Plants support numerous microorganisms within their tissues and the rhizosphere, and these microorganisms, known as the microbiota, can influence plant growth and health. Up to 40% of a plant’s photosynthetic metabolism may be invested in the rhizosphere. The microbiota are considered an extra genome that can be modulated to meet plant needs. Researchers have identified a set of genes from these microorganisms, known as the microbiome, which can be manipulated to enhance plant growth and health, improve nutrient absorption, reduce the need for chemical fertilizers, increase resistance to pathogens and pests, and increase stress tolerance. In particular, fungi exhibit large genetic and metabolic diversity and are often used to promote plant growth. For example, the fungus Purpureocillum lilacinum has been employed primarily as a biocontrol agent to manage nematodes, but some studies have suggested that it may also promote plant growth by increasing the efficiency of the plant in absorbing nutrients from the soil and providing phytohormones to plants. Therefore, the current review aims to summarize the existing literature on the use of this fungus in agriculture as nematodes control, and discuss its potential as a plant growth-promoter. Full article

Neurotoxicity is a major obstacle in the effectiveness of Cisplatin in cancer chemotherapy. In this process, oxidative stress and inflammation are considered to be the main mechanisms involved in brain and lung toxicity. The aim of the present work was to study the influence of the amount of protein on some oxidative parameters in the brain and lungs of rats treated with Cisplatin (CP) and N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) as neuroprotectors. Four groups of Wistar rats, each containing six animals, were fed with a protein diet at 7% for 15 days. Thereafter, the groups were given either a unique dose of CP^® 5 mg/kg or NAC^® 5 mg/kg as follows: group 1 (control), NaCl 0.9% vehicle; group 2, CP; group 3, NAC; and group 4, NAC + CP. The animals were sacrificed immediately after the treatments. Blood samples were collected upon sacrifice and used to measure blood triglycerides and glucose. The brain and lungs of each animal were obtained and used to assay lipid peroxidation (TBARS), glutathione (GSH), serotonin metabolite (5-HIAA), catalase, and the activity of Ca⁺², and Mg⁺² ATPase using validated methods. TBARS, H₂O₂, and GSH were found to be significantly decreased in the cortex and cerebellum/medulla oblongata of the groups treated with CP and NAC. The total ATPase showed a significant increase in the lung and cerebellum/medulla oblongata, while 5-HIAA showed the same tendency in the cortex of the same group of animals. The increase in 5-HIAA and ATPase during NAC and CP administration resulted in brain protection. This effect could be even more powerful when membrane fluidity is increased, thus proving the efficacy of combined NAC and CP drug therapy, which appears to be a promising strategy for future chemotherapy in malnourished patients. Full article

To use polylactic acid in demanding technical applications, sufficient long-term thermal stability is required. In this work, the thermal aging of polylactic acid (PLA) in the solid phase at 100 °C and 150 °C is investigated. PLA has only limited aging stability without the addition of stabilizers. Therefore, the degradation mechanism in thermal aging was subsequently investigated in more detail to identify a suitable stabilization strategy. Investigations using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed that, contrary to expectations, even under thermal aging conditions, hydrolytic degradation rather than oxidative degradation is the primary degradation mechanism. This was further confirmed by the investigation of suitable stabilizers. While the addition of phenols, phosphites and thioethers as antioxidants leads only to a limited improvement in aging stability, the addition of an additive composition to provide hydrolytic stabilization results in extended durability. Efficient compositions consist of an aziridine-based hydrolysis inhibitor and a hydrotalcite co-stabilizer. At an aging temperature of 100 °C, the time until significant polymer chain degradation occurs is extended from approx. 500 h for unstabilized polylactic acid to over 2000 h for stabilized polylactic acid. Full article

The Republic of Croatia is spread in geographical and climatic conditions that support a great diversity of habitats and associated plant taxa, many of which can be used for food or medicine. However, urbanization, loss of natural habitats, as well as changes in people’s dependence on the natural resources from the surrounding environment may lead to the loss of valuable knowledge about the use of plants and mushrooms. With the aim of studying and preserving this knowledge in the continental north-western part of Croatia, an ethnobotanical survey was undertaken at the two study areas—Valpovo and Đurđevac, which included a total of 17 settlements. A total of 103 informants, 65% female and 35% male, aged between 22 and 83 years, participated in an interview using pre-planned questionnaires. The informants reported 131 plants belonging to 55 families and 17 mushroom taxa. The largest number of plants belonged to the families of Rosaceae, Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, and Apiaceae. In both areas, the informants cultivate and also gather wild plants, but these practices are better preserved in the area of Đurđevac where 109 taxa from 47 families were recorded. In addition to cultivated and gathered plants, informants from the Valpovo area also reported the use of purchased plants. Plants and mushrooms are mostly used as food (21 plant taxa and 17 mushrooms), but plants also serve as medicine (68 taxa), as both food and medicine (35 taxa), feed for cattle (11 taxa), repellent (four taxa), and/or space freshener (two taxa). The most frequently used wild plants are Chamomilla recutita, Mentha x piperita, and Urtica dioica, while Boletus edulis, Agaricus campestris, and Macrolepiota procera are the most often used mushrooms. The results indicate that the local people in the studied north-western part of Croatia still nurture the practice of cultivating and gathering plants and that herbal remedies are considerably important among the informants. The study should be further extended to broaden and preserve valuable ethnobotanical knowledge and encourage the protection of culturally important plants of the studied area. Full article

This study investigated the effects of replacing maize silage (MZS) with high-sugar sorghum silage (HSS) or forage sorghum silage (FSS) without additional grain supplement in the diets of dairy cows on nutrient digestibility, milk composition, nitrogen (N) use, and rumen fermentation. Twenty-four Chinese Holstein cows (545 ± 42.8 kg; 21.41 ± 0.62 kg milk yield; 150 ± 5.6 days in milk) were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments (n = 8 cows/treatment). The cows were fed ad libitum total mixed rations containing (dry matter basis) either 40% MZS (MZS-based diet), 40% HSS (HSS-based diet), or 40% FSS (FSS-based diet). The study lasted for 42 days, with 14 days devoted to adaptation, 21 days to daily feed intake and milk production, and 7 days to the sampling of feed, refusals, feces, urine, and rumen fluid. Milk production was measured twice daily, and digestibility was estimated using the method of acid-insoluble ash. The data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA in SPSS 22.0 according to a completely randomized design. Dietary treatments were used as fixed effects and cows as random effects. The results indicate that MZS and HSS had greater crude protein but less neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), and a lower pH than FSS (p ≤ 0.04). High starch contents in MZS and water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) contents in HSS were observed (p < 0.01). While the highest starch intake was observed for the MZS-based diet, the highest WSC intake was noted for the HSS-based diet, and the highest NDF, ADF, ADL intake was observed for the FSS-based diet (p ≤ 0.05). The diets, including MZS and HSS, had greater digestibility than that of FSS (p ≤ 0.03). Feeding MZS- and HSS-based diets increased the yield, fat, and protein content of the milk, as well as feed conversion efficiency (p ≤ 0.03). However, feeding the MZS- and HSS-based diets decreased the contents of milk urea N, urinary urea N, and urinary N excretion more than the FSS-based diet (p ≤ 0.05). The N use efficiency tended to increase relative to diets containing MZS and HSS compared with FSS (p = 0.06 and p = 0.09). Ruminal ammonia-N and pH were lower, but total volatile fatty acids, acetate, and propionate were higher in cows fed the HSS- and MZS-based diets compared to those fed the FSS-based diet (p ≤ 0.03). It appears as though replacing MZS with HSS in the diet of cows without additional grain supplements has no negative influence on feed intake, milk yield, N utilization, or ruminal fermentation. Full article

Aluminum garnets display exceptional adaptability in incorporating mismatching elements, thereby facilitating the synthesis of novel materials with tailored properties. This study explored Ce³⁺-doped Tb₃Al_5−xSc_xO₁₂ crystals (where x ranges from 0.5 to 3.0), revealing a novel approach to control luminescence and photoconversion through atomic size mismatch engineering. Raman spectroscopy confirmed the coexistence of garnet and perovskite phases, with Sc substitution significantly influencing the garnet lattice and induced A_1g mode softening up to Sc concentration x = 2.0. The Sc atoms controlled sub-eutectic inclusion formation, creating efficient light scattering centers and unveiling a compositional threshold for octahedral site saturation. This modulation enabled the control of energy transfer dynamics between Ce³⁺ and Tb³⁺ ions, enhancing luminescence and mitigating quenching. The Sc admixing process regulated luminous efficacy (LE), color rendering index (CRI), and correlated color temperature (CCT), with adjustments in CRI from 68 to 84 and CCT from 3545 K to 12,958 K. The Ce³⁺-doped Tb₃Al_5−xSc_xO₁₂ crystal (where x = 2.0) achieved the highest LE of 114.6 lm/W and emitted light at a CCT of 4942 K, similar to daylight white. This approach enables the design and development of functional materials with tailored optical properties applicable to lighting technology, persistent phosphors, scintillators, and storage phosphors. Full article

This article presents the distinctive butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) fluorescent probe P5, designed via a targeting-site method. This method was proposed to enhance the affinity of the probe for BChE by targeting the peripheral anionic site (PAS) of BChE. By mimicking the natural substrate butyrylcholine, the structure of the probe was optimized by introducing a positive charge. Fluorescent probe P5, selected from a series of designed fluorescent probes P1–P6, exhibited excellent affinity and specificity towards BChE, enabling rapid detection within 5 min with a low detection limit of 16.7 ng/mL. Furthermore, this probe can distinguish between normal cells and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) model cells, and demonstrated good imaging results in a P12 cell AD model. The results of this study indicate that this novel fluorescent probe could serve as a promising tool for the rapid detection of BChE and accurate AD diagnosis. Full article

A 74-year-old woman in good general health presented with a 5-year history of progressive hair loss over several years, interpreted as female androgenetic alopecia (AGA), and was treated with topical 5% Minoxidil without improvement. The patient’s relevant medical history revealed infiltrating, triple-negative apocrine carcinoma of the right breast four years before, treated by quadrantectomy, radiation, lymphadenectomy and chemotherapy, with no recurrence at the last follow-up. On examination, there was an asymptomatic 15 × 15 cm firm and whitish area of scarring alopecia on the central scalp. Dermoscopy revealed multiple arborizing vessels and many telangiectasia. The clinical considerations included mainly cutaneous metastasis of breast carcinoma (alopecia neoplastica), pseudopelade of Broque and morpheaform basal cell carcinoma (BCC). A histopathologic examination revealed characteristic changes of morpheaform BCC with basaloid islands and cords of atypical basaloid cells diffusely infiltrating the dermis, embedded in a sclerotic and hypervascularized stroma. Secondary alopecia neoplastica due to morpheaform BCC on the scalp is an exceedingly rare entity, possessing subtle clinical features that may mimic both scarring and non-scarring alopecia. Delayed recognition may contribute to aggressive behavior and extensive local destruction. Treatment with hedgehog inhibitors in locally advanced BCC of the scalp, both in adjuvant and neoadjuvant modalities, is promising. Full article

Mycobacterium abscessus (M. abscessus) is a multidrug-resistant nontuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) that is responsible for a wide spectrum of infections in humans. The lack of effective bactericidal drugs and the formation of biofilm make its clinical treatment very difficult. The FDA-approved drug library containing 3048 marketed and pharmacopeial drugs or compounds was screened at 20 μM against M. abscessus type strain 19977 in 7H9 medium, and 62 hits with potential antimicrobial activity against M. abscessus were identified. Among them, bithionol, a clinically approved antiparasitic agent, showed excellent antibacterial activity and inhibited the growth of three different subtypes of M. abscessus from 0.625 μM to 2.5 μM. We confirmed the bactericidal activity of bithionol by the MBC/MIC ratio being ≤4 and the time–kill curve study and also electron microscopy study. Interestingly, it was found that at 128 μg/mL, bithionol could completely eliminate biofilms after 48h, demonstrating an outstanding antibiofilm capability compared to commonly used antibiotics. Additionally, bithionol could eliminate 99.9% of biofilm bacteria at 64 μg/mL, 99% at 32 μg/mL, and 90% at 16 μg/mL. Therefore, bithionol may be a potential candidate for the treatment of M. abscessus infections due to its significant antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities. Full article

To ensure the sustainable development of energy supply, there is a continuous increase in demand for deep coal mining, making safe and efficient extraction a crucial area of research. However, with the increasing depth, rising ground temperatures pose new challenges for safe and sustainable mining operations. Among these challenges, coal and gas outburst dynamic hazards stand out as significant issues. Therefore, it is necessary to assess the impact of temperature variations on coal and gas outburst disaster prevention and control. To investigate this effect, we conducted an analysis based on outburst-triggering mechanisms and adsorption–desorption processes. Temperature was considered as the primary controlled variable, while gas expansion energy served as the criterion for assessing outburst hazards. Kilometer-deep coal samples were selected for measurement, focusing on indicators such as Langmuir adsorption constants (a,b), gas content (Q), gas pressure (P) and drilling cutting desorption indices (K₁, Δh₂). The results indicate that, under the same gas pressure, there is a slight decreasing trend in gas expansion energy with increasing temperature, although the overall change is minimal. Hence, the sole influence of temperature on the gas’s ability to perform work during outbursts is limited. Temperature exerts varying degrees of influence on gas parameters such as gas content and drill cutting desorption indices. The fluctuation amplitudes of these indicators range from large to small in the following order: Δh₂ > ΔP > Q > K₁ > P. Additionally, their correlation with gas expansion energy decreases in the following order: P > Q > Δh₂ > K₁ > ΔP. Thus, the influence of temperature on the indicators used in various prediction methods exhibits inconsistency, emphasizing the importance of considering temperature effects on predicted values. Gas pressure emerges as the optimal indicator for outburst determination, while gas content and drill cutting desorption indices are preferable as predictive indicators. These results will provide valuable references for the sustainable and safe development, risk assessment and prediction of deep coal mining. Full article

The recently proposed magnetoimpedance tomography method is based on the analysis of the frequency dependences of the impedance measured at different external magnetic fields. The method allows one to analyze the distribution of magnetic properties over the cross-section of the ferromagnetic conductor. Here, we describe the example of theoretical study of the magnetoimpedance effect in an amorphous microwire with inhomogeneous magnetic structure. In the framework of the proposed model, it is assumed that the microwire cross-section consists of several regions with different features of the effective anisotropy. The distribution of the electromagnetic fields and the microwire impedance are found by an analytical solution of Maxwell equations in the particular regions. The field and frequency dependences of the microwire impedance are analyzed taking into account the frequency dependence of the permeability values in the considered regions. Although the calculations are given for the case of amorphous microwires, the obtained results can be useful for the development of the magnetoimpedance tomography method adaptation for different types of ferromagnetic conductors. Full article

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with high modulation bandwidth are required for high-speed visible light communication applications. Crystal orientation in the GaN LED structure plays a key factor in its modulation bandwidth as the recombination lifetime is highly dependent on crystal orientation owing to the Quantum-Confined Stark Effect (QCSE). In this study, six different crystal orientation multi-quantum well (MQW) GaN LEDs are simulated to understand the impact of heterostructure orientation on modulation bandwidth, radiative recombination rates, and emission intensity. The results of this study demonstrate that semi-polar $10\overline{1}\overline{3}$ MQW LEDs provide the highest bandwidth in the current density range of 9–20 kA/cm² compared to the other five orientations. For instance, the semi-polar $10\overline{1}\overline{3}$-based LED offers a modulation bandwidth of 912.7 MHz at 20 kA/cm² current density. These results suggest that the semi-polar $10\overline{1}\overline{3}$ orientation-based LED has the potential to support a high-speed visible light communication system. Full article

The quality performance of many vital systems depends on how long the units are performing; hence, research works started focusing on increasing the reliability of systems while taking into consideration that many factors may cause the failures of operating systems. In this study, the combination of a parametric generalized linear failure rate distribution model and an adaptive progressive Type-II censoring scheme for practical purposes is explored. A comprehensive investigation is performed on the risk factors that cause failure and determines which of the factors has a more harmful effect on the units. A lifetime experiment is performed under the condition of an adaptive progressive Type-II censoring scheme to obtain observations as a result of the competing factors of failures. The obtained observations are assumed to follow a three-parameter generalized linear failure rate distribution and are assumed to be competing to cause failure. Two statistical inference methods are employed for estimating this model’s parameters: the frequentist maximum likelihood method and the Bayesian approach. Our model’s validity is demonstrated through extensive simulations and real data applications in the medical and electrical engineering fields. Full article

Globally, osteoporosis is the most common systemic skeletal disease. There are many factors that influence osteoporosis’ development and progression. During the pathogenesis of this disease, bone turnover is imbalanced between resorption and the formation of bone tissue. A growing interest has been devoted to the role that microRNA (miRNA) plays in osteoporosis regulation. A microRNA (miRNA) is a group of small single-stranded RNA molecules involved in regulating gene expression in eukaryotic organisms. As microRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators of gene expression and can modulate processes related to bone metabolism, they have become increasingly important for studying osteoporosis pathogenesis. The available research suggests that miRNAs play an important role in regulating processes associated with bone metabolism, especially by influencing bone resorption and synthesis. Furthermore, microRNAs can also serve as potential therapeutic targets for osteoporosis, besides being a rapid and specific biomarker. Full article

In this article, we introduce a new model with positive support. This model is an extension of the truncated Gumbel distribution, where a shape parameter is incorporated that provides greater flexibility to the new model. The model is parameterized in terms of the p-th quantile of the distribution to perform quantile regression in this model. An extensive simulation study demonstrates the good performance of the maximum likelihood estimators in finite samples. Finally, two applications to real datasets related to the level of beta-carotene and body mass index are presented. Full article

Crohn’s disease is a chronic, debilitating, inflammatory bowel disease. Here, we report a critical role of phospholipase C-β3 (PLC-β3) in intestinal homeostasis. In PLC-β3-deficient mice, exposure to oral dextran sodium sulfate induced lethality and severe inflammation in the small intestine. The lethality was due to PLC-β3 deficiency in multiple non-hematopoietic cell types. PLC-β3 deficiency resulted in reduced Wnt/β-catenin signaling, which is essential for homeostasis and the regeneration of the intestinal epithelium. PLC-β3 regulated the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in small intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) at transcriptional, epigenetic, and, potentially, protein–protein interaction levels. PLC-β3-deficient IECs were unable to respond to stimulation by R-spondin 1, an enhancer of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Reduced expression of PLC-β3 and its signature genes was found in biopsies of patients with ileal Crohn’s disease. PLC-β regulation of Wnt signaling was evolutionally conserved in Drosophila. Our data indicate that a reduction in PLC-β3-mediated Wnt/β-catenin signaling contributes to the pathogenesis of ileal Crohn’s disease. Full article

Owing to the superior quality of the interface, WC/SiC multilayers have been considered promising candidates for X-ray Laue lenses in nano-focusing facilities and supermirrors in X-ray telescopes. To investigate the microstructure evolution in WC/SiC multilayers, a set of periodic multilayers was prepared with varied WC layer thicknesses ranging from 1.0 nm to 10.0 nm while keeping the thickness of the SiC layer constant at 3.0 nm. These samples were characterized using various analytical techniques, including GIXR, AFM, and XRD. An aperiodic WC/SiC multilayer sample was analyzed by TEM, EDX, and SAED to further study the chemical and structural changes while the thickness of the WC layer increased. The results indicate that the WC layer of the WC/SiC multilayer changes from amorphous to crystalline with increasing layer thickness. The crystalline state of the WC layer change as the thickness increases. Meanwhile, the carbon atoms migrate noticeably to the interface as the WC layer becomes thicker, which smoothens the interfacial defects caused by the crystalline state transition. This migration of carbon is one of the key factors contributing to the smooth interface in WC/SiC multilayers. Full article

Specific immunotherapy represents the only potentially curative treatment for allergic asthma. Allergens can be administered subcutaneously (SCIT) or sublingually (SLIT). The aim of the current study was to evaluate and compare the efficacy of SCIT and SLIT for the treatment of allergic asthma in children. Our study included 69 children with allergic asthma who underwent immunotherapy for house dust mites or pollen for at least 3 consecutive years. After 3 years of SCIT and SLIT, the median number of asthma exacerbations in the last three months decreased from 2 to 0 (p < 0.01) and from 1 to 0 (p < 0.01), respectively. When comparing the efficacy of SCIT and SLIT, our study revealed a significantly better efficacy of SCIT only in terms of increasing lung function. The median increase in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) after 3 years was 8% with SCIT and −1% with SLIT (p < 0.01). Daily controller therapy could be withdrawn or reduced in 9 out of 16 (56.3%) children who received it before SCIT (p < 0.01) and in 19 of 29 (65.6%) children who received it before SLIT (p < 0.01), but the difference in efficacy was not significant (p = 0.88). Both SCIT and SLIT are effective treatments for allergic asthma in children. Full article

This study visually explores the relationships among human resource management (HRM) investment, strategy implementation, and firm performance for small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Korea. This exploratory research focuses on the significance of strategy implementation, an often overlooked factor in the relationship between HRM and firm performance, as well as HRM investment, which can enable the development of organizational capabilities. We conducted a multiple correspondence analysis to understand the interrelationship between HRM investment, competitive strategy implementation, and firm performance. We differentiated the results by group type according to the level of HRM investment, competitive strategy implementation, and firm performance. We found that firms with high HRM investment achieve the highest performance by implementing an ambidextrous strategy that simultaneously pursues cost leadership and differentiation. Ultimately, this study’s results suggest that for firms to create a competitive advantage through the strategic capitalization of human resources, long-term and continuous investment in HRM is necessary, even if short-term visible effects are not observed while the HRM system is being built, to eventually establish the organization’s capacity to support strategy execution. This study’s potential contribution is to extend the resource-based view by establishing the role of strategy implementation in linking HRM systems as organizational capabilities to performance. Full article

Spontaneous tumour formation in higher plants can occur in the absence of pathogen invasion, depending on the plant genotype. Spontaneous tumour formation on the taproots is consistently observed in certain inbred lines of radish (Raphanus sativus var. radicula Pers.). In this paper, using Oxford Nanopore and Illumina technologies, we have sequenced the genomes of two closely related radish inbred lines that differ in their ability to spontaneously form tumours. We identified a large number of single nucleotide variants (amino acid substitutions, insertions or deletions, SNVs) that are likely to be associated with the spontaneous tumour formation. Among the genes involved in the trait, we have identified those that regulate the cell cycle, meristem activity, gene expression, and metabolism and signalling of phytohormones. After identifying the SNVs, we performed Sanger sequencing of amplicons corresponding to SNV-containing regions to validate our results. We then checked for the presence of SNVs in other tumour lines of the radish genetic collection and found the ERF118 gene, which had the SNVs in the majority of tumour lines. Furthermore, we performed the identification of the CLAVATA3/ESR (CLE) and WUSCHEL (WOX) genes and, as a result, identified two unique radish CLE genes which probably encode proteins with multiple CLE domains. The results obtained provide a basis for investigating the mechanisms of plant tumour formation and also for future genetic and genomic studies of radish. Full article

The escalating awareness of heat-related risks and the associated imperative to enhance preparedness strategies at various levels has spurred a growing emphasis on disseminating knowledge about heat vulnerability. These efforts aim to equip diverse stakeholders with practical heat planning and forecasting tools. The success of these communication initiatives hinges on understanding the nuanced perceptions of risk and the priority assigned to addressing heat as a health risk. This paper delves explicitly into the unhoused population’s risk perceptions and coping strategies. Acknowledged as one of the most underserved and vulnerable groups to extreme heat, unhoused individuals face prolonged exposure, a heightened frequency of mental and physical health issues, and limited coping resources during extreme heat events. Despite widespread acknowledgment of their vulnerability, little attention has been directed towards researching health behavior within this demographic about excessive heat. We developed a survey instrument using the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to bridge this gap. We collected quantitative survey data from unhoused populations in Columbia, South Carolina, an area of the United States that experiences extreme heat events and has a sizeable unhoused population. Using a series of hierarchical multiple regression models, our findings indicate that TPB variables predict the intention to avoid the heat while considering additional coping strategies common among unhoused individuals. These findings offer valuable insights for public health researchers, practitioners, and community officials engaged in direct interactions with unhoused populations, informing how this underserved group manages excessive heat exposure. Full article