Abstract
Tests on 304 stainless steel were conducted involving first warm working in torsion, then cold working in torsion, and finally measurement of the elevated-temperature yield strength in compression. These tests permitted separation of the effects of subgrain size and forest dislocation density on the isotropic part of the flow stress. Forest dislocation strengthening appears to dominate in this material. The results are best fitted by a root-mean-square summation of strength terms representing the contributions of solutes, forest dislocations, and subgrain boundaries. The same equation successfully predicts the flow stress during elevated-temperature transient deformation (under both constant strain rate and variable strain rate) from the transient dislocation substructure.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
A. K. Mukkerjee:Treatise on Materials Science and Technology, R. J. Arsenault, ed., Academic Press, New York, NY, 1975, vol. 6, pp. 163–223.
L. J. Cuddy:Metall. Trans., 1970, vol. 1, pp. 395–401.
J-P.A. Immarigeon and J.J. Jonas:Acta Metall., 1971, vol. 19, pp. 1053–61.
R.G. Stang, W. D. Nix, and C.R. Barrett:Metall. Trans. A, 1975, vol. 6A, pp. 2065–71.
V. K. Sikka, H. Nahm, and J. Moteff:Mater. Sci. Eng., 1975, vol. 20, pp. 55–62.
W. Blum, A. Absenger, and R. Feilhauer:Strength of Metals and Alloys, P. Haasen, V. Gerold, and G. Kostorz, eds., Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1979, vol. 1, pp. 265–71.
T. G. Langdon, R. D. Vastava, and P. Yavari:Strength of Metals and Alloys, P. Haasen, V. Gerold, and G. Kostorz, eds., Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1979, vol. 1, pp. 271–76.
O. Ajaja and A.J. Ardell:Scr. Metall., 1977, vol. 11, pp. 1089–93.
W.M. Yim and N.J. Grant:Trans. TMS-AIME, 1963, vol. 227, pp. 868–76.
C.R. Barrett, W. D. Nix, and O. D. Sherby:ASM Trans. Quart., 1966, vol. 59, pp. 3–15.
O.D. Sherby, A. Goldberg, and J. E. Dorn:Trans. ASM, 1954, vol. 46, pp. 681–700.
R. Bhargava, J. Moteff, and R.W. Swindeman: Proceedings of the Symposium on “Structural Materials for Service at Elevated Tem- peratures in Nuclear Power Generation,” A. O. Schaefer, ed., ASME, New York, NY, 1975, pp. 31–54.
C. M. Young, B. Walser, and O. D. Sherby: Final Report, AMMRC Contract DAAG-46-73-C-0163, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 1974.
C. M. Young, E. M. Cady, and O. D. Sherby: Final Report, AMMRC Contract DAAG-46-72-6-0021, Stanford University, Dept. of Mate- rials Science and Eng., Stanford, CA, 1972.
J. L. Robbins: Engineer Thesis, Stanford University, Dept. of Mate- rials Science and Eng., Stanford, CA, 1964.
M. E. Kassner: Ph.D. Dissertation, Stanford University, Dept. of Ma- terials Sciences and Eng., Stanford, CA, 1981.
K. D. Challenger and J. Moteff:Metall. Trans., 1973, vol. 4, pp. 749–55.
C.M. Young and O.D. Sherby:J. Iron and Steellnst., 1973, vol. 211, pp. 640–47.
A. L. Bernent, Jr.:Rev. Roum. Phys., 1972, vol. 17, pp. 361–80.
P. Tucker, S. M. Ohr, and Wechsler:Radiation Damage in Reactor Materials, IAEA, Vienna, 1969, vol. 1, pp. 215–32.
T.J. Koppenaal:J. Appl. Phys., 1964, vol. 35, pp. 2750–53.
A.K. Miller and O. D. Sherby:Scr. Metall., 1976, vol. 10, pp. 311–17.
U. F. Kocks:Strength of Metals and Alloys, P. Haasen, V. Gerold, and G. Kostorz, eds., Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1979, vol. 3, pp. 1661–80.
H. Widersich:J. Metals, May 1964, vol. 16, pp. 423–30.
O. D. Sherby, R. J. Klundt, and A. K. Miller:Metall. Trans. A, 1977, vol. 8A, pp. 843–50.
S.L. Robinson and O. D. Sherby:Acta Metall., 1969, vol. 17, pp. 109–25.
S. K. Mitra and D. McLean:Metal. Sci. J., 1967, vol. 1, pp. 192–98.
A.M. Gervais, J.T. Norton, and N.J. Grant:Trans. AIME, 1953, vol. 197, pp. 1166–74.
C.N. Ahlquist and W. D. Nix:Scr. Metall., 1969, vol. 3, pp. 679–82.
C.N. Ahlquist and W. D. Nix:Acta Metall., 1971, vol. 19, pp. 373–84.
O. D. Sherby, R. Frenkel, J. Nadeau, and J. E. Dorn:Trans. AIME, 1954, vol. 200, pp. 275–79.
L. Raymond and J. E. Dora:Trans. TMS-AIME, 1964, vol. 230, pp. 560–67.
M. E. Kassner:Res. Mecnanica, in press.
R. A. Petkovic, M. J. Luton, and J. J. Jonas:Metal Sci. J., 1979, vol. 13, pp. 569–72.
N.J. Carson, Jr., C. Steves, C.J. Renken, J.J. Reimann, and H. Berger: AEC Contract W-31-109-ENG-38, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 1972.
R. H. Klundt, Y. Monma, and O. D. Sherby: USERDA Contract AT(04-3)-326-PA #38, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 1975.
M. E. Kassner, K. Rubin, and A. K. Miller:Strength of Metals and Alloys, R.C. Gifkins, ed., Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1982, vol. 2, pp. 581–87.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
formerly Research Assistant, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kassner, M.E., Miller, A.K. & Sherby, O.D. The separate roles of subgrains and forest dislocations in the isotropic hardening of type 304 stainless steel. Metall Trans A 13, 1977–1986 (1982). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02645943
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02645943