International Journal of Food Science, Nutrition and Dietetics (IJFS)

Honey is an excellent nutritious food and is widely produced and marketed. However, there have been complaints that some marketed honey
is adulterated with maltose. We quantified glucose, fructose, maltose and sucrose contained in honey products in the marketplace, and showed
that some had been adulterated.
Keywords: Honey, Sugars, High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

Honey is an excellent nutritious food and is widely produced and marketed. However, there have been complaints that some marketed honey
is adulterated with maltose. We quantified glucose, fructose, maltose and sucrose contained in honey products in the marketplace, and showed
that some had been adulterated.

The effects of varying processing treatments on the cyanide content of Manihot Esculenta, Zea Mays and Glycine Max were determined using
picrate kit method and the following mean concentrations in ppm were obtained: 0.10, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0.01, 0.00, 0.02,0.00, and 0.00
for Cassava, Garri, Fufu, Tapioka, Soybean, Vitamilk, Raw maize, Roasted maize, and Boiled maize respectively. There were statistically
significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) among all raw samples analysed for the observed phytotoxin (Cyanide) levels. The results obtained from
the processed and unprocessed food products generally showed a marked difference (P ≤ 0.05) in cyanide levels between raw and processed
food products and this implies that food processing has a marked effect on the cyanide content of different food types indicating
success in degradation of cyanide by heat. Heat treatments therefore reduced the cyanide content (approximately 100%) in tested food
crops thereby making them suitable and safer for consumption outside creating variety.
Key Words: Cyanide, Food processing, Heat treatment, Raw, Phytotoxin

Bone homeostasis is maintained through a balance between osteoblastic bone formation and osteoclastic bone resorption. Aging induces bone loss due to decreased osteoblastic bone formation and increased osteoclastic bone resorption. Osteoporosis with its accompanying decrease in bone mass is widely recognized as a major public heath problem. Nutritional factors may play a role in the prevention of bone loss with aging. Among marine algae of Undaria pinnatifida, Sargassum horneri, Eisenia bicyclis, Cryptonemia scmitziana, Gelidium amansii, and Ulva pertusa Kjellman which were gathered seasonally, Sargassum horneri (S. horneri) was found to have a unique anabolic effect on bone components. S. horneri extract had a stimulatory effect on osteoblastic bone formation and an inhibitory effects on osteoclastic bone resorption in vitro, thereby increasing bone mass. The intake of S. horneri extract caused a preventive effect on bone loss in animal models for osteoporosis and in healthy human. S. horneri extract, which is a functional food, may be usefulness as an osteogenic factor in preventing osteoporosis in human subjects.
Key Words: S. horneri extract, Osteoblastic bone formation, Osteoclastic bone resorption, Osteoporosis

Bone homeostasis is regulated through osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Osteoporosis, which is induced with its accompanying decrease in bone mass with increasing age, is widely recognized as a major public heath problem. Bone loss may be due to decreased osteoblastic bone formation and increased osteoclastic bone resorption. There is growing evidence that nutritional and food factors may play a part in the prevention of bone loss with aging and have been to be worthy of notice in the prevention of osteoporsis. Genistein, which is contained in soybeans, has been shown to have a stimulative effect on osteoblastic bone formation and a suppressive effect on osteoclastic bone resorption, thereby increasing bone mass. This factor has a regulative effect on protein synthesis and gene expression, which are related to bone formation in osteoblastic cells and bone resorption in osteoclastic cells. Oral administration of genistein has been shown to prevent on bone loss in ovariectomized rats, an animal model for osteoporosis, indicating a role in the prevention of osteoporosis. Intake of dietary soybean genistein has been shown to have a preventive effect on osteoporosis in human subjects, suggesting a role in the prevention of bone loss. This review discusses a role of dietary soybean genistein in osteoporosis prevention.
Keywords: Bone, Osteoporosis, Genistein, Osteoblastic bone formation, Osteoclastic bone resorption

Introduction: The fissure, described as a strong desire to use the substance, and fear of weight gain affect the motivation of the individual to quit smoking.
Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of abstinence and craving in food choices and nutritional status (NS) of patients after one month of treatment for smoking cessation.
Methods: Longitudinal study where we applied questionnaires to asses craving, dependence, alcohol consumption and food intake to decrease craving. The NS was assessed by BMI, waist circumference (WC) and abdominal circumference (AC). Evaluations were performed at baseline and after one month of treatment.
Results: Among 23 participants who started treatment, 17 completed one month follow-up with 41.2% (n = 7) abstinent. After a month of treatment, the craving was lower among those abstinent compared to smokers. The most consumed foods to reduce the craving were, firstly, fruits followed by coffee, water and candies. Most subjects presented overweight (mean BMI 27.9 ± 6.9 kg/m²), and increased cardiovascular risk (WC: 89.0 ± 14.2; AC: 96.4 ± 15.0). After one month of monitoring, these parameters have not changed significantly. Reducing cravings and maintenance anthropometric parameters are aspects that can positively influence in the treatment success.
Conclusion: Smokers in treatment for one month for smoking cessation showed a decrease in nicotine craving. Abstinence did not change the anthropometric parameters. The fruits were the most consumed foods to reduce the craving.
Keywords: Smoking; Dependency; Food; Nutritional Status; Tobacco Use Cessation

With agricultural crops, the land is ploughed in preparation for
crop planting, fertilizers and pesticides are employed, and the
crops are harvested and stored before processing into consumer products. With animal farming, livestock and poultry are raised and sent to slaughterhouses. Food and agricultural industries yield either consumer products directly or associated materials that are then used to produce such products such as leather or cotton.

The effect of addition of oregano at 1, 2, 3 and 4 % in formulation was examined in order to obtain herbal, antioxidant-enriched bread with good baking, textural, nutritional and sensorial properties. Oregano was found to be rich in crude fibre (17.43%), total phenol content (87.80 GAE/100g DW) and antioxidant activity (84.80%) which strengthens its use as a functional food. Farinograms obtained after addition of oregano suggested that oregano increased water absorption and dough development time. A significant decrease in dough stability was also observed. Therefore, little modifications were done in baking procedure to prepare oregano bread. Increasing levels of oregano increased the baking bsorption and specific volume of the bread. From sensory point of view 2% level of oregano in the bread was selected as best. Oregano bread was high in total phenolics content (TPC) and radical scavenging activity (RSA). Result suggested that oregano up to 2% level in bread can be added without any major change in baking and sensory properties along with better shelf life.
Keywords: Oregano; Total phenol content; Antioxidant activity; Farinograms; Baking; Sensory properties.

The present investigation was carried out to standardize the method of extraction of juice and to study the effect of extraction method on yield and quality of pomegranate juice. Also the efforts were also made to standardize the recipe for preparation of spiced pomegranate juice by using selected processing techniques and explore the prepared product for commercial use. Further efforts were made to evaluate the chemical quality of prepared pomegranate juice enriched with spices for their nutritional and organoleptic quality. The juice was also analysed for shelf life study on both i.e. at room as well as refrigeration temperature and techno-economic feasibility of spiced pomegranate juice was also assessed.

Background: Nutritional advice from public health campaigns in most Western countries does not include specific recommendations for minority groups. In this study we aimed to evaluate and compare diet quality and physical activity between the major ethnic groups residing in the UK.
Methods: Adherence to recommendation, measured using a Diet Quality and Physical Activity Index (DPI) derived from national recommendations, was measure among participants (n=210) of African-Caribbean-, South Asian- and Caucasian ethnicity currently residing in the UK.
Results: Significant difference in total DPI score between ethnic groups was not found. Components of the obtained score varied with a higher consumption of dairy products among African-Caribbeans and Asians, oil for cooking was preferred more frequently by Caucasians as was breakfast consumption and frequency and duration of physical activity. African-Caribbeans scored highest in fish, fruit/vegetables and liquid consumption.
Conclusion: While the overall diet quality of ethnic minority groups may not be significantly different from the mainstream population, differences in individual diet components should be considered as part of the national nutritional advice of countries with heterogeneous populations.

Key Words: Diet Quality; Diet Score; Ethnic; Dietary Recommendations; South Asian; African-Caribbean

In recent year consumer’s inclination towards natural and health-promoting foods have led to projection of probiotics as a new ingredient in functional food market. In absence of any worldwide regulation, probiotic containing foods available in the market are often of poor quality and did not meet the desired level of viable microorganisms, required for exhibiting health benefits. Presently, no globally accepted regulations for probiotic containing foods have been established, resulting in discrepancies in views, perception and quality of foods. In the present article an endeavor has been made to highlight the legislative views of different countries around the world regarding probiotic foods and prerequisites for identity of a product as a probiotic food have also been delineated.
Key Words: Probiotic; Health Claims; Legislation; Labeling; Quality Assurance.

With the scientific advancement coupled with consumer’s inclination towards natural and health-promoting foods, probiotic have been projected as a new nutritional additive. In recent years, probiotic supplemented foods have gained popularity but consumers are not sure whether they are paying money for the appropriate product.

Aims: To assess chromium status using human scalp hair in females with Type 2 Diabetes and a control group of women.
Methods: The participants were two groups of women aged between 35 and 70: 35 women with Type II diabetes (study group) and 30 women with no history of diabetes (control group). Samples of scalp hair were collected and the chromium content analysed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.
Results: No significant difference was found between the levels of chromium in the hair samples of the women in each group. Chromium was found to be higher in the diabetic group than the control group. (0.59 Vs 0.52 μg/g). The two groups had a similar weekly diet, apart from alcohol, chocolate, cream and milk; significantly more controls consumed these products.
Conclusion: There was no evidence of chromium deficiency in women with type 2 diabetes.
Key Words: Hair Analysis; Chromium; Diabetes.

A spice is a vegetable substance of indigenous or exotic origin which is or has a hot, pigment taste, used to enhance taste of foods or to
add to them the stimulant ingredients contained in them. Knowledge of radioactivity levels in human diet is of particular concern for the
estimation of possible radiological hazards to human health. In this study, the radioactivity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, 40K and 137Cs
in some selected natural and processed spices of different brands in the Madina District of Accra Metropolis were determined and the
ingested doses via food consumption were also assessed using gamma spectrometry. The average activity concentration of 226Ra, 232Th, 40K
and 137Cs in the natural spices were 0.81 ± 0.2 BqKg-1, 0.98 ± 0.4 BqKg-1, 2.19 ± 0.9 BqKg-1 and 0.06 ± 0.01 BqKg-1 respectively. For the
processed spices, the average activity concentration of 226Ra, 232Th, 40K and 137Cs were 0.18 ± 0.1 BqKg-1, 0.3 ± 0.1 BqKg-1, 1.3 ± 0.8 BqKg-1
and 0.02 ± 0.01 BqKg-1 respectively. The levels of 137Cs observed in the samples are within the range of ‘background’ concentrations. The
estimated total annual effective dose received from 226Ra, 232Th and 137Cs, due to consumption of natural (fresh) and processed spices by the
inhabitants of Madina in the Accra metropolis was 8.47 µSvy-1 and this is far below the average radiation dose of 0.29 mSvy-1 received per
caput worldwide due to ingestion of natural radionuclides provided in UNSCEAR (2000) report. The results indicate insignificant radiological
health hazard to the public due to the consumption of spices via foods.
Key Words: 226Ra; 232Th; 40K; 137Cs; Spices; Hpge; Effective Dose.

Cinnamon powder was substituted (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4%) in wheat flour for bread making. Baking, sensory and storage quality of bread were analyzed and compared with white bread. Cinnamon powder was found to have high total phenol content (TPC) and antioxidant activity. The highest TPC (0.94 mg GAE/DW) and antioxidant activity (27.67%) were observed in the bread containing highest level of cinnamon powder (4%). But loaf volume and sensory scores were less at this level of incorporation. Results suggested that among the studied samples, bread with 2% of cinnamon powder showed improved baking and textural properties with maximum overall acceptability by panelist and had a shelf life of 6 days at room temperature (30±50 C).
Key Words: Cinnamon; Bread; Antioxidant Activity; Total Phenol Content; Shelf-Life.

The effect of enrichment with fruits (Orange, Banana and Pineapple) on the nutritional, microbiological and sensory properties of sorghum based Pito was studied. Proximate, physico chemical, microbiological, vitamin and mineral content of the fruity Pito were analysed using the standard procedures. Results showed a significant increase in protein, fat and carbohydrate content of Pito as the fruits were added. Enrichment with fruit also caused an increase in physico chemical, mineral and vitamin contents of Pito. The viscosity of Pito increased upon the addition of fruits with Banana Pito having the highest viscosity. (3.9 x 10-3 Pa.s), the Orange Pito had the highest vitamin C content (3.56mg/100g). The microbial load of Pito was affected by fruit addition, fungal and bacteria load increased significantly with the addition of fruits. As storage days increased, the control (Commercially purchased Pito) had the highest microbial load (9.80 x 10-6 cfu/ml). There were significance difference in the taste, aroma, appearance, colour, flavor, mouth feel and overall acceptability of all the Pito samples (p < 0.05), but the pineapple Pito had the highest overall acceptability.
Key Words: Nutritional; Microbiological; Enrichment; Fruits; Pito

Metal ions are required for essential body functions but are toxic in excess. These have been examined critically as a potent factor in various human diseases including cardiovascular disease, cancer. This study was conducted to estimate the level of magnesium, copper and zinc in serum of young couples. The 60 young couples (30 males, 30 females) with the mean age 23.18 ± 4.31 years were included in this study. Serum elements level was measured using atomic absorption spectroscopy technique at calibration mode. The mean concentration of elements magnesium, copper and zinc in serum were (26.93± 3.83, 1.61± 0.31 and 7.18± 0.62 mg/l) respectively. We observed the normal levels of magnesium, zinc, and copper in serum of young couples, as compared with normal range. The analysis of data was shown the dependency of serum concentration levels of magnesium, copper and zinc with age and sex.
Key Words: Copper Serum Concentration; Magnesium Serum Concentration; Zinc Serum Concentration; Metal Contents of Young Couples

The proximate composition, minerals, fatty acids and amino acids profile of Leea guineensis seeds were investigated. The results of the proximate analysis revealed that Leea guineensis seeds have crude protein of 22.30 ±0.45%, crude fiber of 14.38±1.20% and ash of 6.96 ±0.16%. The results also shows that Leea guineensis seeds is a good sources of dietary minerals especially potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese and copper. Fatty acids profile of the seeds revealed that the seed lipids contained higher concentration of linoleic acid, oleic acid and palmitic acid. Also, amino acids profile of Leea guineensis seeds showed that it essential amino acids such as threonine, valine, isoleucine, leucne, tyrosine, phenylalanine and histidine. Leea guineensis seed is therefore considered to be a good source of essential nutrients that would be useful for both animal and human being
Key Words: Leea guineensis; Proximate Analysis; Mineral Profile; Fatty Acid Profile; Amino Acids Profile

Chlorine is widely used by fresh-cut produce processors to reduce pathogens and prevent cross-contamination. However, limited information is available on efficacy of chlorine preventing pathogen survival and the cross-contamination during washing of produce in consideration of wash-water quality change.A study of chlorine against Escherichia coli O157:H7 survival and cross-contamination was conducted simulating produce processors’ washing process. Spinach was inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 and manually washed with uninoculated iceberg lettuce in water with initial free chlorine (FC) of 40mg/L. A total of seven cycles of consecutive washing were conducted until FC ≤0.5 mg/L. After every 1 min wash, water and produce were collected to enumerate the surviving E. coli O157:H7 and test water qualities. Water qualities were impacted by consecutive washing and significantly affected the survival and transference of E. coli O157:H7. A reduction of 0.7-0.9 log-CFU/g was observed on spinach. The pathogen survived in wash-water (0.15-13 MPN/ml) and cross-contaminated onto lettuce (11-33 MPN/g), when wash-water’s residual FC was <4.0-mg/L. Results suggested that wash-water quality change severely limits chlorine inactivation of E. coli O157:H7 on produce and in wash-water, which provides useful information for produce processors to develop washwater sanitizing control systems.
Key Words: Chlorine Water, Escherichia Coli O157:H7, Water Quality, Produce.

Elevated concentrations of plasma glucose and free fatty acids (FFA) are associated with impaired endothelial function increasing risk of cardiovascular diseases. Previous studies suggested that fruits rich in polyphenolic compounds modulate endothelial cell migration and capillary-like tube formation via a redox-sensitive mechanism. We hypothesized that polyphenol-rich extracts of strawberry (SB) and wild blueberry (WB) would attenuate relatively high concentrations of glucose and/or FFA–mediated impaired cell migration and capillary-like tube formation in vitro in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). HUVECs treated with high FFA and combinations of glucose and FFA showed significantly reduced cell migration and capillary-like tube formation compared to the PBS control (p<0.05). However, HUVEC pre-treated with SB or WB extracts significantly increased cell migration and capillary-like tube formation in cells treated with FFA or a combination of FFA and glucose compared to cells exposed to the same nutrients/combinations alone. The results from this study suggest that berry fruits may play a role in promoting cardiovascular health especially in individuals with high blood glucose and/or FFA levels.
Keywords: Wild Blueberry; Strawberry; Glucose; Free Fatty Acids; Cell Migration; Tube Formation.

The number of diabetic patients is increasing worldwide. It is estimated that between 2010–2030, the number of adult diabetic patients will increase by 69% and 20% in developing and developed countries, respectively. Additionally, one-third of adults have metabolic syndrome in United States, defined as a syndrome that includes insulin resistance, hypertension, abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, and low HDLcholesterol, and is caused by interactions between genetic and environment components. The components of metabolic syndrome may lead to other pathologies.

Wheat being important staple crop urges the need to evaluate and develop new drought-tolerant varieties to sustain its productivity under changing climatic conditions. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the differential morpho-physiological, grain yield and drought tolerance indices responses of 27 triticale x bread wheat genotypes along with eight checks under non-irrigated and irrigated environments in randomized complete block design with three replications. Data on 12 important morpho-physiological and grain yield related traits along with revealed sufficient variability under two environments. Among various traits magnitude of heritability and genetic advance indicated that selection of flag-leaf area, spikes per plant and 1000-grain weight could respond to higher grain yield under non-irrigated environment.
Seedling stage traits viz., germination percentage, root length, shoot length, seedling vigour index (SVI) and germination index (GI) under normal (0 bar) and simulated water stress with Polyethylene glycol at -8 bar indicated greater sensitivity of the genotypes to water stress.
Five drought tolerance indices viz.,drought susceptibility index (DSI), tolerance index (TOL), stress tolerance index (STI), yield index (YI) and yield stability index (YSI) were also calculated to identify drought tolerant and stable genotypes based on their yields under two environments.
Minimum value of DSI, TOL and yield reduction and maximum value of YSI were in harmony with each other to categorized RL
135-P1 RL 22-144 A, RL-110-1P1, RL 128-1 P1 and RL 118-P1 as top five promising drought tolerant and yield stable genotypes. These genotypes could potentially be utilized for drought tolerance wheat breeding program.
Keywords: Bread Wheat; Triticale; Drought Tolerance Indices; Variability; Heritability; Yield.

Finger millets (or ragi) are cereals and the staple food of the millions residing in the arid and semi-arid tropics of the world. The grains of finger millets, being nutritionally superior to wheat provide Carbohydrates, dietary fibers, minerals and vitamins to poorest of the poor where the need is essential. Finger millet can be regarded as a functional food, to be taken as part of the usual diet in order to have beneficial effects that go beyond basic nutritional function, thus helping to reduce the risk of obesity, malnutrition, and premature aging. An important factor of the functional food which is required to reduce the risk of chronic illnesses is ‘proper intake and antibacterial activity’. Antibacterial is used to treat bacterial infections, Germinated finger millet seeds extract (12hour sample) has a bactericidal property against Escherichia coli and can be consumed for management of infectious diarrhoea. However prolonged use of certain antibacterial can decrease the number of gut flora, which may have a negative impact on health. Results indicate that potential exists to utilize finger millet as an alternative natural antioxidant and food preservative. Sensory evaluation was carried out to project the organoleptic appeal, which proved that ragi sample was very well accepted.
Keywords: Finger Millet; Functional Food; Organoleptic Appeal; Antibacterial.

The enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a potential tool for the determination of dextran. In this study, dextran–BSA antigens were prepared by Reductive amination method, and were confirmed by SDS-PAGE and free amino detection. The effects of coupled reaction conditions such as different oxidation degree of dextran, the reaction time were investigated and the immunity of the resulting dextranBSA neoglycoprotein antigens were evaluated through the interaction with standard dextran antibody. The immunogen was immunized with white rabbits to obtained polyclonal antibody respectively. A general and broad class-specific Elisa detection method was developed according to Elisa theory. The method was put to use for quantitative analysis of dextran in practical saccharose samples.
Keywords: Dextran; Neoglycoprotein Antigen; Preparation; Polyclonal Antibody; ELISA.

Introduction: Food borne illnesses comprise a broad spectrum of diseases and are responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide. The global incidence of food borne disease is difficult to estimate, but it has been reported that 2.1 million people died each year from diarrheal diseases and contaminated food contributes to 1.5 billion cases of diarrhea in children each year, resulting in more than three million premature deaths. In developing countries, up to an estimated 70% of cases of diarrheal diseases are associated with the consumption of contaminated foods. Approximately 10 to 20% of food-borne disease outbreaks are due to contamination by the food handler.
Objective: This study was conducted to assess food safety practices and associated factors of food handlers working in substandard food establishments of Gondar town, Northwest Ethiopia, 2013/14.
Methods: Institution based cross sectional study design was conducted to assess food safety practices and associated factors of food handlers. Four hundred three food handlers were taken randomly as study subjects and data were collected by observation by using standardized questionnaire and observational check lists. Ordinal logistic regression model was fitted to analyze the predictor variables.
Results: The overall level of food safety practices (good – 30.30%, fair- 47.60% and poor – 22.10%) was reported. Of a number of predictor variables analyzed age, marital status, service year, monthly income, food hygiene and safety training, attitude, knowledge and depth of knowledge were identified as factors affecting food safety practices.
Conclusion and recommendations: Compared to other similar studies, Low level of food safety practice (good – 30.30%, fair- 47.60% and poor – 22.10%) was reported. Therefore, Environmental health practitioners, the local Medias and the managers should do a lot to improve food safety practices of the food handlers. They should also design and implement food safety awareness creation programs.
Keywords: Food safety practice, food establishments, food handlers, ordinal logistic regression

The aim of the study was to evaluate a suitable combination of olive and apple pulp for the preparation of olive apple blended leather, stored at ambient temperature. The treatments were T0 , T1 , T2  and T3. The samples were wrapped in aluminum foil and then packed in polyethylene plastic bags and evaluation was carried out for a total period of 150 days. Physiochemically analysis; acidity and moisture and sensory characteristics; color, texture, taste and overall acceptability (using Larmond Scale) were evaluated at 30 days interval. A significant decrease was recorded in moisture (from 13.60% to 11.53%), color (from7.20 to 4.60), taste (from 7.53 to 5.40), texture (from 7.23 to 5.13) and overall acceptability (from 7.33 to 4.85). A significant increase was recorded in acidity (from 0.67% to 0.84%). Among all the treatments T3  was found most acceptable both physiochemically and organoleptically.
Keywords: olive fruit, leather, apple, storage

The purpose of this study was to developed and analyzes Antioxidant rich fruit beverages to determine antioxidant concentrations. It may provide protection differently against oxidative stress because they are different in antioxidant capacity.Fruits are used commonly in form of fleshy or pulpy, juice. Fruit juices and beverages are most effective against disease related to such as reduced levels of oxidative stress, obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, diabetes, osteoporosis, arthritis, some forms of cancer and even biological aging, chronic inflammation, Cardiovascular diseases. Antioxidant analysis such as Total Phenol, Flavanoids, Total antioxidant capacity,Vit C, Anthocyanins content in Pomegranate, strawberry, Red grapes, orange, Dried Green Tea. Fruit beverages were prepared at different ratio. Its’
content of antioxidants shows highly significant different with each other.
Keywords: Antioxidant, Fruit beverages, Fruit juice, Total phenol, Flavanoid

In this research, shelf life of lakerda in stretch film (A group) and vacuum packages (B group) stored for56 days at 4±2o
C after the ripening and dry salting was compared. The quality control of the packaged lakerda were carried out by analyses of pH value, water activity (Aw), TVB-N, TBARS, total mesophilic (TMB) and total psychotropic (TPB) bacterial counts. The initial pH, Aw, TBARs, TVB-N value, TMB and TPB counts of lakerda were; 6.02, 0.74, 6.02 mg MDA/kg, 17.31 mg/100g, 3.68LogCFU/g and 2.61 LogCFU/g, respectively. The lakerda packed with stretch film and vacuum packs, did not exceed the limits for acceptability 35mg/100g of TVB-N during the storage periods. While the TBARs values, TMB and TBP counts of B groups did not exceed the limits for acceptability 8mg MDA/kg and 6LogCFU/g, respectively, throughout the storage period, the TBARs value of A group exceed the acceptability limit at 14th day. According to the all analyses results, vacuum packaging compared to stretch film significantly increased shelf life of lakerda (P<0.05).
Keywords: Dry Salting, Lakerda, Bonito (Sardasarda, Bloch 1793), Vacuum Packaging, Shelf Life

For decades, ascorbic acid (aka vitamin C), has been popularly
prescribed by alternative and complementary health care practitioners and used by individuals or patients with various health conditions, including cancer progression , due to its renowned antioxidant property, which consists to neutralize free radicals such as superoxide (H2O2) and hydroxyl (OH) radicals, as well as its capacity to protect and repair normal cells that are damaged by chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Surprisingly, the mechanism of anti-tumor effect of ascorbic acid, especially used at high dose, has been proposed to be mediated by generation of H2 O2 and secondary metabolite.

Powdered extracts of apple, olive, and grape seed were evaluated for antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli O157:H7 during processing and subsequent short-term storage of organic leafy greens. The leafy greens tested were, baby spinach, mature bunched spinach, romaine lettuce, and iceberg lettuce. The organic leafy greens were thoroughly washed and inoculated with a three-strain cocktail of E. coli O157:H7 (6 log CFU ml-1). Antimicrobial treatments of the extracts, prepared in
phosphate buffered saline, at 1, 3, and 5% concentrations were used to wash contaminated leafy greens which were then
stored for 3 days at 4ºC. Surviving E. coli O157:H7 populations were enumerated on days 0, 1, and 3 of storage. Significant
reductions (P<0.05) in pathogen populations were observed in all the leafy greens following treatment with the plant
extracts. Between 2.9-5.3 log CFUg-1 reductions in E. coli O157:H7 population were observed with all three concentrations (1%, 3% and 5%) of olive extract by day 3, for all the leafy greens. The 5% olive extract treatment reduced the pathogen to undetectable levels by day 0 for romaine lettuce and by day 1 for iceberg lettuce and baby spinach. Apple extract at 5% concentration showed reductions of 3.4 and 3.9 log CFUg-1 in iceberg and romaine lettuce, respectively. The 5% grape seed extract reduced E. coli O157:H7 populations by 4.4 logsCFUg-1 in romaine lettuce. This study demonstrates the potential of olive, apple and grape seed extracts as antimicrobial wash treatments against E. coli O157:H7 during the processing of organic leafy greens.
Keywords: Escherichia coli O157:H7, Inhibition, Organic Leafy Greens, Plant Extracts, Antimicrobials

Introduction: Other than parents, primary care providers such as community workers and rehabilitation service personnel
are also important nutritional gatekeepers for persons with disabilities (PWD). Good nutrition management for PWD by
joint efforts is most desirable to prevent further disablement in later years. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of
a nutrition module intervention on improving trainers’ knowledge, attitude and practice in nutrition management for PWD in rehabilitation centres.
Methods: This quasi-experimental study which employed mixed methods design recruited 45 trainers as intervention group
and another 42 trainers as comparison group. Intervention group participated in a three-consecutive-day nutrition intervention while comparison group was trained on general health care services for PWD. Nutrition knowledge, attitude and
practice scores for both groups were assessed using a validated questionnaire at baseline (T0), 1-month (T1) and 6-month
(T2) intervals after intervention. Intervention trainer’s on-the-job nutrition practice was further assessed by qualitative
interviews.
Results: Repeated measures ANCOVA demonstrated that intervention group attained significantly higher nutrition knowledge (p<0.001) and practice (p=0.001) scores than comparison group at T1 (mean difference for knowledge= 6.95; mean difference for practice= 2.93) and T2 (mean difference for knowledge= 10.30; mean difference for practice= 4.78). Significant higher nutrition attitude (p=0.004) score for intervention group was observed at T2 (mean difference= 3.08).
Conclusion: This program produced favourable outcome on improving nutrition knowledge, attitude and practice of
rehabilitation service personnel. The nutrition module is certainly relevant to serve as an educational or reference material for care providers of PWD in Malaysia.
Keywords: Attitude; Disability; Education; Knowledge; Nutrition; Practice; Trainer.

Diabetic nephropathy, one of the complications resulting from uncontrolled diabetes can lead to end stage renal disease
(ESRD), which in such diabetics often necessitates dialysis. Dialysis can further have an adverse impact on the nutritional
status. Hence, the study sought to assess the nutritional status of diabetic nephropathy patients undergoing haemodialysis.
This cross sectional pilot study data was derived from 30 Diabetic nephropathy patients undergoing haemodialysis, aged
40-75 years of either sex. Demographic Questionnaire, 24 hour diet recall, Food Frequency Questionnaire and case records
constituted the data collection tools. Dietary intake revealed inadequacies of several food groups except cereal, milk and
eggs. Food selection from each group reflected incomplete knowledge, ranging from poor to fair knowledge of relevant
nutrients sources. Variable nutrient intake reflected inadequacies of energy, calcium, niacin, folic acid, vitamin A and vitamin C, whereas protein, potassium, phosphorus, thiamine and riboflavin were fairly adequate. Salient findings of the study
also revealed anorexia, oliguria and oedema as common symptoms along with several biochemical aberrations.Subjects of diabetic nephropathy had insufficient nutritional intake. Hence nutritional assessment and diet counselling is critical in such patients, so that appropriate diet therapy can be prescribed.
Keywords: Diabetes; Diabetic Nephropathy; Haemodialysis; ESRD

Introduction: The potential contribution of knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) studies towards whole grains on
childhood obesity research and control has not received much attention in Malaysia. This study aimed to evaluate KAP
towards whole grains among children aged 10 and 11 years in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Methods: A cross sectional study was undertaken in six randomly selected primary schools in Kuala Lumpur. A validated questionnaire encompassing socio-demography (24 items), knowledge (15 items), attitude (15 items) and practice (10 items) towards whole grains was self-administered by 384 children aged 10 and 11 years. The overall KAP was analyzed using the
sum score of each outcome based on Bloom’s cut-off point. Body weight and height were measured.
Results: Of the 384 children, 70.3% had low knowledgelevelon whole grains. Only 8.6% children had positive attitude and
2.3% had good practice. Median scores of knowledge, attitude and practice were 7.00 (IqR 4.00), 51.00 (IqR 8.00) and 23.00
(IqR 8.00), respectively. Significant positive correlations were found between knowledge with attitude (r=0.335, p<0.001),
attitude with practice (r=0.171, p<0.01) and knowledge with practice (r=0.162, p<0.01). BMI z-score was inversely associated
with practice (r=-0.117, p<0.05).
Conclusions: The findings of this present study indicate that children supplied with knowledge may eventually develop
positive attitude and good practice towards whole grains, which may be useful in managing childhood obesity by lowering
BMI z-score. This study reveals the importance of KAP towards whole grains among children that assist with identification
of specific preventive childhood obesity actions.
Keywords: Attitude; Children; Knowledge; Practice; Whole Grains.

Experimental data support potential anti-tumor effects of green tea in breast cancer, yet limited data exists in human
intervention trials. We conducted a phase 0 single-arm trial in women with newly diagnosed operable breast cancer given
an oral green tea extract, Polyphenon E (Poly E), 800mg daily for at least 2 weeks prior to surgical resection. Among Poly
E-treated cases and matched historical controls, changes in tumor protein expression from the diagnostic core biopsy (pretreatment) and surgical resection (post-treatment) were analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) for Ki67 proliferation
index, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), HER2, and reverse phase protein array (RPPA). From February
2008 to September 2009, 27 women were enrolled and 21 were evaluable. Median duration on Poly E was 20days (range,
13-36 days). We demonstrated significant correlations between IHC and RPPA for Ki67 (p<0.0001), ER (p=0.0017), and
PR (p=0.0014). Poly E treatment did not cause a significant decrease in Ki67 compared to untreated controls (mean absolute change, -0.5% vs. +2.6%; p=0.83). The Poly E-treated group showed a significant change from baseline in PI3K/AKT
pathway proteins, HSP90 clients, and Src/STAT activity. Compared to untreated controls, the Poly E group had significant down-regulation of PRAS40-pT246, MIG-6, and Src-pY416 and up-regulation of Notch1. Short-term administration of Poly E did not significantly decrease proliferation in breast tumor tissue; however, our RPPA data suggests that Poly E
may act on alternative pathways. This is the first human intervention trial to demonstrate the biologic effects of Poly E on growth factor signaling in breast cancer.
Keywords: Biomarkers; Breast Cancer; Chemoprevention; Green Tea; Proteomics

Skipping meals and its possible effects on lipid profile of purposively selected civil servants in Aba, Abia State, Nigeria was carried out by purposively selecting a total of 35 volunteer human adults. Questionnaires were used to assess the dietary habit while standard biochemical methods were employed for the lipid profile. The results from the anthropometric measurements showed that the mean weights (kg), heights (m), and body mass indices (BMI) (kg/m2) were 80.13 ± 13.41, 1.66 ± 0.18, and 26.98 ± 5.17 respectively for the males and 79.00 ± 16.14, 1.61 ± 0.12, and 26.89 ± 4.78 respectively for the
females. The desirable BMI for both males and females are 18.5 to 24.9. Lipid profile result showed that the mean total cholesterol (TCH) was within desirable range of 188.13 ± 45.04 for the males and 196.42 ± 42.39 for the females and the mean high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was within low range of 44.87 ± 10.83 and 43.26±8.58 for the males and the
females respectively. However, the mean low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was within the optimal range of 95.56 ± 38.86 and 114.37 ± 30.75 for males and females respectively. The mean triacylglycerols (TG) was within the borderline range of 173.63 ± 113.41 for the males and within normal range of 149.32 ± 100.28 for females. The total cholesterol/high density lipoprotein ratio (TCHDL ratio) showed that the mean values for males and females were 4.64 ± 1.13 and 4.56
± 2.02 respectively. The desirable range of TCHDL ratio for both males and females are 3.5 to 6.0. Correlation analysis
showed positive correlations between BMI and LDL-C, Waist to hip ratio (WHR) and TAG, Waist circumference (WaistCir)
and TAG. The implications of these findings as it relates nutrition and health are discussed.
Keywords: Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs); Dyslipidemia; Serum Lipid Profile – High Density Lipoprotein (HDL); Low
Density Lipoprotein (LDL); Total Cholesterol (TC); and Triacylglycerol (TAG); Anthropometrics – Body Mass Index
(BMI); Waist to Hip Ratio (WHR); Waist Circumference; Hip Circumference.

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) is known to be associated with a reduced risk of developing a certain chronic diseases and cancers due to the presence of lycopene, a bioactive carotenoid. Commercially, the vegetable is used in the preparation of tomato puree or ketchup, but the local varieties with lower total soluble solids was found to be not useful for the same and fetching not enough prices during glut and being wasted without processing. In the present study, the local tomato variety (Heemsohna) with lower °brix and higher acidity grown in India was analysed for antioxidant activity. Its suitability for preparation of a value added novel product, ‘spread’ was evaluated by mixing tomato juice with sugar in the ratio of 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1 followed by concentrating the pulp to 65 °brix. The spread was analysed for physicochemical parameters and sensory acceptability during storage for six months. The methanolic extracts of dehydrated tomato exhibited a 50% inhibition in 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity and 2,2'-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6- sulphonic acid) assay
at a concentration of 5 and 2 mg/ml respectively. Variations in physicochemical properties of tomato spread such as
°brix (64.5-65.0), pH (3.69-3.73), % acidity (0.69-0.74%), % reducing sugars (19.30-39.00%) % total sugars (56.95-60.21)
and viscosity (2681-3255 cP) were measured. Significant changes were observed in sensory parameters such as colour, flavour and taste after 4 months however, the spread was well accepted by panelists with a maximum score of 6.9 for overall acceptability during the storage for six months. The study indicated that local varieties of tomato can be converted into a value added novel, highly acceptable and shelf stable spread which will help both farmers and consumers.
Keywords: Tomato; Lycopersicon esculentum L.; Dehydrated Powder; Antioxidant Activity; Spread; Physico-Chemical Analysis; Sensory Evaluation.

Mushrooms are higher fungi having great taste and nutraceutical properties. They are one such dietary component that can help us in addressing the issues of quality food, health and environmental sustainability. Due to the presence of a
large number of secondary metabolites mushrooms can be used as a source for biotherapeutics which in turn can help in
development of new drugs. There has been a recent upsurge of interest in mushrooms not only as a health food which is
rich in protein but also due to the presence of biologically active compounds of medicinal value which possess antioxidative,
anticancer, antiviral, hepatoprotective, immunomodulating and hypocholesterolemic properties. Hence, mushrooms
are used as a dietary supplements as wells as therapeutic agents in complementary medicine. Edible items can be fortified with mushrooms owing to their high nutritive value and such food serve as a nutrient reservoir for malnourished populations. The potential therapeutic implications of mushrooms are enormous however; detailed mechanisms of various health
benefits of mushrooms to humans still require intensive investigation, especially with the emergence of new evidence of
their health benefit. The paper outlines the information on all such aspects of medicinal mushrooms along with their role
in various diseases and in the area of clinical nutrition.
Keywords: Mushrooms; Neutraceuticals; Active Compounds; Medicines.

Oxalic acid was evaluated for its effectiveness in inhibiting growth of selected pathogens on raw chicken breasts. Inoculated chicken breasts were dipped in oxalic acid solutions (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0% w/v) for 10, 20, and 30 min, packed in oxygenpermeable polyethylene bags, and stored at 4°C. Oxalic acid residues were determined using HPLC method. Counts of
pathogens on chicken breasts were determined on days 0, 2, 5, 7, 10, and 14 after storage. Maximum oxalic acid concentration
in unwashed chicken breast was 36 mg/100g. Washing of chicken reduced oxalic acid concentration by 50%. Oxalic
acid concentration in cooked breast was 2mg/100g which is quite lower than levels in vegetables and herbs, used in daily
diets. Chicken meat treated with oxalic acid could therefore be safe for human consumption. Reduction by 2.87, 2.02 and
4.12 log CFU/g, of L. monocytogenes, S. Enteritidis and E. coli O157:H7 respectively was observed in treated samples. Counts
of the pathogens in treated samples decreased compared to untreated samples during 14 days storage. Sensory evaluation
of cooked oxalic acid treated samples was acceptable to consumers after 14 days of storage. It was evident that oxalic acid has great potential for decontamination of chicken carcasses.
Keywords: Decontamination; Oxalic acid; Poultry; Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Enteritidis; Escherichia coli O157:H7.

Ascorbic acid is an excellent reducing power and antioxidant metabolite that participates in various biochemical reactions
like metabolism of tyrosine, tryptophan and catecholamines, serotonin, biosynthesis of nitric oxide (NO), protects DNA
and proteins from potential free radical damage. For humans, it is an essential vitamin which must be supplied through
exogenous sources and diet, whose latent and chronic deficiency causes various patho-physiological, non-communicable,
degenerative and metabolic complications whereas, acute deficiency was implicated with vascular damage, tissue damage
and scurvy. The purpose of the study is to enhance ascorbic acid content in commonly eaten food grains as fruits and vegetables,
which are good sources of ascorbic acid, due to their soaring prices have become unaffordable for the people of low
income groups. This is the first report wherein, we have made an attempt to enhance the ascorbic acid content of a yellow
colored mung bean cultivar by simple house-hold processing technique. The ascorbic acid content of 100 g of dry seeds
and 12 hr rehydrated seeds were estimated to 27 mg whereas, the germinating seeds have shown an increase in the ascorbic
acid content to 114 mg per 100 g seeds.. The processing of mung bean seeds by sprouting has been shown to increase the
ascorbic acid content by 4.2 fold as compared to that of unprocessed dry seeds. The ascorbic acid content of 100g mung bean seeds was found to be twice the value of recommended dietary allowance, thus mung bean sprouts of yellow cultivar seeds appears to be an excellent source to mitigate various pathologies.
Keywords: Ascorbic acid; Processing; Germination; Yellow Cultivar Mung Bean.

Introduction: Among Palestine refugees living in Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, West Bank and Gaza, Diabetes Mellitus Type II
(DMII) is a common problem with a prevalence of 11%. A high percent of these patients are obese (64%) or overweight
(26%). A DM campaign was conducted to increase awareness on healthy lifestyle and improve health care management of
DM among Palestine refugees.
Method: United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) is the main primary
healthcare provider for Palestine refugees. Patients with DMI or DMII for ≥ 1 year, who were willing to participate, were
selected from the 8 largest health centers (HCs) in Jordan, Lebanon, West Bank and Gaza. HCs conducted weekly group
sessions for six months, including education, healthy cooking, and physical exercise. Body measurements, 2 hours postprandial glucose tests (2 hr PPGT), blood pressure, cholesterol were collected before and after the campaign.
Result: Of 1,300 included patients, 1,174 (951 females, 223 males) completed the campaign; 36.1% patients had DMII;
59.3% DMII and hypertension; and 4.6% had DMI. After the campaign, 17% lost ≥ 5% of their weight, 19% lost (3%-5%),
and 29% lost (1%-3%) of their weight. Significant reduction was seen in patients with high-risk waist circumference (WC),
(p-value < 0.001). Also, significant improvements were seen in blood sugar and cholesterol.
Conclusion: This campaign focusing on healthy life style awareness by using a variety of group sessions, improved body
measurements of Palestine refugees with DM. Such campaigns need to be sustained and expanded to other HCs.
Keywords: UNRWA; Palestine Refugees; Diabetes Mellitus; Campaign; Healthy Life Style; Weight Loss; Group Sessions.

Vitamin D deficiency is a potentially modifiable risk factor that may be targeted for breast cancer prevention. We examined
the safety, feasibility, and biomarker effects of high-dose vitamin D among women at high risk for breast cancer. Forty
high-risk women, defined as a 5-year breast cancer risk ≥1.67% per the Gail model, lobular or ductal carcinoma in situ, were
assigned to a 1-year intervention of vitamin D3 20,000 IU or 30,000 IU weekly. Participants were monitored for toxicity
every 3 months, underwent serial blood draws at baseline, 6 and 12 months, and a digital mammogram at baseline and 12
months. Biomarker endpoints included serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2 D], parathyroid hormone (PTH), insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), IGF binding protein (IGFBP-3), and mammographic density (MD) using Cumulus software. From November 2007 to January 2011, we enrolled 40 women; 37 were evaluable at 6 months and 30 at 12 months. One patient was taken off study for hypercalciuria; otherwise, the intervention was well tolerated. From baseline to 12 months, mean serum 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2 D rose from 20.0 to 46.9 ng/ml and 69.7 to 98.1 pg/ml, respectively (p<0.01). Serum PTH decreased by 12% at 6 months and IGF-1/IGFBP-3 ratio decreased by 4.3% at 12 months (p<0.05). There was no significant change in MD regardless of menopausal status or dose level. We demonstrated that 1 year of high-dose vitamin D3 was associated with a significant increase in circulating vitamin D levels and favorable effects on IGF signaling, but no significant change in MD.
Keywords: Vitamin D, Breast Cancer, Chemoprevention, Biomarkers.

The objective of the present study was to test for associations between changes in fatty acids (FAs) and changes in plasma
triglyceride (TG) levels after an n-3 FA supplementation and to test whether SNPs from the FADS gene cluster were associated
with plasma FA levels or with specific FA patterns. A total of 210 subjects completed a 2-wk run-in period followed by
6-wk supplementation with 5g/d of fish oil. FA profiles of plasma phospholipids (PPLs) were obtained and 19 SNPs from
the FADS gene cluster were genotyped. Principal component analysis was conducted and scores were calculated. There was
an increase in EPA, DPA and DHA levels in PPLs as well as a decrease in ALA and all n-6 FA levels after the supplementation.
Factor analysis suggested 4 post-n-3 FA supplementation patterns. Changes in AA, ALA, DGLA, as well as changes
in total n-3 and omega-6 FAs in absolute quantities of FAs were all associated with a change in TG levels whereas the correlation remained significant only for AA and DGLA when FAs were expressed as percentage of total FAs. Several SNPs
from the FADS gene cluster were associated with post-supplementation FA levels. These results suggest that FAs alone or regrouped in factors could play a role in modulating plasma TG levels after fish oil supplementation. SNPs from the FADS
gene cluster interact with both FAs and/or factors to modulate TG levels.
Keywords: Omega-3; Omega-6; EPA; DHA; Principal Component Analysis; Plasma Phospholipids; FADS; Genotype;
Polymorphisms.

During 2011, 331,487 new cases of cancer were diagnosed within the UK. Within the same year, cancer survival rates were reported to be approximately 50%, with those diagnosed said to live, on average, 10 more years following diagnosis. Cancer patients are considered 'at risk' of food borne illness, in particular, from Listeria Monocytogenes. Whilst common, Listeria can prove fatal to cancer patients who may be immune suppressed. Appropriate food safety and nutritional advice is therefore important to ensuring the health and continued recovery of cancer sufferers during the stages of diagnosis and treatment, but also through to survival and transition back into 'normal' life. This Mixed Studies Review (MSR) therefore sought to better understand Cancer survivors' perceptions of food related information , with a view to enhancing the effectiveness of such information in future. The findings revealed a preference for receiving more information as opposed to less, with survivors primarily seeking relevant and prescriptive guidance via practitioners and paper based channels. Food related information was also valued when provided as part of broader lifestyle advice. Theoretical implications are discussed and recommendations for theory and practice are presented, however, the few studies identified by this review provide little evidence on which to base definitive decisions for future practice, in particular with regards to food safety messages. Further research in this area is therefore required.

Sub-optimal diets are widely known to be associated with disease. This study investigated two questions: first, whether a
Western affluent diet affects long-term health in the rat, and second, whether, and to what extent, early changes in blood
biomarkers can predict specific pathologies. A rat model was used in which animals were fed from weaning either a control
diet or a high fat, low protein, energy dense Western affluent diet. Rats were harvested at either 12 or 18 months, and at
these time points blood samples were taken and various clinical biomarkers measured using a hospital analyser or by ELISA.
Predictive biomarkers should show small changes at early time points and larger changes at later time-points, and be associated
with disease(s). Tissues were examined for overt pathology, and data were mined to establish links between pathologies
and specific blood markers that might be used predictively. Results showed that the Western affluent diet is associated with
ill-health, with a relative risk of developing disease 4.5 times higher than for the control diet. Furthermore we conclude that
triacylglycerol, HDL cholesterol, the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol, creatinine and alanine aminotransferase
were good predictors of disease as across the cohorts they showed altered levels before the clinical development of pathologies,
in agreement with our hypothesis.

This is a report of ten-year trends in US fifth-grade student knowledge of fruit and vegetable (FV) recommendations,
behavioral intent, consumption, and relationships between FV knowledge, behavioral intent and behavior. The study was
conducted from 2001-2011 through the Healthy Hearts for Kids (HH4K) online instructional program. A total of 17,559
students from 1,048 schools in 49 US states participated. ANOVA and Pearson product-moment correlations were calculated for all variables. Significant changes over the 10-years were found for knowledge of FV recommendations, fruit consumption, intention to consume FV immediately and in one year, and to choose fruits rather than candy tomorrow and in
one year. Effect size was small for all variables. No significant changes in vegetable consumption were found. Generally, data
revealed significant correlations between behavior and intent items, but not knowledge. Despite ongoing efforts to inform
children about FV consumption, there has been minimal change in fifth-grade children’s overall FV knowledge, behavior
and intent, revealing a need for more than just knowledge based education and interventions. It is critical that effectiveness, sustainability and scalability be considered with future interventions.
Keywords: Children; Fruit and Vegetable Knowledge; Consumption; Behavioral Intent.

The pomegranate seed oil (PSO) presents a high content of the punicic acid (PA), which is a conjugated isomer of α-linolenic
acid (CLNA). Conjugated fatty acids have increasingly attracted scientific interest because of their several potential health
benefits, including antioxidant activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the supplementation effect of PSO on oxidative
stress markers in rats subjected to liver injury by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4
). Animals were supplemented with PSO at
concentrations of 2% and 4%, for 21 days, and then subjected to liver injury induced by CCl4
. The PSO supplementation
reduced serum aminotransferase enzymes and the percentage of liver damage induced by CCl4
. Conversely, PSO supplementation
increased the lipid hydroperoxides levels in the liver. Overall, these results suggest that supplementation with
PSO is not capable of attenuating markers of oxidative stress caused by CCl4

Neutrophils are a main source of oxidative stress due to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and the tissue damage caused by excessive ROS might lead to aging and a variety of diseases. Whereas the anti-inflammatory effects of Tabebuia avellanedae (taheebo) have been reported in vitro and in animal experiments, little is known about the effects of taheebo in humans. Fourteen adult volunteers ingested 500 mg of taheebo extract in 4 capsules (Taheebo Japan, Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan) daily for 2 weeks. The production of ROS from peripheral blood neutrophils was measured by luminol-dependent chemiluminescence (LmCL) in a kinetic mode at 30-minute intervals for 1.5 hours with a luminometer at 37˚C. We found that, peak and sum of values of LmCL were significantly decreased at the 1.5 hour time point after ingesting taheebo
extracts for 2 weeks. In conclusion, we demonstrated that administration of Tabebuia avellanedae inhibited ROS production from human neutrophils.
Keywords: Tabebuia avellanedae; Oxidative Stress; Neutrophil; Luminol-dependent Chemiluminescence; Inflammation;
Mebiol Gel.

Human exposure to metals is common due to their wide use in industry, and environmental persistence. The heaviest metal
exposures occurred in the workplace or in environmental settings in close proximity to industrial sources. Chromium is
one of the heaviest metals. Although chromium relative atomic mass is 51.996g it may found in 0, +2, +3 and +6 forms.
Metal chromium (0) is used in steel production, whereas chromium (VI) and chromium (III) are used for chrome plating,
dyes and pigments, leather tanning, and wood preserving. Divalent chromium (Cr2+) is a strong reductant. Chromium (VI)
compounds are more toxic than chromium (III) compounds. Chromium (III) occurs naturally in the environment. The daily
intake of chromium from food, air, and water is estimated, respectively, as 60, < 0.2-0.6, and < 4.0μg. Chromium enters the
air, water and soil in the chromium(III) and chromium(VI) form through natural processes and human activities. A possible
source of chromium exposure to the general public is waste dumps for chromate producing using local air or water
pollution. Chromium compounds (chromates, dichromates and chromic acid) pose the most significant health hazards.
Generally the health problems that are caused by chromium exposure are:- It can cause allergic reactions, such as skin rash;
nose irritations and nosebleeds; Upset stomachs and ulcers; Respiratory problems such as respiratory tract irritant to the
nose, throat and lungs; Weakened immune systems; Kidney and liver damage; Alteration of genetic material; Lung cancer
and Death. The physiological effect of chromium exposure is not restricted to these effect only; but also, it affects other
many physiological parameters including of:- Skin effects; Cardiovascular effects; Hematological effects; Reproductive and
developmental effects; Gastrointestinal effects; Ocular effects; Neurological effects and so on.

Childhood obesity has been on the rise since the 1980s, the same year the personal computer (PC) was introduced into society. During this time, children's dietary habits changed to consuming more high fat, high sodium foods and less nutritious (fruits, vegetables) foods. Additionally, children began using more technological devices to play games and watch videos.Technology, though, will not disappear anytime soon. Therefore, instead of restricting technology, researchers turn to technology to educate children about consuming more nutritious (fruits, vegetables) foods and less high fat, high sodium foods. This systematic review sought to identify and evaluate the effectiveness of school based technology interventions and the impact on improving dietary behaviors among children aged 6-12 years old. The findings revealed seven articles that increased fruit and vegetable consumption and decreased consumption of excess sugar among children. These particular studies included nutrition education, learning theories, and video games, text messaging or an app to engage children. Results showed regardless of the technology to educate children, these school-based technology interventions improved dietary behaviors among children. Therefore, incorporation of nutrition education and learning theories when designing these technological tools will engage and motivate a child to consume more nutritious foods.

The objective of this study was to use surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) for rapid detection and characterization
of trace amounts of forchlorfenuron extracted from fruits. Forchlorfenuron is a plant growth regulator widely used in
grapes and has negative effects on human health. In this study, gold-coated nanosubstrates were used for SERS measurements. Partial least squares (PLS) analysis was used as a statistical method for quantitative analysis of the spectral data. Our results demonstrate that enhanced Raman signals acquired from samples exhibited characteristic spectral patterns. The PLS results for quantification of forchlorfenuron were obtained: R=0.96, RMSEP=9.336×10-6. The detection limit for forchlorfenuron by SERS is 3.15ppm for pure forchlorfenuron solutions and 4.43 ppm for forchlorfenuron extracted from grape skin. In addition, HPLC was also used to measure forchlorfenuron and verify SERS results. A good linear relationship was observed between 0 - 100 ppm with an R value of 0.999. These results demonstrate that SERS coupled with gold nanosubstrates is a rapid and simple method and it requires little sample preparation. It could be a practical approach to combine SERS with HPLC method to screen and analyze food samples for chemical contaminants and residues.
Keywords: Forchlorfenuron; Grapes; SERS; Gold Nano Substrates.

When asked the general public what the attributes, for example, the health potential of dairy products, citrus fruits, meat or grain products, it mostly responds, respectively, calcium, vitamin C, protein and fiber. These responses if they are partially true, are also partially false. In fact, they reduce the health food potential to a single nutrient.

A blend of different fruits has a great specialty on its splendid color, flavor, taste and nutritional contents. The purpose
of this study was to explore the acceptable formulation of mixed fruit juice with better storage stability. The mixed fruit
juice samples were prepared in four formulations incorporating pineapple, papaya, banana and orange with the addition of
sugar (10%) and sodium benzoate (0.08%). Then the juices were heated for 5 minutes at 65ºC, bottled in air tight plastic
bottle and stored at 4ºC for 180 days and 25ºC for 120 days. It was found that TSS, acidity, total sugar, and bacterial load
increased slightly, but vitamin C and pH decreased gradually during the storage periods. Fading of color and off flavor was
found at the end of storage period. The storage temperature of 4ºC was more effective to hold the quality of juice samples
against biochemical changes. T4 sample showed better retention of vitamin C, pH, acidity and total sugar than other samples both at 4ºC and 25ºC. Panelists preferred the T4 sample most, which showed maximum hedonic scale ‘8’ point on sensory properties. It is also observed that T4 ensured the better shelf life to preserve the color, flavor and taste until 150 days at 4ºC and 105 days at 25ºC.
Keywords: Mixed Fruit Juice; Biochemical Properties; Sensory Evaluation.

Following the identified gap between the needs of the market and available - but not relevant - VET courses, the project
intends to develop innovative blended training programed for Vocational qualification of a new job profile « Health Care
& Food Supplements salesperson » targeted to unemployed people (18 +) or current employees in Health Care sales sector.
This profession does not exist in National Occupational Classification frameworks of EU countries so far.

Background: A carbohydrate adjusted liquid formula (Inslow) containing palatinose as the major (>50%) carbohydrate
ingredient was developed. Longterm (3-5 months) consumption of Inslow was reported to improve glycemic control by
reducing the postprandial plasma glucose levels of subjects with diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). The present
study aimed to elucidate the mechanism of postprandial glycaemic responses.

A comparative study was carried out for the determination of some selected metals (K, Mg, Ca, Cu, Zn, Ni, Mn, Cd and
Pb) in fruits of two cactus species (Opuntia ficus indica and Opuntia stricta) and supporting soil from two zones of Tigray region
of northern Ethiopia. After digestion with microwave acid digestion, some selected metals were determined by Flame
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer.

All the subgroup of flavonoids has pigment that result of these pigment are colors in fruits, vegetables, and herbs but other
feature of flavonoids and subgroup of flavonoids are relevant to anti-disease property that present in all the member of
flavonoids subgroups particularly in flavones and flavanones. On the other hand, subgroup of flavones and flavanones
has significant advantages about anti-disease feature. This article explain role of flavonoids, flavones, flavanones, apigenin.
Luteolin, hesperetin, and naringenin in nature and human body.

Moderate alcohol consumption has been linked to improved cardiovascular and total mortality rates. However, the riskbenefit
balance is controversial among moderate drinkers where evidence of type 2 diabetes was reported to be less prevalent.
This experimentally-controlled designed study aimed to determine the effects of moderate red wine consumption on
body anthropometry, glycemic and lipid profiles and pancreatic tissue histology in diabetic rats.

A cross-sectional nutritional survey was carried out at the Latvian capital endocrinology outpatient clinic at Paul’s Stradins
Clinical University Hospital from June to August 2015. The aim of the present study was to investigate nutritional habits
and its adherence to dietary recommendations among overweight/obese type II diabetes mellitus patients in Latvian summer
season. A total of 50 non-insulin dependent T2DM patients were interviewed 16(32%) were men and 34(68%) were
women. The mean of age was 61 ± 9 years for women, and 56±10 years for men (p=0.06).

In major food-questionnaires the consumption of refined products (sugars and/or cereals) and whole grains are computed as total carbohydrate (CHO). Therefore, CHO to fiber ratio would be a correcting tool offering an indirect way to discriminate the actual risk of a high glycemic meal. This study aimed first to identify the CHO to fiber ratio in free-living adults and, secondly verify its relationship with the presence of either Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) and/or insulin resistance. Cross sectional study with 600 subjects (54.6 ± 11yrs) enrolled from an ongoing dynamic cohort study. Diet quality (Health Eating Index-HEI) and food intake were correlated with gender, age, anthropometry, plasma biochemistry, blood pressure and presence of MetS (ATP III-NCEP) and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Data on CHO to Fiber ratio were divided into quartiles. CHO to Fiber ratio showed a significant positive association with the daily servings of sugar and cereals, and a negative association with servings of legumes and HEI. When adjusted by age, gender, BMI and kcal/day, the lower quartile (Q1) of CHO to fiber ratio was discriminated by the fewer servings of sugar, higher servings of legumes and higher HEI score. Moreover, Q1 showed lower HOMA-IR than any other quartiles; however, without any significant relationship with the presence of MetS and neither with its components. Dietary CHO to fiber ratio associates strongly with insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) but weakly with altered glycemia. Thus, CHO to fiber ratio may be a useful, single, handful and costless dietary tool for diagnosing poor quality CHO-diets and insulin resistance risks.

Worldwide consumer’s awareness and inclination towards healthful
food products capable of conferring health benefits besides
providing basic nutrition have led to coin the term functional
foods. Foods that contain some health-promoting component(s)
beyond traditional nutrients are termed as functional foods.
Demonstrated therapeutic evidence has projected probiotics as
one of the fastest growing categories of functional food but
the market survey of fermented and probiotic containing foods
indicated presence of significantly lower levels of viable cells in
contrast to those expressed on the product label [2, 4, 9]. In 2013,
the global probiotic market was estimated as a value of USD 32.06
billion and is expected to reach USD 52.34 billion by 2020

This work was aimed to quantify the flow properties of muffin batters by Line Spread Test (LST) and to establish a valid correlation between their line spread distance and viscosity. LST is a quick and inexpensive method for comparing relative viscosities of food slurries or a solid-liquid suspension type of food materials, like muffin batters. The rheological properties of muffin batters formulated using gluten free flours were studied. Five different combinations of rice flour and quinoa flour were studied as gluten free flour combinations. Control muffin batters were formulated using 100% wheat flour, which is a gluten positive flour. Density, pH, line spread distance and viscosity were measured for all six batter formulations including control. All tests were performed in triplicate and all data were analyzed statistically. In general, gluten free flour reduced the density and increased the acidity of muffin batters. Whereas, line spread distance was increased and viscosity was decreased with replacement of quinoa flour to rice flour in the muffin batters. A valid correlation between line spread distance and viscosity was observed. The inverse of LST in cm/sec was observed to be close to the viscosity in poise for muffin batters in this study.

The present study is aimed to develop a chemometrics assisted method for predicting simple sugars (glucose, fructose and sucrose) in mango juice by using the best calibration technique among Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Principal Component Regression (PCR) and Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) in de-noised data from Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometer. Sixty four mixture solutions of eight different concentrations of sugars and fifteen commercial mango juices have been run in FTIR, and spectral data are used for development, validation and test of models. Standard Normal Variate (SNV), Savitzky-Golay (S-G) filtering and Multiplicative Scatter Correction (MSC) have been used for de-noising spectral data before calibration. Among the alternatives, the best prediction performance is noticed by ANN in spectral range 1500-952 cm-1 and S-G filtering (R 2 ≈0.99). Prediction of simple sugars concentration by ANN with FTIR spectroscopic data after de-noised with S-G filtering is a cost-effective and easy method for quantification of sugars in commercial mango juice.

With increasing trend of aging population, neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's Disease (AD) have become more prevalent in today's society. Coffee is a popular beverage that has been linked to health benefits, including the potential to mediate AD. Coffee contains different concentrations and isomers of chlorogenic acids (CGAs), which represent a group of phenolic compounds abundant in human diet that have garnered interest due to their antioxidant activity in relation to neurological benefits. Evidence supporting the neuroprotective effects of CGAs has been observed in epidemiological studies, as well as in vitro and in vivo studies. CGAs are capable of mediating oxidative stress and attenuating cell apoptosis due to different oxidative stressors and free radicals by modulating the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and by regulating the expression of key proteins and enzymes involved in cell apoptosis. As CGAs are highly bioavailable in humans compared to other bioactive polyphenols, these compounds have the potential to exert positive effects in alleviating AD.

Malnutrition of varying degrees has been associated with feeding infants with unwholesome and poor quality weaning foods. Therefore, the nutritional characteristics of maize-based complementary food enriched with fermented and germinated Moringa oleifera seed flour was investigated. The Moringa oleifera seeds were fermented and germinated using standard processing methods while the maize grains were fermented for the production of " ogi " flour. The proximate, antinutrition-al, mineral and functional properties of the formulated complementary food were determined. The results of the proximate composition of the diet showed that crude protein content of the complementary diets differed significantly (p< 0.05) and the value ranged from 15.27 to 17.00 % while the energy value ranged from 386.28 to 395.01 kcal. Phytate content of the sample ranged from 0.09 to 0.36 mg/g and the trypsin inhibitor value was 0.05 to 2.30 tiu/mg. The predominant mineral elements are sodium and phosphorus whose values ranged from 58.60 to 67.85 mg/100g and 57.58 to 68.58 mg/100g respectively. Other mineral elements found in least amount are copper and manganese and the values ranged from 12.46 to 25.38 mg/100g and 0.76 to 0.94 mg/100g respectively. The loosed and packed bulk densities of the diet ranged from 0.54 to 0.57 g/ml and 0.62 to 0.72 g/ml while the water and oil absorption capacities of the samples were 179.00 to 194.00 % and 140.00 to 150.00 % respectively. The study established that fermented-ogi moringa seed flour was more nutritious in terms of the nutrient composition than the raw-ogi moringa seed and germinated-ogi moringa seed flours and it also compared favorably with commercial diet.

Nanoparticles of zinc oxide (ZnO NPs) using the precursor citrate was formed as a single phase one stage with the size of 25 nm. ZnO NPs was used at different concentrations (1, 2, 5 mML-1) in some edible oils [cotton seed oil and its blend with palm Olean in the ratio of 1:1 (v/v) during heat stress as antioxidant. Some of the chemical characteristics of the oil were estimated as an indicator of deterioration as a result of oxidation during thermal stress within two hours. The results revealed that chemical characteristics (e.g. PV, p-AV and Totox value) of oils that contained 1mML-1 ZnO NPs were not affected significantly compared to those free from ZnO NPs during heat stress. These results suggested that ZnO NPs has a potential power to control the oxidation process during heat stress of edible oil and could be used as synthetic antioxidant agent. More studies concerning the solubility of ZnO NPs and its nutritional effect on the animal lab are needed.

" Fura " is known to have originated from Hausa/Fulani and is produced mainly from most flour, blended with species, compressed into balls and boiled for thirty minutes, while still hot, the cooked dough is worked through in the mortar with the pestle(with addition of hot water), until a smooth, slightly elastic cohesive lump fura is formed. This study was carried out to improve the nutritional quality of fura, a millet-based flour food by adding bambara nut flour. Pearl millet (Pennisetumglau-cum) and bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranean) were cleaned, dry milled and sieved to produced fura flour. The bambara groundnut flour was substituted into the pearl millet flour at ratio (0-30 %); and mixed with spices. This was conditioned using 1.5L of tap water to improve molding. The sample were analyzed for chemical, functional, microbial and sensory properties. The data obtained were analyzed using ANOVA (p<0.05). Results showed that carbohydrate, protein, crude fiber, water absorption, and viscosity ranged between, 75.53 ± 0.08 to 80.58 ± 0.08, 7.27 ± 0.01 to 7.85 ± 0.01, 0.23 ± 0.01 to 1.12 ± 0.01, 2.47 ± 0.02 to 0.89 ± 0.02, 493.00 ± 4.24 to 311.50 ± 0.71 while sensory evaluation showed that sample BYS was most acceptable. This study showed improvement in the qualities of fura enriched with bambara groundnut.

Background: A sedentary lifestyle and prevalence of obesity are the key factors which lead to an increasing prevalence of Type II diabetes mellitus. There is strong evidence that modifiable risk factors such as obesity and physical inactivity are the main non-genetic determinants of the disease and could be modified.
Objectives: To determine the prevalence of obesity (≥ 30 BMI - body mass index) among the selected subjects.
Subjects and Methods: A cross sectional study was adopted. Around 1000 female subjects aged 30-50 years, with Type II diabetes mellitus were selected randomly from Abha and Khamis Mushayat Diabetic care centers. The data were collected by questionnaire which included background information. Other physiological, biochemical and anthropometric parameters were measured using standard procedures. The statistical analysis was done on SPSS 20 platform.
Results: The socioeconomic background did not correlate with BMI and other selected anthropometric (waist and hip circumference) and biochemical parameters such as fasting and random blood sugar levels. With regards to the BMI status of the subjects, a majority of the subjects were in Grade I (31.1%) and Grade II (29.8%) obesity ranges indicating high prevalence rate of obesity in the diabetes mellitus subjects. Around 8.6% of the subjects had morbid obesity (≥ 40 BMI). Totally the prevalence of obesity in the present study in type II diabetes mellitus subjects was 69.5%.
Conclusion: Stressing on the importance of a balanced low glycemic diet and adequate physical activity through regular counseling of the diabetes subjects, to treat and prevent obesity is the need of the hour.

The study was carried out to determine changes in the quality indices (levels of peroxides values, acid values, pH and colour) of cocoyam chips and microbiological safety (bacterial, yeast and mould counts) of cocoyam chips as influenced by temperature during storage period of fried cocoyam chips. Cocoyam tubers were processed into chips of 3mm thickness; the slices were then fried at a frying temperature of 170°C in a shallow pot for 7 minutes and was packaged in polyethylene
bags and stored under room and refrigerator temperature. The results showed that there was significant difference (p≤0.05) between quality indices, microbiological safety and storage temperature and packaging materials. From week 0-5, peroxide values of samples stored under refrigeration temperature were found to be low, ranged from 3.39 - 11.58 meq kg-1, while the samples stored in the room temperature were found to be higher 3.81 - 12.87 meq kg-1. Acid values were also found to be
low in the samples stored in the refrigerator, ranged from 5.79 - 16 3.34mg/g and the samples that were stored in the room temperature ranged from 9.94 - 24.05mg/g. The samples stored under refrigeration temperature had low bacterial counts ranged from 5.0 x 101  - 6.2 x 101 cfu/ml while samples stored in the room temperature had higher bacterial counts, ranged from 9.0 x 101 – 74 x 101 cfu/ml. Yeast and mould counts in samples stored under refrigeration temperature ranged from 4.0 x 101  - 32 x 10 cfu/ml while the samples that were stored in room temperature had higher counts, ranged from 3.0 x 10 – 38 x 10 cfu/ml. pH ranged between 6.88 - 7.02 for both samples during storage period. The results showed that storage temperature and properly sealed packaging material has effect on the above parameters that were determined. There were also colour changes during the storage period.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a silent disease that progresses sometimes for years before diagnosis. Several methods of screening of diabetes have been suggested. Screening those at high risk periodically may be the most cost effective. Our primary objective is to evaluate the usefulness of a simple questionnaire in evaluating undiagnosed subjects at risk, in order to determine the prevalence of pre-diabetes (PD) and T2D in high risk patients. A group of 200 Lebanese subjects were randomly selected from different areas of Bekaa, aged 18 to 65 years, not diagnosed
with pre-PD or T2D. A questionnaire was used to assess gender, history of gestational diabetes, family history of diabetes, presence of
hypertension, level of physical activity and anthropometry. Participants who had a total score greater than or equal to five were selected for laboratory tests for diabetes. The prevalence of PD and T2D was 8.5% and 26% respectively. 34.5% in total. A significant positive correlation was found between diabetes risk factors and the risk of developing the disease. Indicators were age (p<0.001), history of gestational
diabetes (p = 0.004), family history of diabetes (p<0.001), presence of hypertension (p< 0.001), physical inactivity (p<0.001) and overweight/obesity state (p=0.001). In Conclusion, using a simple practical tool consisting of a questionnaire is highly effective in uncovering undiagnosed T2D and PD. Early detection of PD and T2D is associated with tremendous health benefits including prevention of the irreversible diabetic complications and their dreaded quality-of-life altering effects.

Background and Objectives: Over the past years, nutritional and life style modifications have become an important adjunct to medical therapy especially with the widespread obesity epidemic. Furthermore, diseases related to obesity such as diabetes, heart disease, stroke, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and cancers are the leading causes of death worldwide. The doctors, considered by their patients, as the reference for nutritional advice, may not have received the necessary education to assume this important role. Several studies, from the U.S., Canada, Taiwan, the U.K and Iran, among others, showed poor knowledge about nutrition among physicians in training. The objective of this study is to test the knowledge of medical and surgical residents from different medical schools in Lebanon to perform dietary counseling.
Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2015 among medical and surgical residents randomly selected from all seven medical schools in Lebanon. A standardized, published English language questionnaire was tested in a pilot assessment then adopted; it covered personal status, self-esteem, nutritional practice and nutritional knowledge. The survey was conducted in writing and included 20 standard nutrition knowledge questions.
Results: 398 residents from all 7 medical schools were enrolled. All 3 years of residency were represented. 65% were Internal Medicine residents and 35% surgical residents. 72.1% reported receiving no nutritional education during their training. Although 89.33% of the residents reported giving nutritional advice regularly, and 77% reported a high confidence about their knowledge, the average score on the test was 9.73 over 20. A high number of medical residents reported encouraging their patients to consult a Registered Dietitian. Most scores did not exceed the average and the difference among the medical
schools was not significant.
Conclusion: This study underscores the great need to establish utritional education as a core discipline in the medical education in Lebanon given the central role it plays in today's clinical practice. Our results are alarming and should be taken into consideration to improve medical education and clinical practice. Future interventional studies would be of great value in assessing and setting reasonable goals for nutritional education targeting everyone on the medical team.

Shrimp is one of the world’s most popular shellfish. It is cherished in Ghana due to a wide range of culinary applications such as its usage as food as well as food condiments in some local foods such as kenkey (local food prepared from fermented corn dough), pepper sauce (locally called shito), fast foods etc. The influence of gamma irradiation on the sensory and acceptability attributes of dried shrimp was evaluated. Sensory evaluation was carried out using steamed shrimp samples irradiated at doses 0 (control), 4, 8 and 10 kGy at a dose rate of 2.71 kGy/hr from a Cobalt 60 source (SLL 515, Hungary) batch irradiator and stored in polypropylene packs for 4 months at 28-30°C. Using a structured questionnaire, 30 male and female panelists independently assessed the samples for sensory attributes. Organoleptic scores were made according to a seven-point hedonic scale and a mean score of 4 used as the acceptable limit. Results of investigated parameters of colour, aroma, texture and taste recorded were of ranges of 1.04 ± 0.05 - 2.0 ± 0.05, 1.0 ± 0.04 - 2.16 ± 0.17, 1.08 ± 0.05 - 2.12 ± 0.17 and 1.64 ± 0.17 - 2.2 ± 0.17 respectively showed some statistical differences (p<0.05) among the treatments of samples. The overall the most accepted samples were shrimps from the sea and river sources pretreated with dose 10 kGy scored similarly. Sensory evaluation of the gamma irradiated shrimps showed acceptability for samples from non-irradiated shrimps with taste and texture influencing selection of preferred choice.

Consumer’s inclination towards food capable of delivering health
benefits besides basic nutrition has projected the term “Functional
Foods” in the world food market. Global demand for functional
foods is expanding dramatically due to technological innovations,
development of new products coupled with increasing
consumer’s consciousness about health and demand for healthy
foods. Diverse factors affecting consumer’s interest in functional
food are increasing health care costs, increasing age of the population,
the obesity epidemic, the high levels of lifestyle diseases
and scientific evidence ensuring that diet can reduce diseases risk.

The hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with the development and the accentuation of the cardiovascular complications of
the type 2 diabetes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the hyperhomocysteinemia in type 2 diabetic patients. This
study was carried out in 200 volunteer type 2 diabetics, regularly monitored at the Antidiabetic Center of Abidjan (CADA).
The non-diabetic control population was composed of 31 healthy presumptive volunteers. The homocysteine, the glycemia
and the lipid parameters were measured by enzymatic methods on the biochemistry automaton Cobas c-311(Roche
Diagnostics). The present study has revealed a prevalence of a moderate hyperhomocysteinemia of 36.50%. The average
hyperhomocysteinemia was of 14.84 ± 3.26 μmol/L. It was higher in men (14.95 ± 3.50μmol/L) than in women (14.75 ±
3.05μmol/L), with no significant difference, and was predominant in the Akan ethnic group (57.53%). It evolved with age
and was significantly increased between 50 and 70 years. The relative risk of the hyperhomocysteinemia was approximately
3 (RR = 2.83≈3, CI 95%: 1.39-11.53, P(χ2
) <0.05). That suggests an association between the hyperhomocysteinemia and
the type 2 diabetes. The observed χ2
is greater than χ2
(1; 0.95), giving to think that the hyperhomocysteinemia risk is significantly
higher in diabetic hyperhomocyteinemic patients than in non-diabetic controls. Moreover, there was a significant difference
of homocysteinemia between that of the hyperhomocysteinemic diabetics (14.84 ± 3.26 μmol/L) and the control
group (10.74 ± 2.38 μmol/L). That suggests an increased involvement of the hyperhomocysteinemia in the development
of the cardiovascular diseases in our diabetic patients. However, the lipid parameters are normalized in our hyperhomocysteinemic
diabetic patients, due to the effect of the clinical and nutritional treatment. The hyperhomocysteinemia is a reality
in Côte d'Ivoire. It should be the object of sensibilization and reinforcement of the dietary and therapeutic measures, in
order to minimize the risk of the cardiovascular diseases incurred by the type 2 diabetics.
Keywords: ; ; Type 2 Diabetes.

Lion's foot (Alchemilla vulgaris L.) which is widely known as lady's mantle, bear's foot or lion's foot is traditionally used due to their tannin contents for the treatment of inflammations, diarrhea, wound healing and inhibit cardiovascular diseases and cystic fibrosis. The present work aims to high light the reverse effect of dried lion's foot (Alchemilla vulgaris) leaves and its water and ethanol extracts at various ratios against the toxicity of CCl 4 on serum lipids profile that may occur on albino rats. Also, preparation of guava and mango pulp that fortified with lion's foot powder and its water and ethanol extracts as an available product rich in bioactive component to help hyperlipidemic patients. Fifty-six male albino rats were used in this experiment. These rats were divided into eight main groups (seven rats of each) and were fed on diets for 45 days as follows: Group 1: Negative control group was fed on basal diet. Forty nine rats were fed on basal diet and treated with CCl 4 subcutaneous injection to induce toxicity, then divided into 7 groups form group 2 to group 8. Group 2: Positive control group will be fed on basal diet till final experiment. Groups 3:8 as the same of the second group with (50 and 100 ppm ethanol extract, 50 and 100 ppm water extract, 1% and 2% dry leaves powder respectively) daily orally. Moreover, guava and mango pulps were classified to 7 groups as follows: control sample, and the samples (2 to 7) were fortified with lion's foot as follows ethanol extract 50ppm and 100ppm , water extract 50ppm and 100ppm, 1% and 2% dried leaves for sensory evaluation. All these samples were organoleptically evaluated for general appearance, color, flavor, taste, consistency and overall acceptability. Results: The results revealed that treatment with lion's foot leaves and its ethanol and water extracts caused significant decreased levels of serum lipid profile of total cholesterol, triglycerides, total lipids, LDL-C and VLDL-C induced by CCl 4 and enhancement HDL-C in all groups. The best result of lipid profile was in groups treatment with the high level 2% dried lion foot followed 1 % dried lion's foot and 100ppm ethanol extract. These results due to the antioxidants content in Lion's foot as polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins and saponins (359.65, 183.10, 150.64 and 296.32, respectively). The best sample of fortified guava pulp was 1% dried leaves. While, the best result of mango pulp was in the samples fortified with 50ppm ethanol extract, water extracts (50 and 100 ppm) and 1% dried leaves. Conclusion: This study showed that the fortification of Alchemilla vulgaris L. can be proposed to protect the toxicity induced by CCl 4 in rats, also to help inhibit the improvement cardiovascular diseases and cystic fibrosis.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is characterized by obstruction to pulmonary airflow and dyspnoea. These characteristics are a consequence of exposure to harmful gases and particles that lead to oxidative stress in the lungs along with an exaggerated inflammatory response. In addition to respiratory impairment, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease presents systemic manifestations, nutritional alterations and exercise limitation. Whey protein supplementation, concomitant with physical activity for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, is intended to stimulate protein synthesis and decrease muscle catabolism that may be caused by exercise.

Under-nourishment of hospitalized patients has been a problem recognized for nearly 40 years. It is associated with increased risk of hospital-acquired infections, delayed wound healing, increased length of stay (LOS), and treatment cost, with higher morbidity and mortality. The problem of iatrogenic malnutrition worsens with existing poor nutritional status. The aim of the study is to identify malnutrition and the determinants of poor dietary intake among hospitalized patients. Prospective observational study of patients admitted to a tertiary-care hospital. All patients admitted to the hospital wards were screened and assessed with validated tools. Food consumption of 25% of the patients admitted was assessed. Visual estimation of leftover food in the plate after consumption was performed. Anthropometric data, LOS, and mean intake of energy and protein against delivered quantities were assessed. 1250 patients-538 females and 712 males (mean age 54.98 ± 15.61years) were assessed. The mean BMI of the study group was 25.6 ± 5.9kg/m 2. Of these, 45.7% and 1.2% were moderately and severely malnourished, respectively. 53.1% of the patients were well nourished at admission. The mean delivered calorie and protein content of the meal was 568 ± 104.8 kcal and 21.7 ± 4.3gm, respectively. The mean consumed energy and protein contentwas 324.4 ± 224.0) (57%) and (12.3 ± 8.64) (55.3%) respectively. There was a significant difference in consumption of energy (p<0.001) and protein (p<0.001) among the well-nourished as compared to malnourished patients. Maintaining good nutritional status is vital. Estimation of plate wastage will facilitate early recognition of poor food intake. Early recognition would help to optimize nutritional intervention.

The acceptability of catfish, Clarias gariepinus preserved with ethanolic extracts of scent leaf (Ocimum gratissimum) and bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina). The plants were divided into two portions, one portion was washed and the other unwashed before their extracts were made. The fish was prepared into smoked fish and pepper soup samples and a trained panel of judges was used to assess the acceptability make comments through a questionnaire. The results showed that the fish products preserved with unwashed bitter leaf extracts was more acceptable than its scent leaf counterpart (in terms of appearance and taste).

Forty forts samples of hams were selected from hyper market and categorized as Turkey ham, spiced turkey ham, Turkey ham for children, smoked turkey ham, turkey ham enriched with n-3 fatty acids, and chicken ham). Vegetables oils for ham preparation were also studied. Total fat ranged from 1.33 ± 0.31 to 12.63 ± 0.84 g/100g of fresh product and the maximum was found in turkey ham. Saturated and n-3 fatty acids showed a significant variation (p<0.05) from 27.2 to 44.9 % and from 0.52 to 11.9 % respectively. About 90% of the analysed ham product contained less than 1% trans fatty acids and 10% more than 2.5%. Ash levels reveal high sodium content in Tunisian ham. All commercialized hams samples are free of pathogenic bacteria and of E. coli. Due to our data, the importance of introduce effective policies for reducing the intake of saturated fat, trans FA and salt is required.

Chia an ancient plant commonly known as Salvia hispanica L. exhibit tremendous dietary and health related medicinal properties. Now a day's seeds of chia gained much attention due to its incredible health benefits and incorporation in different products for improved nutritional and functional attributes. Chia seed flour was analyzed for its chemical composition. It is an excellent source of nutrients containing protein 19.84% ± 1.40, fats 37.40 ± 1.41%, fiber 37.82 ± 1.19%. Moisture and ash content of chia seed flour was 5.86 ± 0.30% and 4.00 ± 0.36% respectively. Owing to its remarkable gelling and binding properties, water holding and oil holding capacity of chia seed flour was 12.06 ± 0.32% and 19.33 ± 0.59%, can be used as appetite suppressant. The water absorption index and solubility index values of chia seed flour was 2.98 ± 0.14 and 9.22 ± 0.74. The concoction arrangement and innovative properties of chia give the plant a high healthful potential. Chia is a decent wellspring of polyunsaturated fats: omega-3 and omega-6, dissolvable dietary fiber. It likewise contains obvious measure of proteins and phytochemicals. Nutritious estimation of chia is the motivation behind why it is utilized as a part of prophylaxis of a few non-irresistible infections for example obesity, hypertension, cardiovascular maladies, cancer and diabetes. Nutritious and restorative parts of chia are presently being looked into by numerous logical focuses. The point of this article is to exhibit the nutritious and restorative estimations of chia.

Recent societal interest in healthful foods has led to the development of functional dairy products that basically provide health benefits in addition to their fundamental nutrients. Amongst diverse fermented milk products, yoghurt is most popular due to its functional attributes [1, 9] coupled with its general positive image among consumers. Yoghurt is considered as the most suitable probiotic carrier and inclusion of probiotic cultures in yoghurt is suggested to extend the functional properties of normal yoghurt [22]. Further, dietetic value of yoghurt can be enriched with the inclusion of fruits or prebiotic.

Lycopene is an important biological compound and has received great interest in the past decade because of its important role in preventing chronic diseases such as atherosclerosis, skin cancer and prostate cancer [9]. It is an antioxidant that displays higher efficiency than vitamin E and other kinds of carotenoids. A wellbalanced diet usually contains an adequate lycopene intake. The recommended daily intake of lycopene is 70 to 75 milligrams, and consuming some lycopene every day is beneficial to health.

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by the presence of hyperglycaemia due to defective insulin secretion, defective insulin action or both. The chronic hyperglycaemia of diabetes is associated with relatively specific long-term microvascular complications affecting the eyes, kidneys and nerves, as well as an increased risk for cardiovascular disease [1]. Diabetes is a result of rapid urbanization and life style changes in genetically predisposed individuals. Greatest numbers of diabetes patients are in the most economically productive age group in developing countries [2]. Although contemporary diabetic drugs treat the condition effectively, prolonged usage leads to adverse effects. Interest towards the use of complementary and alternative medicine in controlling diabetes is escalating among the consumers owing to the side effects of modern diabetic drugs.

Green tea catechins (GTC) are polyphenolic compounds present in the unfermented dried leaves of the plant. The result from a number of studies observed consumption of GTC (270 mg to 1200 mg/day) may reduce body weight and fat. Caffeine, naturally present in green tea, also influences sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity [3], and may act synergistically with GTC to increase energy expenditure and fat oxidation [23]. The role of green tea extract (GTE) is fat metabolism and its influence on health and exercise performance [7]. The results illustrated from a number of papers positive effects of GTE on fat metabolism at rest and during exercise, following both shorter and longer term intake. Catechin-caffeine mixtures or a caffeine-only supplementation stimulates daily energy expenditure dose dependently by 0.4-0.5 kJ mg-1 administered. Compared with placebo, daily fat-oxidation was only significantly increased after catechin-caffeine mixtures ingestion [2, 6, 7, 9].

This study investigated the physical, proximate and toxicological properties of Andrographis paniculata (A. paniculata) herbal powder beverage mix. The herbal powder, A. paniculata with high medicinal value was formulated with non-dairy creamer and sugar to enhance the taste, nutritional and economic values, thus making it good and safe for human use. The physical properties of the formulated herbal beverage mix was determined: Particle size, pH, moisture content, bulk and tapped densities, were measured to determine Carr index and Hausner ratio which were indices of flowability. The proximate analysis such as ash,
lipid, fibre, carbohydrate and crude protein contents of the beverage mix was determined. Toxicological study on the formulated beverage mix was performed using healthy male wistar rats to ascertain the safety of the product.

This study investigated the physical, proximate and toxicological properties of Andrographis paniculata (A. paniculata) herbal powder beverage mix. The herbal powder, A. paniculata with high medicinal value was formulated with non-dairy creamer and sugarto enhance the taste, nutritional and economic values, thus making itgood and safe for human use. The physical properties of the formulated herbal beverage mix was determined: Particle size, pH, moisture content, bulk and tapped densities, were measured to determine Carr index and Hausner ratio which were indices of flowability. The proximate analysis such as ash,
lipid, fibre, carbohydrate and crude protein contents of the beverage mix was determined. Toxicological study on the formulated beverage mix was performed using healthy male wistar rats to ascertain the safety of the product.

The spoilage potential and physicochemical characteristics of biodeteriogens on edible oils (groundnut oil and palm oil) sold in
the market (Rumuowoji ultra-modern market) within Port Harcourt were examined. Spoilage bacterial genera were identified as Bacillus spp, Pseudomonas spp, Micrococcus spp and Staphylococcus spp while the fungal genera were identified as Aspergillus spp, Penicillium spp and Fusarium spp. The screen test for the utilization of the oil samples by the biodeteriogens showed that 7 out of the 9 bacterial species and 4 out of the 5 fungal species were capable of utilizing the edible oils as sole source of carbon and energy.

Mother’s milk is the first and most ideal food for both normal as well as preterm infants, owing to its nutrition attributes, immune factors, growth factors, digestive enzymes, hormones, bioactive factors and antibacterial proteins/peptides. Advantages extended due to breast feeding of infants are reduction in the risk of gastrointestinal tract infections, respiratory tract infections, atopic dermatitis, childhood asthma, childhood leukaemia, type I diabetes, obesity, necrotising enterocolitis and sudden infant death syndrome.

This study examined the preservative potentials of lemon peel oil for smoked Clupeids, Ethmalosa fimbriata and Sardinella maderensis and its resultant effect on the nutrient content. Two hundred samples (200 nos: 100 each of both fish for proximate analysis) were divided into two and a part coated with the essential oil while the other part was not (both bonga and sardine). Triplicate samples of fish were aseptically stored in cartons and evaluated weekly for nutrient composition during a 12-week storage period. Effect of the essential oil was significantly (p < 0.05) pronounced on the nutrient content of samples with crude protein (CP) and fat contents of preserved samples increasing weekly (Bonga: CP 43.75−44.25% and Fat: 8.85−9.60%; Sardine: CP 42.75−44.55%, Fat 8.40−9.50%) while CP and fat decreased (Bonga: CP 38.50−13.50% Fat: 5.85−1.85%, Sardine: CP: 40.25−14.65%, Fat: 6.35−1.45%) in unpreserved samples. This study concluded that lemon essential oil elongated the shelf life and improved proximate composition of clupeids.

The present study determines the nutritional status of migratory tribal pregnant women of Nakodar, Kapurthala, Jalandhar district in Punjab state [1]. The sample comprised of 50 respondents and information was collected for various parameters including background data, information related to pregnancy, general information about product, storage of food of tribals, dietary assessment for food and nutrient intake, nutrition knowledge, anthropometric and biochemical assessment.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Green coffee extract on body weight, blood lipids and steroid hormones synthesis on rats. The extracts of green and roasted coffee were prepared using Methanol 80%. 35 rats have been divided to 5 equal groups, the first group was fed by normal diet without supplementing, and the other four groups were fed by high fat diet. The second groups was left without any supplementation while the third and fourth group were fed by 1 ml of green coffee extracts 0.5% and 1% respectively. The fifth group was supplemented by 1 ml of roasted coffee extract 1%. After 6 weeks the weight gain and food intake was calculated and the serum was taken to test blood lipids and ACTH, FSH, LH Hormones.

The advancements in the biological sciences over the past half a century have been phenomenal. The development of new and sophisticated techniques in genetics and biochemistry has lead to a greater understanding of how our bodies function and the roles genes play at the cellular level. Such information, which is still far from complete, has had a significant impact in improving the health of people around the world. This is evident by the remarkable development of new drugs and vaccines to prevent and treat many diseases including the current pandemic. Nutrition, a relatively young science, has also seen incredible developments, particularly in the area of nutrigenomics. The latter involves studying the effects that foods, specifically individual nutrients, have on gene expression and human health.

The acid-base balance in the intracorporeal environment is altered in chronic kidney disease (CKD) [1]. Such imbalance occurs through adaptive mechanisms that directly affect two main pathways of homeostasis: aminogenesis and bicarbonate regeneration, pathways for neutralizing H+ ions [2, 3]. Due to this change, patients with CKD tend to accumulate acid load, a condition called metabolic acidosis [4] and which is present in 2.3 to 13% of patients in stage 3 of CKD and in 19 to 37% of those in stage 4.

The basic nutrient of protein in fish that is so important in man’s diet also attracted microorganisms for their growth and multiplication. Meanwhile, the association of microorganisms in fishes depend on environment of culture and their proliferations due to inadequate storage facilities. This study examined microbial contamination of some frozen fishes (Atlantic Mackerel (Scomber scombrus), White hake (Urophycis tenuis), Atlantic herring (Clupae harengus) and Trachurus trachurus (Atlantic horse mackerel) vended in Ado Ekiti metropolis. On the fish samples, total heterotrophic count (THC) of between 3.5×104
– 5.6×104 colony forming unit per gram (Cfu/g), Coliform count in total (CCT) of 2.4×104  – 5.1×104  Cfu/g, Salmonella/Shigella counts in total (SSCT) of 1.3×104  – 3.5×104  Cfu/g, total Vibrio count (TVC) of 1.1×104
– 2.3×104  Cfu/g and total fungal count (TFC) of 1.3×103  – 2.3×103
Spore/g were analyzed by cultural methods.

Edible films were prepared from a mixture of carrageenan, guar gum and glycerol. Lemongrass essential oil (LGO) was added to edible films as bioactive compound. Edible film without essential oil and with different concentrations of essential oil (0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%) were made and their mechanical and barrier properties were evaluated. Thickness ranged from 0.0472±0.003 mm to 0.0487±0.004mm. The percent elongation decreased up to 20% when the concentration of essential oil increased. The low WVTR and OTR values were maintained over a range of essential oil concentration of 0.4% and 0.6% in the edible film. The minimum WVTR and OTR obtained was 4.04±3.2 g/m²/day and 2.74±4.0cc/m²/day with the incorporation of 0.6% essential oil in edible film. SEM micrographs and DSC graphs of edible films were affected by the amount of the essential oil incorporated. The FTIR shows the structural interactions of essential oils with the carrageenan material.

Agricultural interventions are often intended to promote economic empowerment of women and are planned exclusively for income-generating opportunities, which increased work burden on women unintentionally. In other terms,affects their health and nutritional status. Frequently multiple linkages of nutrition are forgotten while planning of policies. Thepresent study evaluates the food consumption and nutrient intake of the rural women. Hundred women were selected from Sriramnagar village from Ranga Reddy District of Telangana. Data on socio-economic profile, dietary diversity and 24 hour recall was collected
by using the developed questionnaire. It is evident that majority of the respondents were middle aged (between 35-55 years), agricultural labors, Data on dietary diversity indicates that majority (85% and 82%) of the respondents fell under poor category of food consumption scores, in both daily and occasional or festival intake.

Raw materials for Jam production Fruits/vegetables: Jam usually is made from different fruits, vegetables or mixture of them which is considered as the basic ingredient. The amount of other ingredients (sugar, pectin and acid) is usually calculated according to availability of such ingredients in the basic raw material. Due to the differences in chemical composition of fruits and vegetables the amounts of other ingredients are usually calculated according to availability of such

Tea is one of the popular beverages worldwide, with various health benefits,that have been studied. There is increasing popularity of drinking tea in Thailand and some people prefer drinking milk tea. However, many studies suggest that polyphenols in tea that contribute to the antioxidant capacity of tea may interact with milk protein and may alter the antioxidant capacity of tea. This study aims to evaluate the effect of adding the various types of milk including cow’s milk, soy milk, rice milk, and almond milk on antioxidant capacity in English breakfast tea by comparing total polyphenol content and 2,2-diphenyl1- icrylhydrazyl (DPPH) antioxidant capacities of 200 mL tea infusion with and without the addition of 50 mL of each milk.

Se’i beef is a typical food from Timor island which is very popular with most people, but this meat is easily damaged, therefore special treatment is needed to extend the shelf life. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the concentration differences of lime juice and storage period and the interaction of these two factors on the microbiological quality of se’i beef. This study uses a factorial design consist of 2 factors, namely the concentration of lime juice and storage period. The lime juice factor consists of 3 concentrations, namely 0 mL/300 g, 125 mL/300 g, and 250 mL/300 g. The storage period factor consists of 0, 2, 4, and 6 days. The data collected consisted of the number of colonies, aroma, savor, tenderness, and color of the se’i
beef. Data on the number of colonies were analyzed by Two Way ANOVA at a significance level of 5%. Organoleptic data were analyzed using descriptive statistics.

Kocho is food product produced by decorticating and fermenting of enset parts. Quarter of Ethiopian population those were
inhabited in south and south western part were used as staples or co-staples food source. Kocho preparation composed of
many steps, these all steps are still performing with indigenous knowledge with traditional practices. Despite its advantages,
enset plant processing for preparation of food is time consuming, unhygienic, need long fermentation period, low in protein,
and have strong odor. Those of the uncommon sensory attributes are the results from microbial spoilage due to high moisture
content of Kocho. High moisture content supports the growth of spoilage microorganisms which in turn produce unpleasant
organic compounds. The nutritional and organoleptic qualities of Kocho could therefore, be process related. Nutrient loss and
time taking fermentation processes are common and vary from place to place. Plus, accurate understanding and introduction
of these processes in both enset growing and nongrowing regions can help to improve, standardize and increase the utilization
of the process in order to contribute to food security of the country. However, limited research was reported on preservation
of kocho by chemical ingredients and natural species

Sprouts are considered as wonder food and contain antioxidants, vitamins, sulphoraphane, isothiocyanates, enzymes andglucosinolatesthat are proved to be effective in the prevention of cancer, or in the therapy against cancer. Because of the nutritional and health benefits of sprouts have become better known, bakers, chefs, athletes, food manufacturers and others are all
looking at different ways to incorporate sprouts into popular foods. During germination the original composition of the seeds
essentially changed. The aim of this review is to summarize the chemical composition and potential health benefit of sprout
grain in human nutrition.The quantity of the protein fractions changes, the proportion of the nitrogen containing fractions
shifts towards the smaller protein fractions, free amino acids and oligopeptides. In addition, the quantity of the amino acids
composition changed; some of them increase, others decrease or do not alter during germination, and non-protein amino
acids also are produced. Moreover, sprouts are outstanding sources of protein, vitamins and minerals and they contain such
in the respect of health-maintaining important nutrients like glucosinolates, phenolic and selenium-containing components in
the Brassica plants or isonflavons in the soya bean. Evidence from human studies that enzyme systems in our cells required for
detoxification of cancer-causing substances can be activated by compounds made from glucosinolates found in brussel sprouts.
In consequence of these changes, the quantity of the anti-nutritive materials decreases and the utilization of the macro and micro elements are increased owing to germination. Thus, the ratio of the saturated fatty acids increases compared to unsaturated
fatty acids, and the ratio within the unsaturated fatty acids shifts to the essential linoleic acid.

The food business has a lot of opportunities because to biotechnology. In the dairy, meat, fish, and beverage processing
industries, biotechnological approaches are used to improve the nutritional, functional, and sensory qualities of food. Biotechnological solutions, when used strategically, can assist reduce the quantity and number of unhealthy elements in foods, as well
as remove allergenic substances. As a result, food biotechnology contributes greatly to resource conservation, harvest yield
optimization, and the production of healthier and better foods. For thousands of years, people have consciously employed the
properties of microbes and their enzymes in food production. The progress of food processing has been aided by biotechnology. It can also combat the present global food and nutritional insecurity concerns.Biotechnology also plays a role in improving
animal feed in three ways: adding value to forage used as animal feed, producing feed additives, and manipulating rumen microorganisms to optimize feed utilization. Know a day when there is a shortage of animal feed in most parts of the world, and
the price of feed ingredients is rising; indicating that feed usage is improving. The developing world is home to the majority of
the globe's people. As a result, biotechnology plays an important role in improving livestock feed in order to meet the needs of
both animals and humans. Many biotechnological techniques can be applied to quality assurance systems, which are critical for
producing high-quality livestock products that are safe for human consumption.As a result, the goal of this review is to look
into the role or application of biotechnology in improving livestock feed

This study evaluated some nutritional, anti-nutritional and anti-oxidant properties of “garri” fortified with soy and millet flours
for preparation of functional dough meal. Blends of flours were optimized for protein (10-20%) and fibre(3-5%), using Design
Expert Version 6.0.8. and variables “garri”(56-65%), soy-cake(13-24%) and whole millet (11-22%) flours, which generated 14
blends. 100% “garri” and three blends with highest protein and fibre contents were evaluated for proximate compositions,
amino acid profiles, and protein quality, bioavailability of selected minerals and anti-oxidant potentials. Protein and fibre contents of blends increased (15.80-16.27% and 4.14-4.27%) as proportions of soy cake and millet flours increased, compared to
100% “garri” (2.11% and 2.08%) respectively. There was significant difference (p<0.05) between blends and 100% “garri” for
bioavailability of calcium, iron and zinc, but no significant difference among blends (p>0.05), with values within safe standards.
Amino acid profiles and protein quality indices increased significantly (p<0.05) in blends, with total amino acids and essential
amino acid index of 65.51-70g/100gprotein and 46.55-58.68% in blends compared to 14.26g/100g protein and 14.25% respectively for 100% “garri”.