. 24-YD-V Estado da Bahia. DNPM/ CPRM, pp. 129–157
Philpotts, A.R. (1967) Origin of certain iron-titanium oxide and apatite rocks. Econ. Geol. 62:303–315
Philpotts, J.A., Schnetzler, C.C. (1970) Phenocryst-matrix partition coefficients for K, Rb, Sr and Ba, with applications to anorthosites and basalt genesis. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 34:307–322
Sa, E.F.J., Archanjo, C.J., LeGrand, J.M. (1982) Structural and metamorphic history of the part of the high-grade terrain in Curaçá valley, Bahia, Brazil. rev. Bras. Geoc. 12:251–262
Sa, E.P., Reinhardt, M.C. (1984) Aspectos metadologicos da prospeçãa mineral no vale do Rio Curaçà-Bahia. In: Anais Simp. Bras. Tecn. Explor. Aplic. Geologia, Soc. Bras. Geol., Salvador, pp. 250–278
Saunders, A.D., Tarney, J., Weaver, S.D. (1980) Transverse geochemical variations across the Antarctic Peninsula: implications for the genesis of calc-alkaline magmas. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 46:344–360
Schneider, A. (1951) Piroxenitos cupriferos de Caraiba, Bahia, Miner. Metal. 15:271–276
Schoch, A.E., Conradie, J.A. (1990) Petrochemical and mineralogical relationships in the Koperberg Suite, Namaqualand, South Africa. Am. Mineral. 75:27–36
Silva, L.J.H.D. (1985) Geologia e controle estrutural do depósito cuprifero de Caraiba. Vale do Curaçá-Bahia. In: Sa, P.V.S.V., Duarte, F.B. (eds) Geologia e Recursos Minerais do Estado da Bahia, Textos Básicos 6: 51–136
Simmons, E.C., Hanson, G.N. (1978) Geochemistry and origin of massif-type anorthosites. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 66:119–135
Srikantappa, C., Hormann, P.K., Raith, M. (1984) Petrology and geochemistry of layered ultramafic to mafic complexes from the Archaean craton of Karnataka, southern India. In: Kröner, A., Hanson, G.N. Goodwin, A.M. (eds.) Archaean Geochemistry, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, New York, pp. 138–160
Stumpfl, E.F., Clifford, T.N., Burger, A.J., Van Zyl, D. (1976) The copper deposits of the Okiep district, South Africa: new data and concepts. Mineral. Deposita 11:46–70
Sun, S.-s., McDonough, W.F. (1989) Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes. In: Saunders, A.D., Norry, M.J. (eds.) Magmatism in the Ocean Basins. Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ. 42, pp. 313–345
Suszczynski, E.F. (1972) A origem sedimentar-metamórfica estratiforme do minerio cuprifero do distrito norte da bahia. Anais XXVI Congr. Bras. Geol., SBG, Belém, 1:167–172
Tarney, J., Wood, D.A., Saunders, A.D., Cann, J.R., Varet, J. (1980) Nature of mantle heterogeneity in the North Atlantic: evidence from deep sea drilling. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond A297:179–202
Tarney, J., Jones, C.E. (1994) Vertical and lateral contributions to crustal growth: geochemical and tectonic aspects. U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1107, p. 315
Taylor, S.R., Campbell, I.H., McCulloch, M.T., McLennan, S.M. (1984) A lower crustal origin for massif-type anorthosites. Nature 311:372–374
Teixeira, W., Figueiredo, M.C.H. (1991) An outline of the Early Proterozoic crustal evolution in the São Franscisco craton, Brazil: a review. Precambrian Res. 53:1–22
Thompson, R.N., Morrison, M.A., Dickin, A.P., Hendry, G.L. (1983) Continental flood basalts... arachnids rule OK?. In: Hawkesworth, C.J., Norry, M.J. (eds.) Continental basalts and mantle xenoliths. Shiva Publ., Nantwich, pp. 158–185
Townend, R., Ferreira, P.M., Franke, N.D. (1980) Caraiba, a new copper deposit in Brazil. Trans. Inst. Min. Metall. 89: B159-B164
Vinogradov, I.A. (1976) Palingenic norites and pyroxenites of the zone of granulite facies of metamorphism. Int. Geol. Rev. 18:1103–1109
Von Gehlen, K, Nielsen, H., Rozendaal, A., Jensen, M.L. (1990) Sulphur isotopes indicate a homogeneous, probably mantle source of the Okiep copper ores, Namaqualand. Geocongress, 23rd Earth Sci. Congr. Geol. Soc. South Africa, Capetown, 2–6 July 1990, pp. 96–98
Wager, L.R., Brown, G.M. (1967) Layered igneous rocks. Freeman San Francisco, 588 pp
Weaver, B.L., Tarney, J. (1983) Chemistry of the sub-continental mantle: inferences from Archaean and Proterozoic dykes and continental flood basalts. In: Hawkesworth, C.J., Norry, M.J. (eds) Continental basalts and mantle xenoliths. Shiva, Nantwich, pp. 209–229
Weaver, B.L., Tarney, J. (1984) Empirical approach to estimating the composition of the continental crust. Nature 310:575–577
Weaver, B.L., Tarney, J., Windley, B.F. (1981) Geochemistry and petrogenesis of the Fiskenaesset anorthosite complex, southern West Greenland: nature of the parent magma. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 45:711–725
Weaver, B.L., Tarney, J., Windley, B.F., Leake, B.E. (1982) Geochemistry and petrogenesis of Archaean metavolcanic amphibolites from Fiskenaesset, S.W. Greenland. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 46:2203–2215
Wiebe, R.A. (1979) Fractionation and liquid immiscibility in an anorthosite pluton of the Nain complex, Labrador. J. Petrol. 20:239–269
Wiebe, R.A. (1992) Proterozoic anorthosite complexes. In: Condie K.C. (ed.) Proterozoic Crustal Evolution. chpt. 6. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 215–261
Windley, B.F. (1984) The evolving continents, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York London, 399 pp
Windley, B.F., Bishop, F.C., Smith, J.V. (1981) Metamorphosed layered igneous complexes in Archaean granulite-gneiss belts. Ann. Rev. Earth. Planet. Sci. 9:175–178
Yoder, H.S., Tilley, C.E. (1962) The origin of basalt magmas: an experimental study of natural and synthetic rock sytems. J. Petrol. 3:342–532
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Oliveira, E.P., Tarney, J. Genesis of the Precambrian copper-rich Caraiba hypersthenite-norite complex, Brazil. Mineral. Deposita 30, 351–373 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00202279
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00202279