Abstract
Secondary alteration minerals like clays accompanied by volcanic activity can provide an important information on eruption cycle. Representative volcanic tuffs and seabed sediments were collected from the Dokdo volcanic island in East Sea, South Korea, to interpret eruption cycle based on clay mineral characteristics and other geochemical proxies (sulfur isotope composition, Si/Al, K/Al, among others). Tuffs are mainly composed of volcanic glass and hydrothermally altered phenocrysts. Secondary minerals such as clay mineral species in volcanic tuffs mostly were identified as smectite comprising dioctahedral sheets, based on expanding to 15.8 Å after treatment with 1 M MgCl2 solution, and 060 reflections near at 1.48 Å. Moreover, the results of infrared bands, based on (Al, Al)–OH (904–912 cm−1), (Al, Fe)–OH (865–877 cm−1), (Fe, Mg)–OH (778–798 cm−1) indicate the presence of dioctahedral sheets in clay mineral structure. Partially, occurrence of kaolinite and relatively low pH values and K/Al ratios at the Eolgulbawi tuff support chemical flexibility of clay mineral species. The δ34S value of Dongdo tuff (H2O–S: 15.3‰) is close to water leached sulfate, whereas Seodo tuff II including pyrite and native sulfur (− 5.5‰) shows a value of H2S-bearing volcanic gases. The similarity of chemical compositions between clay fractions and surrounding volcaniclastic rocks suggests that the smectite formed in low-temperature hydrothermal environments, where alkali elements were supplied under reducing conditions. Clay fractions separated from seabed sediments include diatom frustule with higher SiO2/Al2O3 ratios, and clay minerals contain mineral nitrogen originated from organic-rich seafloor sediments. Moreover, the δ34S values of seabed sediments (1.8‰, 8.4‰) indicate that the different origin of clay mineral species between tuffs and seabed sediments. It can be concluded that the alteration types and clay mineral characteristics are similar to the Surtseyan volcano, generally known as shallow-marine phreatomagmatic eruption and deposits. It further suggests that clay minerals sensitive to environmental change will be useful to interpret the volcanic environment characterized by explosive hydrovolcanic activities that occurred at the time of magma in contact with water before erupting into the atmosphere.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aramaki S, Hayakawa Y (1982) Ash-fall during the April 26, 1982 eruption of Asama volcano. Bull Volcanol Soc Jpn 27:203–215. https://doi.org/10.18940/kazanc.27.3-203 (In Japanese with English abstract)
Arnold GL, Brunner B, Muller IA, Roy H (2014) Modern applications for a total sulfur reduction distillation method—what’s old is new again. Geochem Trans 15:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1467-4866-15-4
Bleeker P, Parfitt RL (1974) Volcanic ash and its clay mineralogy at Cape Hoskins, New Britain, Papua New Guinea. Geoderma 11:123–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7061(74)90011-1
Cas R, Landis C, Fordyce R (1989) A monogenetic, Surtla-type, Surtseyan volcano from the Eocene–Oligocene Waiareka-Deborah volcanics, Otago, New Zealand: a model. Bull Volcanol 51:281–298. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01073517
Cruz MR, Fernando N, Juan JM (2007) Genesis and evolution of the kaolin-group minerals during the diagenesis and the beginning of metamorphism. “Diagenesis and low-temperature metamorphism. Theory, Methods and Regional Aspects.” Seminarios SEM 3:41–52
Decarreau A, Grauby O, Petit S (1992) The actual distribution of octahedral cations in 2:1 clay minerals: results from clay synthesis. Appl Clay Sci 7:147–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-1317(92)90036-M
Djomgoue P, Njopwouo D (2013) FT-IR spectroscopy applied for surface clays characterization. J Surf Eng Mater Adv Technol 3:275–282. https://doi.org/10.4236/jsemat.2013.34037
Dokdo information system (2019) http://www.dokdo.re.kr/english/main/main.asp. Accessed 25 June 2019
Farmer VC (1974) The infrared spectra of minerals. Monograph 4. Mineral Soc, London
Fuente S, Cuadros J, Fiore S, Linares J (2000) Electron microscopy study of volcanic tuff alteration to illite-smectite under hydrothermal conditions. Clays Clay Min 48:339–350
Gates WP (2008) Cation mass-valence sum (CM-VS) approach to assigning OH-bending bands in dioctahedral smectites. Clays Clay Min 56:10–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03406037
Giorgetti G, Monecke T, Klleberg R, Hannington MD (2009) Low-temperature hydrothermal alteration of trachybasalt at Conical Seamount, Papua New Guinea: formation of smectite and metastable precursor phases. Clays Clay Min 57:725–741. https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.2009.0570606
Goodman BA, Russell JD, Fraser AR (1976) A Mössbauer and I.R. spectroscopic study of the structure of nontronite. Clays Clay Min 24:53–59. https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1988.0360414
Harris C, Compton JS, Bevington SA (1999) Oxygen and hydrogen isotope composition of kaolinite deposits, Cape Peninsula, South Africa; low-temperature, meteoric origin. Econ Geol 94:1353–1366. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.94.8.1353
Hayatsu K (1994) The activity of age of Niigata-Yakeyama volcano, Central Japan. J Geogr (Chigaku Zasshi) 103:149–165. https://doi.org/10.5026/jgeography.103.2_149 (In Japanese with English abstract)
Hazen RM, Sverjensky DA, Azzolini D, Bish DL, Ealmore SC, Hinnov L, Milliken RE (2013) Clay mineral evolution. Am Mineral 98:2007–2029. https://doi.org/10.2138/am.2013.4425
Hedenquist JW, Izawa E, Arribas A, White NC (1996) Epithermal gold deposits: styles, characteristics and exploration. Res Geol Spec Publ 1:1–9
Hwang SK, Jeon YG (2003) Eruption cycle and volcanic form of the Dokdo volcano, Korea. Econ Environ Geol 36:527–536 (In Korean with English abstract)
Ikehata K, Maruoka T (2016) Sulfur isotopic characteristics of volcanic products from the September 2014 Mount Ontake eruption, Japan. Earth Planets Space 68:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-016-0496-z
Ingle JC Jr (1992) Subsidence of the Japan Sea: stratigraphic evidence from ODP sites and onshore sections. In: Tamaki K, Suyehiro K, Allan J, McWilliams M (eds) Proceedings of ODP scientific results scientific results, Part 2, vol 127/128. Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, pp 1197–1218
Inoue A, Lanson B, Marques-Fernandes M, Sakharov BA, Murakami T, Meunier A, Beaufort D (2005) Illite-smectite mixed-layer minerals in the hydrothermal alteration of volcanic rocks: I. one-dimensional XRD structure analysis and characterization of component layers. Clays Clay Min 53:423–439
Ito A, Wagai R (2017) Global distribution of clay-size minerals on land surface for biogeochemical and climatological studies. Sci Data 4:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2017.103
Jackson ML (1969) Soil chemical analysis-advanced course. University of Wisconsin
Jakobsson SP, Moore JG (1986) Hydrothermal minerals and alteration rates at Surtsey volcano, Iceland. Geol Soc Am Bull 97:648–659. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1986)97%3c648:hmaara%3e2.0.co;2
Jo J, Yamanaka T, Kashimura T, Okunishi Y, Kuwahara Y, Miyoshi Y, Ishibashi JI, Chiba H (2018) Mineral nitrogen isotope signature in clay minerals formed under high ammonium environment conditions in sediment associated with ammonium-rich sediment-hosted hydrothermal system. Geochem J 52:1–16. https://doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.2.0518
Jun CP, Kim CH, Lee SJ (2013) Characterization of clastic and organic sediments near Dokdo, Korea. J Mineral Soc Korea 26:65–80. https://doi.org/10.9727/jmsk.2013.26.2.65
Kalra YP (1995) Determination of pH of soils by different methods: collaborative study. J AOAC Int 78:310–324
Kato H, Isezaki N, Park CH, Kim CH, Nakanishi M (2007) Characteristics of crustal magnetic structures in the Tsushima (Ulleung) and Japan basin from vector magnetic anomalies. Earth Planets Space 59:887–895. https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03352751
Kim KH (2000) K-Ar ages and Nd-Sr isotopes of Dokdo alkali volcanic rocks in the East Sea, South Korea. J Geol Soc Korea 36:313–324 (In Korean with English abstract)
Kim YK, Lee DS, Lee KH (1987) Fractional crystallization of the volcanic rocks from Dog Island. Korea J Geol Soc Korea 23:67–82 (In Korean with English abstract)
Kim GB, Yoon SH, Chough SK, Kwon YK, Ryu BJ (2011) Seismic reflection study of acoustic basement in the South Korea Plateau, the Ulleung Interplain Gap, and the northern Ulleung Basin: volcano-tectonic implications for Tertiary back-arc evolution in the southern East Sea. Tectonophysics 504:43–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2011.02.004
Kloprogge JT, Frost RL (2000) The effect of synthesis temperature on the FT-Raman and FT-IR spectra of saponites. Vib Spectrosc 23:119–127
Kurosaki M, Ossaka J, Matsuda T (1990) Clay minerals in the volcanic ejectas from Kusatsu-Shirane volcano and the style of eruption. J Mineral Soc Jpn 19:87–91. https://doi.org/10.2465/gkk1952.19.Special_87 (In Japanese with English abstract)
Kusakabe M, Mizutani Y, Kometani M (1982) A preliminary stable isotope study of volcanic ashes discharged by the 1979 eruption of Ontake Volcano, Nagano, Japan. Bull Volcanol 45:203–209. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02597731
Lantenois S, Champallier R, Bény JM, Muller F (2008) Hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of dioctahedral smectites: a montmorillonites series. Appl Clay Sci 38:165–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2007.03.005
Lee GH, Yoon Y, Nam BH, Lim H, Kim YS, Kim HJ, Lee K (2011) Structural evolution of the southwestern margin of the Ulleung Basin, East Sea (Japan Sea) and tectonic implications. Tectonophysics 502:293–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2011.01.015
Madejová J (2003) FTIR techniques in clay mineral studies. Vib Spectrosc 31:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-2031(02)00065-6
Madejová J, Bujdak J, Petit S, Komadel P (2000) Effects of chemical composition and temperature of heating on the infrared spectra of Li-saturated dioctahedral smectites. (I) Mid-infrared region. Clay Min 35:739–751. https://doi.org/10.1180/000985500547160
Mattsson HB (2010) Textural variation in juvenile pyroclasts from an emergent, Surtseyan-type, volcanic eruption: the Capelas tuff cone, São Miguel (Azores). J Volcanol Geotherm Res 189:81–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.10.007
Mesto E, Scordari F, Lacalamita M, Schingaro E (2012) Tobelite and NH4+-rich muscovite single crystals from Ordovician Armorican sandstones (Brittany, France): structure and crystal chemistry. Am Mineral 97(8–9):1460–1468
Minami Y, Imura T, Hayashi S, Ohba T (2016) Mineralogical study on volcanic ash of the eruption on September 27, 2014 at Ontake volcano, central Japan: correlation with porphyry copper systems. Earth Planets Space 68:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-016-0440-2
Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries (2019) A sustainable research and development of Dokdo, 2018 Annual Report (In Korean with English abstract)
Miyoshi Y, Ishibashi JI, Faure K, Maeto K, Matsukura S, Omura A, Shimada K, Sato H, Sakamoto T, Uehara S, Chiba H, Yamanaka T (2013) Mg-rich clay mineral formation associated with marine shallow-water hydrothermal activity in an arc volcanic caldera setting. Chem Geol 355:28–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2013.05.033
Mosser-Ruck R, Cathelineau M (2004) Experimental transformation of Na, Ca-smectite under basic conditions at 150 °C. Appl Clay Sci 26:259–273
Muller JP, Ildefonse P, Calas G (1990) Paramagnetic defect centers in hydrothermal kaolinite from an altered tuff in the Nopal uranium deposit, Chihuahua, Mexico. Clays Clay Min 38:600–608. https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1990.0380605
Nanzyo M, Takahashi T, Kanno H (2009) Research topics on volcanic ash soils-properties, genesis, classification and utilization. Tohoku J Agric Res 60:33–38
Nogami K, Hirabayashi JI, Ohba T, Yoshiike Y (2000) The 1997 phreatic eruption of Aki-Yakeyama volcano, northeast Japan: insight into the hydrothermal processes. Earth Planets Space 52:229–236
Ohba T, Kitade Y (2005) Subvolcanic hydrothermal systems: implications from hydrothermal minerals in hydrovolcanic ash. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 145:249–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2005.02.002
Ohba T, Nakagawa M (2002) Minerals in volcanic ash 2: non-magmatic minerals. Glob Environ Res English Edn 6:53–60
Ohba T, Taniguchi H, Miyamoto T, Hayashi S, Hasenaka T (2007) Mud plumbing system of an isolated phreatic eruption at Akita Yakeyama volcano, northern Honshu, Japan. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 161:35–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2006.11.001
Ossaka J (2003) Clay minerals contained in volcanic ejecta and their correlation with volcanic activities in Japan. Bull Volcanol Soc Jpn 48:43–61. https://doi.org/10.18940/kazan.48.1_43 (In Japanese with English abstract)
Ossaka J, Hirabayashi JI (1981) Clay minerals in volcanic ejecta. J Mineral Soc Jpn Spec 223–238 (In Japanese with English abstract)
Ossaka J, Ozawa T (1966) The 1962-ejecta from Mt. Yake, Nagano-Gifu prefectures, and its mechanism of eruption. Bull Volcanol Soc Jpn 11:17–29 (In Japanese with English abstract)
Parente M, Makarewicz HD, Bishop JL (2011) Decomposition of mineral absorption bands using nonlinear least squares curve fitting: application to Martian meteorites and CRISM data. Planet Space Sci 59:423–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2011.01.009
Park CH, Kim JW, Isezaki N, Roman DR, von Frese RRB (2006) Crustal analysis of the Ulleung Basin in the East Sea (Japan Sea) from enhanced gravity mapping. Mar Geophy Res 27:253–266. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11001-006-9006-1
Russell JD (1980) On spurious absorption bands in IR spectra of clay minerals. Clay Min 15:205–206. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0727-3_2
Russell JD, Fraser AR (1994) Infrared methods. In: Wilson MJ (ed) Clay mineralogy: spectroscopic and chemical determinative methods. Chapman & Hall, London, pp 11–67
Shim SH, Im JH, Choo CO, Park BJ, Kim JH (2010) Petrological characteristics and origin of volcaniclasts within the massive tuff breccia formation from Dokdo island, Korea. J Petrol Soc Korea 19:141–156 (In Korean with English abstract)
Sohn YK (1995) Geology of Tok island, Korea: eruptive and depositional processes of a shoaling to emergent island volcano. Bull Volcanol 56:660–674. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00301469
Sohn YK, Park KH (1994) Geology and evolution of Tok island, Korea. J Geol Soc Korea 30:242–261 (In Korean with English abstract)
Sparks DL (2003) Environmental soil chemistry, 2nd edn. Academic Press, Burlington
Šucha V, Środoń J, Clauer F, Elsass F, Eberl DD, Kraus I, Madejová J (2001) Weathering of smectite and illite-smectite under temperate climatic conditions. Clay Min 36:403–419. https://doi.org/10.1180/000985501750539490
Takahashi T, Shoji S (2002) Distribution and classification of volcanic ash soils. Glob Environ Res English Edn 6:83–98
Tamaki K (1988) Geological structure of the Japan Sea and its tectonic implications. Bull Geol Sur Jpn 39:269–365
Tomita K, Yamane H, Kawano M (1993) Synthesis of smectite from volcanic glass at low temperature. Clays Clay Min 41:655–661. https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1993.0410603
Tostevin R, Turchyn A, Farquhar J, Johnston D, Eldridge D, Bishop J, Mcllvin M (2014) Multiple sulfur isotope constraints on the modern sulfur cycle. Earth Planet Sci Lett 396:14–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.03.057
Van Horne A, Sato H, Ishiyama T (2017) Evolution of the Sea of Japan back-arc and some unsolved issues. Tectonophysics 710–711:6–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2016.08.020
Vantelon D, Pelletier M, Michot LJ, Barres O, Thomas F (2001) Fe, Mg and Al distribution in the octahedral sheet of montmorillonites. An infrared study in the OH-bending region. Clay Min 36:369–379. https://doi.org/10.1180/000985501750539463/
Velde B, Vasseur G (1992) Estimation of the diagenetic smectite to illite transformation in time-temperature space. Am Mineral 77:969–976
Verwoerd WJ, Chevallier L (1987) Contrasting types of surtseyan tuff cones on Marion and Prince Edward islands, southwest Indian Ocean. Bull Volcanol 49:399–413. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01046633
Vogels RJMJ, Kloprogge JT, Geus JW, Beers AWF (2005) Synthesis and characterization of saponite clays: part 2. Thermal stability. Am Mineral 90(5–6):945–953. https://doi.org/10.2138/am.2005.1617
Walker GP (1973) Explosive volcanic eruptions—a new classification scheme. Geol Rundschau 62:431–446. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01840108
Weaver CE (1989) Clays, muds, and shales. Distributors for the US and Canada. Elsevier Science Pub. Co, Elsevier
Wilson MJ, Wilson L (2014) Clay mineralogy and shale instability: an alternative conceptual analysis. Clay Min 49:127–145. https://doi.org/10.1180/claymin.2014.049.2.01/
Yahata M (2002) Fragmentation depths and its temporal variation during Usu 2000 phreatomagmatic and phreatic eruptions. Bull Volcanol Soc Jpn 47:263–278. https://doi.org/10.18940/kazan.47.4_263 (In Japanese with English abstract)
Yoon SH, Sohn YK, Chough SK (2014) Tectonic, sedimentary, and volcanic evolution of a back-arc basin in the East Sea (Sea of Japan). Mar Geol 352:70–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2014.03.004
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the members of Library of Marine samples, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, for their kind assistance. Valuable comments by James LaMoreaux, Editor-in-Chief, and two anonymous reviewers are greatly appreciated.
Funding
This work was supported by “A sustainable research and development of Dokdo” project of Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (PG51650) funded by the Korea government (Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries) and by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (No. 2019R1A2C1085334).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Conceptualization, JJ and DS; data curation, JJ; formal analysis, JJ; funding acquisition, JJ, CP and DS; investigation, JJ, CP and CK; methodology, JJ and DS; project administration, CK; supervision, CP; validation, JJ and DS; visualization, JJ and DS; writing—original draft, JJ; writing—review and editing, DS. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
This author declares no conflict of interest in relation to this paper.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Jo, J., Park, C., Kim, C. et al. Clay mineral characteristics in volcanic tuffs of Dokdo, South Korea: implication on their genesis and evolution. Environ Earth Sci 80, 276 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-021-09583-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-021-09583-w