Positive symptoms of schizophrenia have been proposed to be an intrusion of dreaming in wakefulness; conversely, psychotic patients’ abnormal cognitive and behavioral features could overflow into sleep, so that their dreams would differ from those of healthy people. Here we assess this hypothesis by comparing dream features of 46 patients affected by schizophrenic spectrum disorders to those of 28 healthy controls. In patients, we also investigated correlations of dream variables with symptom severity and verbal fluency. Overall, patients reported fewer and shorter dreams, with a general impoverishment of content (including characters, settings, interactions) and higher spatiotemporal bizarreness. The number of emotions, mainly negative ones, was lower in patients’ reports and correlated inversely with symptom severity. Verbal fluency correlated positively with dream report length and negatively with perceptive bizarreness. In conclusion, our data show a significant impoverishment of dream reports in psychotic patients versus controls. Future research should investigate to what extent this profile of results depends on impaired verbal fluency or on impaired mechanisms of dream generation in this population. Moreover, in line with theories on the role of dreaming in emotion regulation, our data suggest that this function could be impaired in psychoses and related to symptom severity. Full article

Agriculture is an area that currently benefits from the use of new technologies and techniques, such as artificial intelligence, to improve production in crop fields. Zacatecas is one of the states producing the most onions in the northeast region of Mexico. Identifying and determining vegetation, soil, and humidity zones could help solve problems such as irrigation demands or excesses, identify spaces with different levels of soil homogeneity, and estimate the yield or health of the crop. This study examines the application of artificial intelligence through the use of deep learning, specifically convolutional neural networks, to identify the patterns that can be found in a crop field, in this case, vegetation, soil, and humidity zones. To extract the mentioned patterns, the K-nearest neighbor algorithm was used to pre-process images taken using unmanned aerial vehicles and form a dataset composed of 3672 images of vegetation, soil, and humidity (1224 for each class). A total of six convolutional neural network models were used to identify and classify the patterns, namely Alexnet, DenseNet, VGG16, SqueezeNet, MobileNetV2, and Res-Net18. Each model was evaluated with the following validation metrics: accuracy, F1-score, precision, and recall. The results showed a variation in performance between 90% and almost 100%. Alexnet obtained the highest metrics with an accuracy of 99.92%, while MobileNetV2 had the lowest accuracy of 90.85%. Other models, such as DenseNet, VGG16, SqueezeNet, and ResNet18, showed an accuracy of between 92.02% and 98.78%. Furthermore, our study highlights the importance of adopting artificial intelligence in agriculture, particularly in the management of onion fields in Zacatecas, Mexico. The findings can help farmers and agronomists make more informed and efficient decisions, which can lead to greater production and sustainability in local agriculture. Full article

High-pressure gas quenching is widely used in the metals industry during the heat treatment processing of steel specimens to improve their material properties. In a gas quenching process, a preheated austenised metal specimen is rapidly cooled with a gas such as nitrogen, helium, etc. The resulting microstructure relies on the temporal and spatial thermal history during the quenching. As a result, the corresponding material properties such as hardness are achieved. Challenges reside with the selection of the proper process parameters. This research focuses on the heat treatment of steel sample batches. The gas quenching process is fundamentally investigated in experiments and numerical simulations. Experiments are carried out to determine the heat transfer coefficient and the cooling curves as well as the local flow fields. Quenched samples are analyzed to derive the material hardness. CFD and FEM models numerically determine the conjugate heat transfer, flow behavior, cooling curve, and material hardness. In a novel approach, the experimental and simulation results are adopted to train artificial neural networks (ANNs), which allow us to predict the required process parameters for a targeted material property. The steels 42CrMo4 (1.7225) and 100Cr6 (1.3505) are investigated, nitrogen is the quenching gas, and geometries such as a disc, disc with a hole and ring are considered for batch series production. Full article

Rectifier plays a pivotal role in wireless power transfer systems. While numerous studies have concentrated on enhancing efficiency and bandwidth at specific high-power levels, practical scenarios often involve unpredictable power inputs. Consequently, a distinct need arises for a rectifier that demonstrates superior efficiency across a broad range of input power levels. This paper introduces a high-power RF-to-DC rectifier designed for WPT applications, featuring an ultrawide dynamic range of input power. The rectification process leverages a GaN (gallium nitride) high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) to efficiently handle high power levels up to 12.6 W. The matching circuit was designed to ensure that the rectifier will operate in class-F mode. A Schottky diode is incorporated into the design for relatively lower-power rectification. Seamless switching between the rectification modes of the two circuits is accomplished through the integration of a circulator. The proposed rectifier exhibits a 27.5 dB dynamic range, achieving an efficiency exceeding 55% at 2.4 GHz. Substantial improvement in power handling and dynamic range over traditional rectifiers is demonstrated. Full article

Honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) have to face many challenges, including Varroa destructor infestation, associated with viral transmission. Oxalic acid is one of the most common treatments against Varroa. Little is known about the physiological effects of oxalic acid, especially those on honeybees’ immune systems. In this study, the short-term effects (0–96 h) of oxalic acid treatment on the immune system components (i.e., glucose oxidase, phenoloxidase, glutathione S-transferase, catalase activities, and vitellogenin contents) of house bees were preliminarily investigated. Oxalic acid contents of bee bodies and haemolymphs were also measured. The results confirm that oxalic acid is constitutively present in bee haemolymphs and its concentration is not affected by treatment. At 6 h after the treatment, a maximum peak of oxalic acid content was detected on bees’ bodies, which gradually decreased after that until physiological levels were reached at 48 h. In the immune system, the oxalic acid treatment determined a peak in glucose oxidase activity at 48 h, indicating a potential defence response and an increase in vitellogenin content at 24 h. No significant changes were recorded in phenoloxidase, glutathione S-transferase, and catalase activities. These results suggest a time-dependent response to oxalic acid, with potential immune system activation in treated bees. Full article

Detecting neutrino-less double beta ($0\nu \beta \beta$) decay with high-sensitivity $0\nu \beta \beta$ detectors is of current interest for studying the Majorana neutrino’s nature, the neutrino mass ($\nu$-mass), right-handed weak currents (RHCs), and others beyond the Standard Model. Many experimental groups have studied $0\nu \beta \beta$ decay with $\nu$-mass sensitivities on the order of 100 meV and RHC sensitivities on the order of 10${ }^{-9}$–10${ }^{-6}$, but no clear $0\nu \beta \beta$ signals have been observed so far in these $\nu$-mass and RHC regions. Thus, several experimental groups are developing higher-sensitivity detectors to explore a smaller $\nu$-mass region around 15–50 meV, which corresponds to the inverted hierarchy $\nu$-mass, and smaller RHC regions on the order of 10${ }^{-10}$–10${ }^{-7}$ in the near future. Nuclear matrix elements (NMEs) for $\nu$-mass and RHC processes are crucial for extracting the $\nu$-mass and RHCs of particle physics interest from $0\nu \beta \beta$ experiments. This report briefly reviews detector sensitivities and upper limits on the $\nu$-mass and right-handed currents for several current $0\nu \beta \beta$ detectors and the $\nu$-mass and RHC sensitivities expected for some near-future ones. Full article

Euglena gracilis (EG) microalgae has immune-modulating properties, partly due to its unique intracellular β-glucan-granules (paramylon). We evaluated the effects of EG consumption on immune status in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro. A placebo-controlled cross-over study evaluated acute immune surveillance, followed by a 1-week open-label phase. Immune training was documented using ex vivo immune challenges and cytokine profiles. In vitro testing of monocytes compared the effects of EG to pure β-glucan. Compared to placebo, EG consumption triggered increased T cell numbers in the blood circulation (1 h: p < 0.01) and decreased monocyte numbers (2 h: p < 0.05). Natural killer cells showed increased CD25 expression (1 and 2 h: p < 0.01) and reduced CD69 expression (2 h: p < 0.01). T cells showed reduced CD25 and CD69 expression (p < 0.01). There were no significant changes to serum cytokines. After EG consumption, ex vivo cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells showed significant changes to spontaneous and inflammation-induced cytokine levels after 2 h (increased G-CSF: p < 0.01, reduced IL-1β and TNF-α (p < 0.05)) and one week (reduced TNF-α (p < 0.01) and increased IL-10 (p < 0.05)). In vitro, EG-trained monocytes responded differently to a second stimulus than β-glucan-trained monocytes (increased IL-1b: p < 0.1, TNF-α: p < 0.01). EG-mediated training of innate immunity, combined with long-term modulation of inflammation, suggests a nutraceutical strategy for preventive immune support. Full article

Invertases are involved in plant growth, development, and stress adaptation; however, invertase-encoding genes have not yet been reported in Allium species. In this study, we identified 23 invertase izogenes in garlic (Allium sativum L.): 11 encoding putative neutral/alkaline (AsN/AINV1–11) and 12 acid (6 cell-wall—AsCWINV1–6 and 6 vacuolar—AsVINV1–6) enzymes. Among them, AsN/AINV1, 3, 8–10, AsCWINV2–5, and AsVINV2–6 showed significant transcription in garlic organs (roots, bulbs, pseudostems, leaves, sprouts, and reproductive parts) in a tissue-specific manner, whereas the AsN/AINV4–6, 11, AsCWINV1, 6, and AsVINV1 genes had weak or no detectable expression. Gene promoters contained nine, nine, and sixteen hormone-, stress-, and light-responsive cis-regulatory elements, respectively, and fifteen sites related to transcription factor binding and plant development. Expression analysis revealed that 12 invertase genes strongly transcribed in the roots of A. sativum cv. Ershuizao showed differential expression in the roots and leaves of A. sativum cv. Sarmat exposed to abiotic stresses (low temperature, high salinity, and drought) and phytohormones (abscisic acid and methyl jasmonate), which was significantly correlated with glucose, fructose, and sucrose contents. Our results should further functional analysis of invertases from Allium crops and contribute to the breeding of stress-tolerant varieties. Full article

Drawing on Asian adoptee-authored research, this article conceptualizes a critical adoptee standpoint. It underscores the significance of adoptees as knowledge producers and offers new insights into family dynamics, racialization processes, and adoptee personhood. Through three conceptual themes derived from adoptee-authored research, it illuminates the intersectional power dynamics shaping adoptees’ lived experiences and challenges traditional adoption narratives. This approach repositions adoptees as agentic subjects who have cultivated a group consciousness that transcends traditional boundaries of belonging. While focused on Asian adoptees, the essay ultimately calls for broader recognition of adoptees’ contributions to adoption discourse and a more comprehensive understanding of a critical adoptee standpoint in both academic and advocacy settings and among the broader adoptee population. Full article

To keep pace with the demands of modern photonic integration technology, the electro-optic modulator should feature multi-parameter tunable components and a compact size. Here, we propose a hybrid structure that can modulate the multi-parameters of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) simultaneously with a compact size by controlling the electron concentration of indium tin oxide (ITO) in the near-infrared spectrum. The length, width and height of the device are only 15 μm, 5 μm and 9 μm, respectively. The numerical results show that when the electron concentration in ITO changes from 7.5 × 10²⁶ m⁻³ to 9.5 × 10²⁶ m⁻³, the variation in amplitude, wavelength and phase are 49%, 300 nm and 347°, respectively. The demonstrated structure paves a new way for multi-parameter modulation and the realization of ultracompact modulators. Full article

Background: Postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) is associated with major postoperative morbidity and mortality. Several scoring systems have been described to stratify patients into risk groups according to the risk of POPF. The aim of this study was to compare scoring systems in patients who underwent a PD. Methods: A total of 196 patients undergoing PD from July 2019 to June 2022 were identified from a prospectively maintained database of the University Hospital Ghent. After performing a literature search, four validated, solely preoperative risk scores and the intraoperative Fistula Risk Score (FRS) were included in our analysis. Furthermore, we eliminated the variable blood loss (BL) from the FRS and created an additional score. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed for all risk factors, followed by a ROC analysis for the six scoring systems. Results: All scores showed strong prognostic stratification for developing POPF (p < 0.001). FRS showed the best predictive accuracy in general (AUC 0.862). FRS without BL presented the best prognostic value of the scores that included solely preoperative variables (AUC 0.783). Soft pancreatic texture, male gender, and diameter of the Wirsung duct were independent prognostic factors on multivariate analysis. Conclusions: Although all predictive scoring systems stratify patients accurately by risk of POPF, preoperative risk stratification could improve clinical decision-making and implement preventive strategies for high-risk patients. Therefore, the preoperative use of the FRS without BL is a potential alternative. Full article

The proposed general theory of scientific variability for technological evolution explains one of the drivers of technological change for economic progress in human society. Variability is the predisposition of the elements in systems to assume different values over time and space. In biology, the variability is basic to explaining differences and development in organisms. In economics of technical change, the effects of variability within research fields on evolutionary dynamics of related technologies are unknown. In a broad analogy with the principles of biology, suggested theoretical framework here can clarify a basic driver of technological evolution: the variability within research fields can explain the dynamics of scientific development and technological evolution. The study sees whether statistical evidence supports the hypothesis that the rate of growth of scientific and technological fields can be explained by the level of variability within scientific fields. The validation is based on emerging research fields in quantum technologies: quantum imaging, quantum meteorology, quantum sensing, and quantum optics. Statistical evidence seems in general to support the hypothesis stated that the rate of growth can be explained by the level of scientific variability within research fields, measured with the relative entropy (indicating the dispersion of scientific topics in a research field underlying a specific technology). Nonparametric correlation with Spearman’s rho shows a positive coefficient of 0.80 between entropy measures and rates of growth between scientific and technological fields. The linear model of the relation between rate of growth and scientific variability reveals a coefficient of regression equal to 1.63 (R² = 0.60). The findings here suggest a general law that variability within research fields positively drives scientific development and technological evolution. In particular, a higher variability within research fields can support a high rate of growth in scientific development and technological evolution. The proposed general theory of scientific variability is especially relevant in turbulent environments of technology-based competition to clarify a basic determinant of technological development to design strategies of technological forecasting and management of promising innovations. Full article

Youth homelessness presents a complex and persistent challenge worldwide, particularly affecting young adults between 16 and 24 years of age in the US and Canada. This population faces elevated risks of exploitation, victimization, and various health issues upon detachment from familial support structures. Understanding the multi-faceted nature of youth homelessness requires the consideration of individual, structural, and systemic factors within the socio-ecological model. Historically, when examining youth homelessness, traditional methods have concentrated either on individual factors contributing to homelessness or on broader structural issues within society. The emergence of the new orthodoxy attempted to bridge the apparent gap between individual- and structural-level factors by considering both to be equally significant, but it faced skepticism for its theoretical framework. In response, the “pathways” approach gained traction, emphasizing the subjective experiences and agency of youth experiencing homelessness. Departing from conventional epidemiological models, the pathways approach views homelessness as a dynamic process intertwined with individual life contexts. This paper navigates the scholarly discourse on youth homelessness and examines the distinct characteristics of the pathways approach. By exploring its implications for research and policy, this study contributes to a nuanced understanding of youth homelessness and informs future prevention-focused interventions. Full article

In conjunction with the swift enhancement of China’s economic prowess, the demand for jewelry among the populace is gradually evolving towards personalized, customized, and intricate designs. Traditional manufacturing approaches are increasingly inadequate to meet these evolving demands. However, the advent of 3D printing technology presents a viable solution for the direct fabrication of such sophisticated jewelry. To this end, the conceptualization of personalized jewelry inspiration is initiated, followed by the implementation of parametric design using SolidWorks 2018 software. Subsequently, 3D printing technology is employed to materialize the jewelry directly. Results indicate that the “Guardian” jewelry model, crafted through the parametric modeling method, exhibits a commendable design, and adheres to processing requirements following a comprehensive risk analysis. The strategic adjustment of the jewelry’s position effectively reduces the required support, circumventing the necessity of adding support to critical surfaces. The surface of the Selective Laser Melting (SLM)-manufactured “Guardian” jewelry boasts a lustrous finish, showcasing optimal overlap between pillars and excellent connectivity among pores. Minimal powder adherence on the surface is observed, enabling direct utilization post-sandblasting, polishing, and plating. This establishes a solid foundation for the direct application of SLM-manufactured personalized jewelry. Full article

Background: The Carlevale lens (FIL SSF, Soleko IOL Division, Italy) is a new lens for suture-less scleral fixation. This paper aimed to systematically review articles on this lens, the surgical techniques used for its implantation, complications and outcomes. Methods: This systematic review was performed following the PRISMA guidelines. The search string used was “Carlevale” AND “scleral fixation” from inception until March 2024. For completeness, either case-control studies, case reports or case series written in English were included. The authors used the Newcastle–Ottawa scale for the case-control studies and the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for case reports and case series. Results: Twenty-nine articles were included. Scleral fixation with Carlevale lens can be performed by creating scleral flaps or, alternatively, by using scleral pockets. The two sclerotomies must be diametrically opposed, and are preferably created by 25-gauge trocars. A pars plana vitrectomy should be performed every time, and the design of the lens should be suitable for self-anchoring to the sclera; the most accredited strategy to achieve this is to avoid scleral sutures. There were only a few intraoperative and postoperative complications reported; vitreous hemorrhages were the most frequent intraoperative events, while the most relevant postoperative complications were vitreous hemorrhages, cystoid macular oedema and transient variations in the intraocular pressure. Excellent results have been obtained in terms of BCVA, IOL centration and stability, mean intraocular pressure, postoperative spherical equivalent, separation between anterior and posterior chamber and the distance of the IOL from anterior chamber structures. Conclusions: The foldable hydrophilic design of the Carlevale lens has shown good effectiveness, IOL stability and few intra and post-operative complications. Full article

Background and aim: First, to compare somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) in preterm newborns without major brain injury studied at term equivalent age (TEA) with a term historical control group. Second, to investigate the impact of pain exposure during the first 28 days after birth on SEPs. Third, to evaluate the association between SEPs and Bayley-III at 2 years corrected age (CA). Methods: Infants born at <32 weeks’ gestational age (GA) were studied with continuous-SEPs. First, SEP differences between preterm and term infants were analyzed. Second, regression analyses were conducted to explore the association between SEPs and painful procedures, and then between SEPs and neurodevelopment. Results: 86 preterm infants were prospectively enrolled. Preterm infants exhibited prolonged N1 latencies, central conduction time (CCT), lower N1-P1 amplitudes, and more recurrently abnormal SEPs compared to term infants. Higher pain exposure predicted longer N1 latency and slower CCT (all p < 0.005), adjusting for clinical risk factors. Younger GA and postmenstrual age (PMA) at SEP recording were associated with longer N1 latency and lower N1-P1 amplitude (all p < 0.005). A normal SEP at TEA positively predicted cognitive outcome at 2 years CA (p < 0.005). Conclusion: Pain exposure and prematurity were risk factors for altered SEP parameters at TEA. SEPs predicted cognitive outcome. Full article

Primary Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection which can manifest as infectious mononucleosis (IM) is commonly acquired during childhood. EBV primarily invades B cells leading to a lytic reaction; the control of the infection is handled by natural killer and T cells in immunocompetent individuals. The infection has a wide spectrum of clinical findings and can lead to serious complications in patients with certain underlying immunological dysfunctions. We retrospectively investigated peripheral white blood cell populations’ surface marker characteristics in IM using a comprehensive flow cytometry marker panel. Twenty-one cases of IM and seventeen EBV-seropositive cases without IM serving as controls were included. We observed novel alterations in lymphocyte, neutrophil, and monocyte populations. In addition to increased activated cytotoxic T cells and low B cells, we demonstrated high T-large granular lymphocyte (T-LGL) populations in IM cases. Furthermore, despite T cells’ increased HLA-DR expression, another activation marker, CD11b, was lower in T-LGL populations. Monocytes showed increased CD16 expression; CD64 was higher in neutrophils. Our findings point to monocyte and neutrophil activation which may account for acute clinical features and may contribute to the understanding of IM immunobiology. Furthermore, they may serve as a useful tool in investigating inherited and post-transplant conditions characterized by deficiencies in controlling EBV infection. Full article

Flexsplines in harmonic gear reducers are usually characterized by a large number of teeth, small modulus, and poor stiffness, which makes them difficult to measure using conventional gear measuring centers. In order to efficiently evaluate the quality of flexsplines in harmonic gear reducers, a rapid measurement method for flexspline pitch using offset point laser sensors (PLS) is proposed. This paper investigates the principle of measuring the tooth flank of the flexspline under the offset of the PLS, establishes a model for collecting and analyzing gear surface data, builds an experimental system, calibrates the six pose parameters of the sensor using the geometric features of the flexspline’s outer circular surface, and completes the reconstruction of the left and right gear surfaces of the flexspline based on the measured data. In the experiment, the gear surface obtained by the proposed method is largely consistent with that measured by the video imaging method, and the repeatability of both single pitch deviation and cumulative pitch deviation is within ±3 µm. Full article

The stellar occultation technique is capable of atmospheric trace gas detection using the molecule absorption characteristics of the stellar spectra. In this paper, the non-iterative and iterative retrieval methods for oxygen and air density detection by stellar occultation are investigated. For the single-band average transmission data in the oxygen 761 nm A-band, an onion-peeling algorithm is used to calculate the effective optical depth of each atmospheric layer, and then the optical depth is used to retrieve the oxygen number density. The iteration method introduces atmospheric hydrostatic equilibrium and the ideal gas equation of state, and it achieves a more accurate retrieval of the air density under the condition of a priori temperature deviation. Finally, this paper analyzes the double solution problem in the iteration process and the ideas to improve the problem. This paper provides a theoretical basis for the development of a new type of atmospheric density detection method. Full article

Diversified soil microbiomes are the key drivers of carbon fixation and plant residue decomposition in forest ecosystems. Revealing the elevation patterns of soil microbial carbon cycling in forests is essential for utilization of forest ecological resources. However, the soil microbial diversity and carbon cycle processes in Platycladus orientalis plantations across different elevations are still unclear. Here, we established a gradient with three elevations (118 m, 300 m, and 505 m) on the Beijing Ming Dynasty Tombs Forest Farm, which is located in Changping District, Beijing. The metagenomics method was applied to study the soil microbiome, with a special focus on the carbon cycle process at each elevation. We found the diversity and composition of the soil microbiomes significantly varied across the elevation gradients. The structure of bacteria and archaea was mainly driven by soil total potassium, pH and NH₄⁺, but the eukaryota had no significant relationship with the environmental factors. The relative abundance of genes involved in microbial carbon fixation and decomposition of organic carbon were also significantly impacted by elevation, with the former showing increasing, u-shaped, or hump trends with increasing elevation, but the latter only showing hump trends. The rTCA cycle and 3-hydroxypropionate pathway were the dominant carbon fixation pathways in the Platycladus orientalis plantations. The elevation gradient shaped the microbial decomposition of plant-derived organic carbon by changing soil properties and, furthermore, led to soil organic carbon stock losses. These findings increase our understanding of soil microbial diversity and the carbon cycle across different elevations and provide a theoretical basis for the utilization of forest ecological resources to promote carbon sequestration. Full article

This study investigated the effect of digital therapeutics on ROM, flexibility, dynamic balance, satisfaction, and adherence. A sample of 34 volunteers was randomly assigned into a Digital Therapeutic Group (DTG) (n = 17) and a Non-Digital Therapeutic Group (NDG) (n = 17). The groups performed four calf muscle stretches and two hamstring stretches for 4 weeks. Flexibility and balance were evaluated to assess the effectiveness of the exercise program. A survey was conducted to assess subjects’ satisfaction, and exercise performance record papers and video records were assessed for exercise adherence. The paired t-test was used to compare the two populations before and after the program. The independent t-test was used to compare the change scores between groups. In the pre- and post-comparison within each group, the DTG group showed significant differences in all items except the dorsiflexion range of motion (ROM) (p < 0.05). The left straight leg raise (SLR) was significantly different (p < 0.05), and there was a significant difference in exercise satisfaction and participation between the two groups (p < 0.05). DTG showed improved flexibility, dynamic balance, and higher exercise satisfaction and adherence than NDG. The application, providing lower extremity stretching, can improve dorsiflexion ROM, flexibility of the lower extremity, dynamic balance, exercise satisfaction, and exercise adherence. Full article

The classifier is an essential tool for the development of contemporary engineering technology. The application of classifiers is to categorize mixed-sized particles into multi-stage uniform particle sizes. In current studies, the particles in the classifier obtain their initial velocity when feeding. The classification effect is impacted by the inability to precisely control the initial state of the particles. To solve this problem, a pusher feed classifier was designed in this study, and a numerical simulation was performed to investigate its flow field characteristics and classification performance using the RNG-DPM method. A pusher is utilized to achieve particle feeding without initial velocity and to precisely control the initial state of the particles in the classification flow field. A newly developed two-way air inlet structure is designed to provide a superimposed flow field and enable the five-stage classification. Our results show that this pusher feed classifier has the best classification effect when the vertical airflow velocity is 10 m/s and the horizontal airflow velocity is 3 m/s. Meanwhile, the classification size ratio (CSR) from outlet 1 to outlet 5 was 1.24, 0.55, 0.45, 0.39, and 0.15, respectively. Full article