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Gelatinous and soft-bodied zooplankton in the Northeast Pacific Ocean: Phosphorus content and potential resilience to phosphorus limitation

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Abstract

Marine ecosystems on continental shelves face multiple challenges due to anthropogenic disturbances, many of which can change the seawater stoichiometry (C:N:P) and consequently elemental ratios of phytoplankton. This change in food quality may not be tolerated by all grazers and predators. Gelatinous and soft-bodied zooplankton (GZ) might be more resilient to such changes. We sampled GZ species in neritic and oceanic waters of the Northeast Pacific off British Columbia, Canada, determined their phosphorus (P) content and elemental ratios (C/P, N/P), and analysed intraspecific variability associated with size and ontogeny. P content was measured for twelve GZ taxa. P % DW (dry weight) decreased with size for the hydrozoan Aequorea sp., scyphozoans Aurelia labiata, Cyanea capillata, and the thaliacean Salpa aspera, and differed significantly for two development stages of the salp S. aspera. While C/P and N/P were mostly size and stage independent, they were highly variable. C/P values of GZ were generally higher than values of crustacean zooplankton, indicating that GZ represent poor-quality prey for non-GZ predators, and that GZ may have a higher resilience towards P-limited (low quality) prey. Changing ocean conditions and nutrient stoichiometry of prey may favour GZ, although large variability in P dynamics among GZ taxa and uncertainty about future ocean stoichiometry changes make generalisations difficult.

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Raw data have been deposited in PANGAEA (https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.933356).

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Acknowledgements

We thank Ursula Ecker, Clemens Kozian-Fleck, and Julia Haafke for their help in the laboratory with phosphorus measurements. We also thank three anonymous reviewers for constructive comments made on an earlier version of the manuscript.

Funding

FL was supported by a Ph.D. scholarship (International Doctoral Fellowship) from the University of British Columbia. MB acknowledges support from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), within the BIOWEB project, and the State Agency for Agriculture, Environment and Rural Areas Schleswig-Holstein (LLUR).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2039–2207 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada

    Florian Lüskow, Brian P. V. Hunt & Evgeny A. Pakhomov

  2. Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada

    Florian Lüskow, Brian P. V. Hunt & Evgeny A. Pakhomov

  3. Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 9860 West Saanich Road, Sidney, BC, V8L 4B2, Canada

    Moira D. Galbraith

  4. Hakai Institute, P.O. Box 309, Heriot Bay, BC, V0P 1H0, Canada

    Brian P. V. Hunt & Evgeny A. Pakhomov

  5. Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Nanaimo, BC, V9T 6N7, Canada

    R. Ian Perry

  6. Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Kurpromenade, 27483, Helgoland, Germany

    Maarten Boersma

  7. Fachbereich 2 Biologie/Chemie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße, 28334, Bremen, Germany

    Maarten Boersma

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  1. Florian Lüskow
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  2. Moira D. Galbraith
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  3. Brian P. V. Hunt
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  6. Evgeny A. Pakhomov
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Contributions

FL and EAP designed the study. FL, MDG, BPVH, RIP, and EAP performed the field sampling. MB supervised the formal sample analysis. FL analysed the data and drafted the original manuscript. All authors contributed to writing the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Florian Lüskow.

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Lüskow, F., Galbraith, M.D., Hunt, B.P.V. et al. Gelatinous and soft-bodied zooplankton in the Northeast Pacific Ocean: Phosphorus content and potential resilience to phosphorus limitation. Hydrobiologia 849, 1543–1557 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-021-04758-9

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