Abstract
Progeny production increased and adult longevity decreased with rising temperature within the range 18°C to 30°C for the 3 mealybug parasitoidsAnagyrus pseudococci (Girault),Leptomastix dactylopii Howard andLeptomastidea abnormis (Girault). The Weibull distribution gave a good fit to survival curves for the 3 parasitoids and statistical comparison of Weibullb andc parameters at different temperatures allowed changes in the scale and shape of the curves to be detected. In general, ♀♀ lived longer than ♂♂ for all 3 species, except at high temperature. FemaleL. abnormis attained their maximum progeny production at 24°C and maintained this level up to 34°C. They lived longer than the other 2 parasitoid species at 30°C and showed a type I survival curve throuhout the range of temperatures examined.A. pseudococci andL. dactylopii both required high temperatures (30°C) to attain their maximal progeny production, but werepseudococci tended towards type II, with a larger proportion of the population dying within the first few days.L. dactylopii lived longest at 26°C, with ♀♀ showing a type I survival curve at all temperatures and ♂ survival curves changing from type I to type II at 30°C. The implications of these findings for the population dynamics of the different parasitoids are briefly discussed.
Résumé
La descendance augmente et la longévité de l'adulte décroît quand la température augmente entre 18°C et 30°C pour les 3 parasitoïdes de pseudococcines,Anagyrus pseudococci, (Girault),Leptomastix dactylopii Howard etLeptomastidea abnormis Girault. La distribution de Weibull donnait une bonne adaptation aux courbes de suvies pour les 3 parasitoïdes et la comparaison statistique à différentes températures des paramètresb etc de Weibull permettaient des changements dans l'échelle et la forme des courbes. En général les ♀♀ des 3 espèces vivaient plus longtemps que les ♂♂, excepté aux fortes températures. Les femelles deL. abnormis avaient leur descendance maximale à 24°C et la maintenaient à ce niveau jusqu'à 34°C. Elles vivaient plus longtemps que les 2 autres espèces de parasitoïdes à 30°C et manifestaient une courbe de survie de type I dans la gamme de températures examinées.A. pseudococci etL. dactylopii réclamaient tous deux de fortes températures (30°C) pour atteindre leur descendance maximale, mais vivaient moins longtemps à cette température. A 30°C les importante de la population qui mourrait dans les tous premiers jours.L. dactylopii vivait le plus longtemps à 26°C, les femelles manifestant une courbe de survie de type I à toutes les températures, tandis que les courbes de survie des mâles passaient du type I au type II à 30°C.
Les implications de ces observations dans la dynamique des populations des différents parasitoïdes sont discutées brièvement.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Allsopp, P. G. — 1981. Development, longevity and fecundity of the False WirewormsPterohelaeus darlingensis andP. alternatus [Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae]. I. Effect of constant temperature. —Aust. J. Zool., 29, 605–619.
Avidov, Z., Rössler, Y. &Rosen, D. — 1967. Studies on an Israel strain ofAnagyrus pseudococci (Girault) [Hym.: Encyrtidae]. II. Some biological aspects. —Entomophaga, 12, 111–118.
Barfield, C. S., Bottrell, D. G. &Smith, J. W., Jr. — 1977. Influence of temperature on oviposition and adult longevity ofBracon mellitor reared on boll weevils. —Environ. Entomol., 6, 133–137.
Browning, H. W. &Oatman, E. R. — 1981. Effects of different constant temperatures on adult longevity, development time, and progeny production ofHyposoter exiguae [Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae]. —Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 74, 79–82.
Bursell, E. — 1964. Environmental aspects: Temperature. In: The Physiology of Insecta. Vol. I (M. Rockstein, ed.). —Academic Press, New York, 283–321.
Copland, M. J. W., Tingle, C. C. D., Saynor, M. &Panis, A. — 1985. Biology of glasshouse mealybugs and their predators and parasitoids. In: Biological pest control: The glasshouse experience (N. W. Hussey &N. E. A. Scopes, eds.). —Blandford Press, Poole, 82–86.
Doutt, R. L. — 1951. Biological control of mealybugs infesting commercial greenhouse gardenias. —J. Econ. Entomol., 44, 37–40.
Doutt, R. L. — 1952. Biological control ofPlanococcus citri on commercial greenhouseStephanotis. —J. Econ. Entomol., 45, 343–344.
Force, D. C. &Messenger, P. S. — 1964. Duration of development, generation time and longevity of three hymenopterous parasites ofTherioaphis maculata reared at various constant temperatures. —Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 57, 405–413.
Gol'berg, A. — 1982. Influence of temperature and relative humidity on survival and fecundity ofPauridia peregrina, a parasite of mealybugs and its interactions withPlanococcus citri. —Entomol. Exp. Appl., 32, 86–90.
Hahn G. J. &Shapiro, S. S. — 1967. Statistical models in engineering. —Wiley, New York.
Hofsvang, T. &Hågvar, E. B. — 1975a. Development rate, longevity, fecundity and oviposition period ofEphedrus cerasicola Starý [Hym.: Aphidiidae] parasitizingMyzus persicae Sulz. [Hom.:: Aphididae] on paprika. —Norw. J. Entomol., 22, 15–22.
Hofsvang, T. &Hågvar, E. B. — 1975b. Duration of development and longevity inAphidius ervi andAphidius platensis [Hym.: Aphidiidae], two parasites ofMyzus persicae [Hom.: Aphididae]. —Entomophaga, 20, 11–22.
Niyazov, O. D. — 1968. Role of the temperature factor in the parasite activity ofAnagyrus pseudococci (Gir.) [Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae]. —Izv. Akad. Nauk Turkmen SSR, Ser. Biol. Nauk, 1, 79–82. (Translated from Russian).
Pinder, J. E., Wiener, J. G. &Smith, M. H. — 1978. The Weibull distributon: a new method of summarizing survivorship data. —Ecology, 59, 175–179.
Pritchard, A. E. — 1949. California greenhouse pests and their control. —Bull. Calif. Agric. Exp. Stn., 713, 1–71.
Summy, K. R., French, J. V. &Hart, W. G. — 1986. Citrus mealybug [Homoptera: Pseudococcidae] on greenhouse citrus: density-dependent regulation by an encyrtid parasite complex. —J. Econ. Entomol., 79, 891–895.
Thoman, D. R. &Bain, L. J. — 1969. Two sample tests in the Weibull distribution. —Technometrics, 11, 805–815.
Tingle, C. C. D. — 1985. Biological control of the glasshouse mealybug using parasitic Hymenoptera. UnpublishedPh. D. Thesis: University of London, p. 375.
Tingle, C. C. D. &Copland, M. J. W. — 1988a. Predicting development of the mealybug parasitoidsAnagyrus pseudococci, Leptomastix dactylopii andLeptomastidea abnormis under glasshouse conditions. —Entomol. Exp. Appl., 46, 19–28.
Tingle, C. C. D. &Copland, M. J. W. — 1988b. Effects of temperature and host plant on regulation of glasshouse mealybug populations by introduced parasitoids. —Bull. Entomol. Res., 78, 135–142.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tingle, C.C.D., Copland, M.J.W. Progeny production and adult longevity of the mealybug parasitoidsAnagyrus pseudococci, Leptomastix dactylopii, andLeptomastidea abnormis [Hym.: Encyrtidae] in relation to temperature. Entomophaga 34, 111–120 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02372594
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02372594
Key-Words
- Anagyrus pseudococci
- Leptomastix dactylopii
- Leptomastidea abnormis
- temperature
- adult longevity
- progeny production