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A survey of Antarctic cyanobacteria

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Abstract

This review compiles principal data on Antarctic cynobacteria published in recent decades and focuses on the diversity, environmental adaptations, and ecotypes of these microorganisms. Multidisciplinary investigation of Antarctica is important especially in times of global climate change and anthropogenic threats to unaltered ecosystems. Antarctica, which has been disconnected from Gondwana for the last 65 Myr, harbors relict biota mainly including microorganisms adapted to multiextreme environments. Cyanobacteria represent the most well studied Antarctic microorganisms related to the cell biology, abundance, distribution, and symbioses. However, substantial drawbacks remain, e.g., (i) the diversity of Antarctic cyanobacteria has been evaluated without a consensus between bacteriologists and phycologists due to the intricate interplay of morphological records, genomic data and culturing restrictions as well as taxonomic obstacles; (ii) although the main strategy of Antarctic cyanobacteria is biofilms (in particular, microbial mats), detailed knowledge on these symbiotic systems is still fragmentary; (iii) the specificity of the ‘Antarctic cyanobacteria biosphere’ should be better understood in light of unresolved questions related to endemism in prokaryotes, and (iv) the strains of Antarctic cyanobacteria maintained in culture are not numerous and not very diverse. These issues are at the forefront of cyanobacteriology, which is supported by related biosciences and earth sciences.

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Acknowledgements

Prof. Dale T. Andersen is gratefully acknowledged for including of one of the authors (SS) in Lake Untersee expeditions supported by Chicago Tawani Foundation and NASA Exobiology and Astrobiology Programs. Participation of SS in ‘Antarctica Study and Research’ expeditions of Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (AARI) under Russian Federation Target Program ‘World Ocean’ is also acknowledged. The staff and wintering team members of Russian Antarctic Expedition-62, -64 and -65 are gratefully acknowledged for sampling assistance. We also thank the staff of the St. Petersburg University Research Centers ‘Cultivation of Microorganisms’ (http://researchpark.spbu.ru/collection-ccem-rus/1628-ccem-kollekciya-calu-rus), ‘Molecular and Cell Technologies’, and ‘Chromas’ for strain maintenance and analyses. We especially thank anonymous reviewers who helped to improve the manuscript regarding the consistency, informational completeness, and readability.

Funding

The work was partially financed by Russian Foundation for Fundamental Research project No. 20-04-00020.

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  1. St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia

    Nataliia Velichko, Svetlana Averina & Alexander Pinevich

  2. Komarov Botanical Institute RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia

    Svetlana Smirnova

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NV compiled the data in Table 1 and wrote the first draft of the article, SS collected and photographed environmental samples. SA and NV cultured and identified cyanobacteria. AP designed the review, directed the authors’ contributions and wrote MS and Revisions approved by other authors.

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Correspondence to Alexander Pinevich.

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Velichko, N., Smirnova, S., Averina, S. et al. A survey of Antarctic cyanobacteria. Hydrobiologia 848, 2627–2652 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-021-04588-9

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