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Journal Article

Data formats and standards for opportunistic rainfall sensors

Authors

Fencl,  Martin
External Organizations;

Nebuloni,  Roberto
External Organizations;

C. M. Andersson,  Jafet
External Organizations;

Bares,  Vojtech
External Organizations;

Blettner,  Nico
External Organizations;

Cazzaniga,  Greta
External Organizations;

Chwala,  Christian
External Organizations;

Colli,  Matteo
External Organizations;

de Vos,  Lotte
External Organizations;

El Hachem,  Abbas
External Organizations;

Galdies,  Charles
External Organizations;

Giannetti,  Filippo
External Organizations;

Graf,  Maximilian
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Jacoby,  Dror
External Organizations;

Victor Habi,  Hai
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Musil,  Petr
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Ostrometzky,  Jonatan
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Roversi,  Giacomo
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Sapienza,  Fabiola
External Organizations;

Seidel,  Jochen
External Organizations;

Spackova,  Anna
External Organizations;

van de Beek,  Remco
External Organizations;

Walraven,  Bas
External Organizations;

/persons/resource/wilgan

Wilgan,  Karina
1.1 Space Geodetic Techniques, 1.0 Geodesy, Departments, GFZ Publication Database, Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum;

Zheng,  Xin
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Fulltext (public)

5025417.pdf
(Publisher version), 2MB

Supplementary Material (public)
There is no public supplementary material available
Citation

Fencl, M., Nebuloni, R., C. M. Andersson, J., Bares, V., Blettner, N., Cazzaniga, G., Chwala, C., Colli, M., de Vos, L., El Hachem, A., Galdies, C., Giannetti, F., Graf, M., Jacoby, D., Victor Habi, H., Musil, P., Ostrometzky, J., Roversi, G., Sapienza, F., Seidel, J., Spackova, A., van de Beek, R., Walraven, B., Wilgan, K., Zheng, X. (2024): Data formats and standards for opportunistic rainfall sensors. - Open Research Europe, 3, 169.
https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.16068.2


Cite as: https://gfzpublic.gfz-potsdam.de/pubman/item/item_5025417
Abstract
Opportunistic sensors are increasingly used for rainfall measurement. However, their raw data are collected by a variety of systems that are often not primarily intended for rainfall monitoring, resulting in a plethora of different data formats and a lack of common standards. This hinders the sharing of opportunistic sensing (OS) data, their automated processing, and, at the end, their practical usage and integration into standard observation systems. This paper summarises the experiences of the more than 100 members of the OpenSense Cost Action involved in the OS of rainfall. We review the current practice of collecting and storing precipitation OS data and corresponding metadata, and propose new common guidelines describing the requirements on data and metadata collection, harmonising naming conventions, and defining human-readable and machine readable file formats for data and metadata storage. We focus on three sensors identified by the OpenSense community as prominent representatives of the OS of precipitation: Commercial microwave links (CML): fixed point-to-point radio links mainly used as backhauling connections in telecommunication networks Satellite microwave links (SML): radio links between geostationary Earth orbit (GEO) satellites and ground user terminals. Personal weather stations (PWS): non-professional meteorological sensors owned by citizens. The conventions presented in this paper are primarily designed for storing, handling, and sharing historical time series and do not consider specific requirements for using OS data in real time for operational purposes. The conventions are already now accepted by the ever growing OpenSense community and represent an important step towards automated processing of OS raw data and community development of joint OS software packages.