Journal Description
Nanomaterials
Nanomaterials
is an international, peer-reviewed, interdisciplinary scholarly open access journal, published semimonthly online by MDPI. It publishes reviews, regular research papers, communications, and short notes that are relevant to any field of study that involves nanomaterials, with respect to their science and application. The Spanish Carbon Group (GEC) is affiliated with Nanomaterials and their members receive discounts on the article processing charges.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubMed, PMC, CAPlus / SciFinder, Inspec, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q1 (Physics, Applied) / CiteScore - Q1 (General Chemical Engineering)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 13.6 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.5 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Companion journals for Nanomaterials include: Nanomanufacturing and Applied Nano.
Impact Factor:
5.3 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
5.4 (2022)
Latest Articles
Research Progress on Rashba Effect in Two-Dimensional Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Lead Halide Perovskites
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(8), 683; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14080683 (registering DOI) - 16 Apr 2024
Abstract
The Rashba effect appears in the semiconductors with an inversion–asymmetric structure and strong spin-orbit coupling, which splits the spin-degenerated band into two sub-bands with opposite spin states. The Rashba effect can not only be used to regulate carrier relaxations, thereby improving the performance
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The Rashba effect appears in the semiconductors with an inversion–asymmetric structure and strong spin-orbit coupling, which splits the spin-degenerated band into two sub-bands with opposite spin states. The Rashba effect can not only be used to regulate carrier relaxations, thereby improving the performance of photoelectric devices, but also used to expand the applications of semiconductors in spintronics. In this mini-review, recent research progress on the Rashba effect of two-dimensional (2D) organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites is summarized. The origin and magnitude of Rashba spin splitting, layer-dependent Rashba band splitting of 2D perovskites, the Rashba effect in 2D perovskite quantum dots, a 2D/3D perovskite composite, and 2D-perovskites-based van der Waals heterostructures are discussed. Moreover, applications of the 2D Rashba effect in circularly polarized light detection are reviewed. Finally, future research to modulate the Rashba strength in 2D perovskites is prospected, which is conceived to promote the optoelectronic and spintronic applications of 2D perovskites.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photofunctional Nanomaterials and Nanostructures)
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Open AccessCommunication
Investigation of the Absorption Spectrum of InAs Doping Superlattice Solar Cells
by
Ruiqin Peng, Wenkang Su, Zhiguo Yu, Jiamu Cao, Dongwei Jiang, Dongbo Wang and Shujie Jiao
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(8), 682; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14080682 (registering DOI) - 16 Apr 2024
Abstract
InAs doping superlattice-based solar cells have great advantages in terms of the ability to generate clean energy in space or harsh environments. In this paper, multi-period InAs doping superlattice solar cells have been prepared.. Current density–voltage measurements were taken both in the dark
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InAs doping superlattice-based solar cells have great advantages in terms of the ability to generate clean energy in space or harsh environments. In this paper, multi-period InAs doping superlattice solar cells have been prepared.. Current density–voltage measurements were taken both in the dark and light, and the short-circuit current was estimated to be 19.06 mA/cm2. Efficiency improvements were achieved with a maximum one sun AM 1.5 G efficiency of 4.14%. Additionally, external quantum efficiency and photoluminescence with different temperature-dependent test results were taken experimentally. The corresponding absorption mechanisms were also investigated.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Nanomaterials for Photovoltaic Applications (Volume II))
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Open AccessArticle
Selenium Nanomaterials Enhance the Nutrients and Functional Components of Fuding Dabai Tea
by
Xiaoli Zhang, Xiaona Li, Feiran Chen, Xuesong Cao, Chuanxi Wang, Liya Jiao, Le Yue and Zhenyu Wang
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(8), 681; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14080681 (registering DOI) - 15 Apr 2024
Abstract
Theanine, polyphenols, and caffeine not only affect the flavor of tea, but also play an important role in human health benefits. However, the specific regulatory mechanism of Se NMs on fat-reducing components is still unclear. In this study, the synthesis of fat-reducing components
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Theanine, polyphenols, and caffeine not only affect the flavor of tea, but also play an important role in human health benefits. However, the specific regulatory mechanism of Se NMs on fat-reducing components is still unclear. In this study, the synthesis of fat-reducing components in Fuding Dabai (FDDB) tea was investigated. The results indicated that the 100-bud weight, theanine, EGCG, total catechin, and caffeine contents of tea buds were optimally promoted by 10 mg·L−1 Se NMs in the range of 24.3%, 36.2%, 53.9%, 67.1%, and 30.9%, respectively. Mechanically, Se NMs promoted photosynthesis in tea plants, increased the soluble sugar content in tea leaves (30.3%), and provided energy for the metabolic processes, including the TCA cycle, pyruvate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and the glutamine/glutamic acid cycle, ultimately increasing the content of amino acids and antioxidant substances (catechins) in tea buds; the relative expressions of key genes for catechin synthesis, CsPAL, CsC4H, CsCHI, CsDFR, CsANS, CsANR, CsLAR, and UGGT, were significantly upregulated by 45.1–619.1%. The expressions of theanine synthesis genes CsTs, CsGs, and CsGOGAT were upregulated by 138.8–693.7%. Moreover, Se NMs promoted more sucrose transfer to the roots, with the upregulations of CsSUT1, CsSUT2, CsSUT3, and CsSWEET1a by 125.8–560.5%. Correspondingly, Se NMs enriched the beneficial rhizosphere microbiota (Roseiarcus, Acidothermus, Acidibacter, Conexicter, and Pedosphaeraceae), enhancing the absorption and utilization of ammonium nitrogen by tea plants, contributing to the accumulation of theanine. This study provides compelling evidence supporting the application of Se NMs in promoting the lipid-reducing components of tea by enhancing its nitrogen metabolism.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Analysis and Environmental Processes of Nanomaterials)
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Open AccessArticle
Sensitivity-Enhanced, Room-Temperature Detection of NH3 with Alkalized Ti3C2Tx MXene
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Yi Tan, Jinxia Xu, Qiliang Li, Wanting Zhang, Chong Lu, Xingjuan Song, Lingyun Liu and Ying Chen
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(8), 680; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14080680 (registering DOI) - 15 Apr 2024
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A layered Ti3C2Tx MXene structure was prepared by etching MAX-phase Ti3AlC2 with hydro-fluoric acid (HF), followed by alkalization in sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solutions of varying concentrations and for varying durations. Compared to sensors utilizing unalkalized
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A layered Ti3C2Tx MXene structure was prepared by etching MAX-phase Ti3AlC2 with hydro-fluoric acid (HF), followed by alkalization in sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solutions of varying concentrations and for varying durations. Compared to sensors utilizing unalkalized Ti3C2Tx, those employing alkalized Ti3C2Tx MXene exhibited enhanced sensitivity for NH3 detection at room temperature and a relative humidity of 40%. Both the concentration of NaOH and duration of alkalization significantly influenced sensor performance. Among the tested conditions, Ti3C2Tx MXene alkalized with a 5 M NaOH solution for 12 h exhibited optimal performance, with high response values of 100.3% and a rapid response/recovery time of 73 s and 38 s, respectively. The improved sensitivity of NH3 detection can be attributed to the heightened NH3 adsorption capability of oxygen-rich terminals obtained through the alkalization treatment. This is consistent with the observed increase in the ratio of oxygen to fluorine atoms on the surface terminations of the alkalization-treated Ti3C2Tx. These findings suggest that the gas-sensing characteristics of Ti3C2Tx MXene can be finely tuned and optimized through a carefully tailored alkalization process, offering a viable approach to realizing high-performance Ti3C2Tx MXene gas sensors, particularly for NH3 sensing applications.
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Open AccessArticle
Elastic Liposomes Containing Calcium/Magnesium Ferrite Nanoparticles Coupled with Gold Nanorods for Application in Photothermal Therapy
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Ana Rita F. Pacheco, Ana Margarida Barros, Carlos O. Amorim, Vítor S. Amaral, Paulo J. G. Coutinho, Ana Rita O. Rodrigues and Elisabete M. S. Castanheira
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(8), 679; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14080679 (registering DOI) - 15 Apr 2024
Abstract
This work reports on the design, development, and characterization of novel magneto-plasmonic elastic liposomes (MPELs) of DPPC:SP80 (85:15) containing Mg0.75Ca0.25Fe2O4 nanoparticles coupled with gold nanorods, for topical application of photothermal therapy (PTT). Both magnetic and plasmonic
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This work reports on the design, development, and characterization of novel magneto-plasmonic elastic liposomes (MPELs) of DPPC:SP80 (85:15) containing Mg0.75Ca0.25Fe2O4 nanoparticles coupled with gold nanorods, for topical application of photothermal therapy (PTT). Both magnetic and plasmonic components were characterized regarding their structural, morphological, magnetic and photothermal properties. The magnetic nanoparticles display a cubic shape and a size (major axis) of 37 ± 3 nm, while the longitudinal and transverse sizes of the nanorods are 46 ± 7 nm and 12 ± 1.6 nm, respectively. A new methodology was employed to couple the magnetic and plasmonic nanostructures, using cysteine as bridge. The potential for photothermia was evaluated for the magnetic nanoparticles, gold nanorods and the coupled magnetic/plasmonic nanoparticles, which demonstrated a maximum temperature variation of 28.9 °C, 33.6 °C and 37.2 °C, respectively, during a 30 min NIR-laser irradiation of 1 mg/mL dispersions. Using fluorescence anisotropy studies, a phase transition temperature (Tm) of 35 °C was estimated for MPELs, which ensures an enhanced fluidity crucial for effective crossing of the skin layers. The photothermal potential of this novel nanostructure corresponds to a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 616.9 W/g and a maximum temperature increase of 33.5 °C. These findings point to the development of thermoelastic nanocarriers with suitable features to act as photothermal hyperthermia agents.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Preparation, Characterization, Properties, Simulation, and Applications of Nanostructured Materials)
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Non-Volatile Memory Based on ZnO Thin-Film Transistor with Self-Assembled Au Nanocrystals
by
Hui Xie, Hao Wu and Chang Liu
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(8), 678; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14080678 (registering DOI) - 14 Apr 2024
Abstract
Non-volatile memory based on thin-film transistor is crucial for system-on-panel and flexible electronic systems. Achieving high-performance and reliable thin-film transistor (TFT) memory still remains challenging. Here, for the first time, we present a ZnO TFT memory utilizing self-assembled Au nanocrystals with a low
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Non-volatile memory based on thin-film transistor is crucial for system-on-panel and flexible electronic systems. Achieving high-performance and reliable thin-film transistor (TFT) memory still remains challenging. Here, for the first time, we present a ZnO TFT memory utilizing self-assembled Au nanocrystals with a low thermal budget, exhibiting excellent memory performance, including a program/erase window of 9.8 V, 29% charge loss extrapolated to 10 years, and remarkable endurance characteristics. Moreover, the memory exhibits favorable on-state characteristics with mobility, subthreshold swing, and current on–off ratio of 17.6 cm2V−1s−1, 0.71 V/dec, and 107, respectively. Our study shows that the fabricated TFT memory has great potential for practical applications.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoelectronics: Materials, Devices and Applications)
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Open AccessArticle
Carbon Nanodisks Decorated with Guanidinylated Hyperbranched Polyethyleneimine Derivatives as Efficient Antibacterial Agents
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Kyriaki-Marina Lyra, Ioannis Tournis, Mohammed Subrati, Konstantinos Spyrou, Aggeliki Papavasiliou, Chrysoula Athanasekou, Sergios Papageorgiou, Elias Sakellis, Michael A. Karakassides and Zili Sideratou
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(8), 677; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14080677 (registering DOI) - 13 Apr 2024
Abstract
Non-toxic carbon-based hybrid nanomaterials based on carbon nanodisks were synthesized and assessed as novel antibacterial agents. Specifically, acid-treated carbon nanodisks (oxCNDs), as a safe alternative material to graphene oxide, interacted through covalent and non-covalent bonding with guanidinylated hyperbranched polyethyleneimine derivatives (GPEI5K and GPEI25K),
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Non-toxic carbon-based hybrid nanomaterials based on carbon nanodisks were synthesized and assessed as novel antibacterial agents. Specifically, acid-treated carbon nanodisks (oxCNDs), as a safe alternative material to graphene oxide, interacted through covalent and non-covalent bonding with guanidinylated hyperbranched polyethyleneimine derivatives (GPEI5K and GPEI25K), affording the oxCNDs@GPEI5K and oxCNDs@GPEI25K hybrids. Their physico-chemical characterization confirmed the successful and homogenous attachment of GPEIs on the surface of oxCNDs, which, due to the presence of guanidinium groups, offered them improved aqueous stability. Moreover, the antibacterial activity of oxCNDs@GPEIs was evaluated against Gram-negative E. coli and Gram-positive S. aureus bacteria. It was found that both hybrids exhibited enhanced antibacterial activity, with oxCNDs@GPEI5K being more active than oxCNDs@GPEI25K. Their MIC and MBC values were found to be much lower than those of oxCNDs, revealing that the GPEI attachment endowed the hybrids with enhanced antibacterial properties. These improved properties were attributed to the polycationic character of the oxCNDs@GPEIs, which enables effective interaction with the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane and cell walls, leading to cell envelope damage, and eventually cell lysis. Finally, oxCNDs@GPEIs showed minimal cytotoxicity on mammalian cells, indicating that these hybrid nanomaterials have great potential to be used as safe and efficient antibacterial agents.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of Nanoparticles)
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Evaluation of the Thermal, Chemical, Mechanical, and Microbial Stability of New Nanohybrids Based on Carboxymethyl-Scleroglucan and Silica Nanoparticles for EOR Applications
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Rubén H. Castro, Laura M. Corredor, Sebastián Llanos, Zully P. Rodríguez, Isidro Burgos, Jhorman A. Niño, Eduardo A. Idrobo, Arnold R. Romero Bohórquez, Karol Zapata Acosta, Camilo A. Franco and Farid B. Cortés
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(8), 676; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14080676 - 13 Apr 2024
Abstract
Scleroglucan (SG) is resistant to harsh reservoir conditions such as high temperature, high shear stresses, and the presence of chemical substances. However, it is susceptible to biological degradation because bacteria use SG as a source of energy and carbon. All degradation effects lead
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Scleroglucan (SG) is resistant to harsh reservoir conditions such as high temperature, high shear stresses, and the presence of chemical substances. However, it is susceptible to biological degradation because bacteria use SG as a source of energy and carbon. All degradation effects lead to viscosity loss of the SG solutions, affecting their performance as an enhanced oil recovery (EOR) polymer. Recent studies have shown that nanoparticles (NPs) can mitigate these degradative effects. For this reason, the EOR performance of two new nanohybrids (NH-A and NH-B) based on carboxymethyl-scleroglucan and amino-functionalized silica nanoparticles was studied. The susceptibility of these products to chemical, mechanical, and thermal degradation was evaluated following standard procedures (API RP 63), and the microbial degradation was assessed under reservoir-relevant conditions (1311 ppm and 100 °C) using a bottle test system. The results showed that the chemical reactions for the nanohybrids obtained modified the SG triple helix configuration, impacting its viscosifying power. However, the nanohybrid solutions retained their viscosity during thermal, mechanical, and chemical degradation experiments due to the formation of a tridimensional network between the nanoparticles (NPs) and the SG. Also, NH-A and NH-B solutions exhibited bacterial control because of steric hindrances caused by nanoparticle modifications to SG. This prevents extracellular glucanases from recognizing the site of catalysis, limiting free glucose availability and generating cell death due to substrate depletion. This study provides insights into the performance of these nanohybrids and promotes their application in reservoirs with harsh conditions.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Nanomodified Polymers and in Polymer Science)
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Open AccessArticle
Sensing at the Nanoscale Using Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers in Diamond: A Model for a Quantum Pressure Sensor
by
Hari P. Paudel, Gary R. Lander, Scott E. Crawford and Yuhua Duan
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(8), 675; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14080675 - 12 Apr 2024
Abstract
The sensing of stress under harsh environmental conditions with high resolution has critical importance for a range of applications including earth’s subsurface scanning, geological CO2 storage monitoring, and mineral and resource recovery. Using a first-principles density functional theory (DFT) approach combined with
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The sensing of stress under harsh environmental conditions with high resolution has critical importance for a range of applications including earth’s subsurface scanning, geological CO2 storage monitoring, and mineral and resource recovery. Using a first-principles density functional theory (DFT) approach combined with the theoretical modelling of the low-energy Hamiltonian, here, we investigate a novel approach to detect unprecedented levels of pressure by taking advantage of the solid-state electronic spin of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond. We computationally explore the effect of strain on the defect band edges and band gaps by varying the lattice parameters of a diamond supercell hosting a single NV center. A low-energy Hamiltonian is developed that includes the effect of stress on the energy level of a ±1 spin manifold at the ground state. By quantifying the energy level shift and split, we predict pressure sensing of up to 0.3 MPa/ using the experimentally measured spin dephasing time. We show the superiority of the quantum sensing approach over traditional optical sensing techniques by discussing our results from DFT and theoretical modelling for the frequency shift per unit pressure. Importantly, we propose a quantum manometer that could be useful to measure earth’s subsurface vibrations as well as for pressure detection and monitoring in high-temperature superconductivity studies and in material sciences. Our results open avenues for the development of a sensing technology with high sensitivity and resolution under extreme pressure limits that potentially has a wider applicability than the existing pressure sensing technologies.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue First-Principle Calculation Study of Nanomaterials)
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Hydrophobic and Luminescent Polydimethylsiloxane PDMS-Y2O3:Eu3+ Coating for Power Enhancement and UV Protection of Si Solar Cells
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Darya Goponenko, Kamila Zhumanova, Sabina Shamarova, Zhuldyz Yelzhanova, Annie Ng and Timur Sh. Atabaev
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(8), 674; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14080674 - 12 Apr 2024
Abstract
Solar cells have been developed as a highly efficient source of alternative energy, collecting photons from sunlight and turning them into electricity. On the other hand, ultraviolet (UV) radiation has a substantial impact on solar cells by damaging their active layers and, as
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Solar cells have been developed as a highly efficient source of alternative energy, collecting photons from sunlight and turning them into electricity. On the other hand, ultraviolet (UV) radiation has a substantial impact on solar cells by damaging their active layers and, as a result, lowering their efficiency. Potential solutions include the blocking of UV light (which can reduce the power output of solar cells) or converting UV photons into visible light using down-conversion optical materials. In this work, we propose a novel hydrophobic coating based on a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layer with embedded red emitting Y2O3:Eu3+ (quantum yield = 78.3%) particles for UV radiation screening and conversion purposes. The favorable features of the PDMS-Y2O3:Eu3+ coating were examined using commercially available polycrystalline silicon solar cells, resulting in a notable increase in the power conversion efficiency (PCE) by ~9.23%. The chemical and UV stability of the developed coatings were assessed by exposing them to various chemical conditions and UV irradiation. It was found that the developed coating can endure tough environmental conditions, making it potentially useful as a UV-protective, water-repellent, and efficiency-enhancing coating for solar cells.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photofunctional Nanomaterials and Nanostructures)
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A High-Performance and Durable Direct-Ammonia Symmetrical Solid Oxide Fuel Cell with Nano La0.6Sr0.4Fe0.7Ni0.2Mo0.1O3−δ-Decorated Doped Ceria Electrode
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Hao Jiang, Zhixian Liang, Hao Qiu, Yongning Yi, Shanshan Jiang, Jiahuan Xu, Wei Wang, Chao Su and Tao Yang
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(8), 673; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14080673 - 12 Apr 2024
Abstract
Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) offer a significant advantage over other fuel cells in terms of flexibility in the choice of fuel. Ammonia stands out as an excellent fuel choice for SOFCs due to its easy transportation and storage, carbon-free nature and mature
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Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) offer a significant advantage over other fuel cells in terms of flexibility in the choice of fuel. Ammonia stands out as an excellent fuel choice for SOFCs due to its easy transportation and storage, carbon-free nature and mature synthesis technology. For direct-ammonia SOFCs (DA-SOFCs), the development of anode catalysts that have efficient catalytic activity for both NH3 decomposition and H2 oxidation reactions is of great significance. Herein, we develop a Mo-doped La0.6Sr0.4Fe0.8Ni0.2O3−δ (La0.6Sr0.4Fe0.7Ni0.2Mo0.1O3−δ, LSFNM) material, and explore its potential as a symmetrical electrode for DA-SOFCs. After reduction, the main cubic perovskite phase of LSFNM remained unchanged, but some FeNi3 alloy nanoparticles and a small amount of SrLaFeO4 oxide phase were generated. Such reduced LSFNM exhibits excellent catalytic activity for ammonia decomposition due to the presence of FeNi3 alloy nanoparticles, ensuring that it can be used as an anode for DA-SOFCs. In addition, LSFNM shows high oxygen reduction reactivity, indicating that it can also be a cathode for DA-SOFCs. Consequently, a direct-ammonia symmetrical SOFC (DA-SSOFC) with the LSFNM-infiltrated doped ceria (LSFNM-SDCi) electrode delivers a superior peak power density (PPD) of 487 mW cm−2 at 800 °C when NH3 fuel is utilised. More importantly, because Mo doping greatly enhances the reduction stability of the material, the DA-SSOFC with the LSFN-MSDCi electrode exhibits strong operational stability without significant degradation for over 400 h at 700 °C.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructured Materials for Carbon Neutrality)
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Open AccessReview
Advances in Nanocarrier Systems for Overcoming Formulation Challenges of Curcumin: Current Insights
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Shery Jacob, Fathima Sheik Kather, Mohamed A. Morsy, Sai H. S. Boddu, Mahesh Attimarad, Jigar Shah, Pottathil Shinu and Anroop B. Nair
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(8), 672; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14080672 - 12 Apr 2024
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Curcumin, an organic phenolic molecule that is extracted from the rhizomes of Curcuma longa Linn, has undergone extensive evaluation for its diverse biological activities in both animals and humans. Despite its favorable characteristics, curcumin encounters various formulation challenges and stability issues that can
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Curcumin, an organic phenolic molecule that is extracted from the rhizomes of Curcuma longa Linn, has undergone extensive evaluation for its diverse biological activities in both animals and humans. Despite its favorable characteristics, curcumin encounters various formulation challenges and stability issues that can be effectively addressed through the application of nanotechnology. Nano-based techniques specifically focused on enhancing solubility, bioavailability, and therapeutic efficacy while mitigating toxicity, have been explored for curcumin. This review systematically presents information on the improvement of curcumin’s beneficial properties when incorporated, either individually or in conjunction with other drugs, into diverse nanosystems such as liposomes, nanoemulsions, polymeric micelles, dendrimers, polymeric nanoparticles, solid-lipid nanoparticles, and nanostructured lipid carriers. Additionally, the review examines ongoing clinical trials and recently granted patents, offering a thorough overview of the dynamic landscape in curcumin delivery. Researchers are currently exploring nanocarriers with crucial features such as surface modification, substantial loading capacity, biodegradability, compatibility, and autonomous targeting specificity and selectivity. Nevertheless, the utilization of nanocarriers for curcumin delivery is still in its initial phases, with regulatory approval pending and persistent safety concerns surrounding their use.
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Open AccessArticle
The Asymmetry Observed between the Effects of Photon–Phonon Coupling and Crystal Field on the Fine Structure of Fluorescence and Spontaneous Four-Wave Mixing in Ion-Doped Microcrystals
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Huanrong Fan, Zhongtai Zhang, Iqbal Hussain, Qinyue Yang, Muhammad Kashif Majeed, Muhammad Imran, Faizan Raza, Peng Li and Yanpeng Zhang
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(8), 671; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14080671 - 12 Apr 2024
Abstract
In this paper, we explore the asymmetry observed between the effects of photon–phonon coupling (nested-dressing) and a crystal field (CF) on the fine structure of fluorescence (FL) and spontaneous four-wave mixing (SFWM) in Eu3+: BiPO4 and Eu3+: NaYF
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In this paper, we explore the asymmetry observed between the effects of photon–phonon coupling (nested-dressing) and a crystal field (CF) on the fine structure of fluorescence (FL) and spontaneous four-wave mixing (SFWM) in Eu3+: BiPO4 and Eu3+: NaYF4. The competition between the CF and the strong photon–phonon dressing leads to dynamic splitting in two directions. The CF leads to static splitting in one direction under weak phonon dressing. The evolution from strong dressing to weak dressing results in spectral asymmetry. This spectral asymmetry includes out-of-phase FL and in-phase SFWM. Further, the large ratio between the dressing Rabi frequency and the de-phase rate leads to strong FL and SFWM asymmetry due to photon–phonon constructive dressing. Moreover, the experimental results suggest the analogy of a spectra asymmetry router with a channel equalization ratio of 96.6%.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nonlinear Optics in Low-Dimensional Nanomaterials)
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Open AccessReview
Tellurium and Nano-Tellurium: Medicine or Poison?
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Daniella Sári, Aya Ferroudj, Dávid Semsey, Hassan El-Ramady, Eric C. Brevik and József Prokisch
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(8), 670; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14080670 - 12 Apr 2024
Abstract
Tellurium (Te) is the heaviest stable chalcogen and is a rare element in Earth’s crust (one to five ppb). It was discovered in gold ore from mines in Kleinschlatten near the present-day city of Zlatna, Romania. Industrial and other applications of Te focus
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Tellurium (Te) is the heaviest stable chalcogen and is a rare element in Earth’s crust (one to five ppb). It was discovered in gold ore from mines in Kleinschlatten near the present-day city of Zlatna, Romania. Industrial and other applications of Te focus on its inorganic forms. Tellurium can be toxic to animals and humans at low doses. Chronic tellurium poisoning endangers the kidney, liver, and nervous system. However, Te can be effective against bacteria and is able to destroy cancer cells. Tellurium can also be used to develop redox modulators and enzyme inhibitors. Soluble salts that contain Te had a role as therapeutic and antimicrobial agents before the advent of antibiotics. The pharmaceutical use of Te is not widespread due to the narrow margin between beneficial and toxic doses, but there are differences between the measure of toxicity based on the Te form. Nano-tellurium (Te-NPs) has several applications: it can act as an adsorptive agent to remove pollutants, and it can be used in antibacterial coating, photo-catalysis for the degradation of dyes, and conductive electronic materials. Nano-sized Te particles are the most promising and can be produced in both chemical and biological ways. Safety assessments are essential to determine the potential risks and benefits of using Te compounds in various applications. Future challenges and directions in developing nano-materials, nano-alloys, and nano-structures based on Te are still open to debate.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications, Volume II)
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Open AccessReview
Recent Advances in Nanotechnology for the Treatment of Dry Eye Disease
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Giulia Coco, Giacinta Buffon, Andrea Taloni and Giuseppe Giannaccare
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(8), 669; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14080669 - 12 Apr 2024
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) incidence is continuously growing, positioning it to become an emergent health issue over the next few years. Several topical treatments are commonly used to treat DED; however, reports indicate that only a minor proportion of drug bioavailability is achieved
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Dry eye disease (DED) incidence is continuously growing, positioning it to become an emergent health issue over the next few years. Several topical treatments are commonly used to treat DED; however, reports indicate that only a minor proportion of drug bioavailability is achieved by the majority of eye drops available on the market. In this context, enhancing drug ability to overcome ocular barriers and prolonging its residence time on the ocular surface represent a new challenge in the field of ocular carrier systems. Therefore, research has focused on the development of multi-functional nanosystems, such as nanoemulsions, liposomes, dendrimers, hydrogels, and other nanosized carriers. These systems are designed to improve topical drug bioavailability and efficacy and, at the same time, require fewer daily administrations, with potentially reduced side effects. This review summarizes the different nanotechnologies developed, their role in DED, and the nanotechnology-based eyedrops currently approved for DED treatment.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Applications of Nanoparticles in Ophthalmology)
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Open AccessArticle
Modeling of Self-Aligned Selector Based on Ultra-Thin Metal Oxide for Resistive Random-Access Memory (RRAM) Crossbar Arrays
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Mikhail Fedotov, Viktor Korotitsky and Sergei Koveshnikov
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(8), 668; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14080668 - 12 Apr 2024
Abstract
Resistive random-access memory (RRAM) is a crucial element for next-generation large-scale memory arrays, analogue neuromorphic computing and energy-efficient System-on-Chip applications. For these applications, RRAM elements are arranged into Crossbar arrays, where rectifying selector devices are required for correct read operation of the memory
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Resistive random-access memory (RRAM) is a crucial element for next-generation large-scale memory arrays, analogue neuromorphic computing and energy-efficient System-on-Chip applications. For these applications, RRAM elements are arranged into Crossbar arrays, where rectifying selector devices are required for correct read operation of the memory cells. One of the key advantages of RRAM is its high scalability due to the filamentary mechanism of resistive switching, as the cell conductivity is not dependent on the cell area. Thus, a selector device becomes a limiting factor in Crossbar arrays in terms of scalability, as its area exceeds the minimal possible area of an RRAM cell. We propose a tunnel diode selector, which is self-aligned with an RRAM cell and, thus, occupies the same area. In this study, we address the theoretical and modeling aspects of creating a self-aligned selector with optimal parameters to avoid any deterioration of RRAM cell performance. We investigate the possibilities of using a tunnel diode based on single- and double-layer dielectrics and determine their optimal physical properties to be used in an HfOx-based RRAM Crossbar array.
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(This article belongs to the Section Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices)
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Open AccessArticle
Aluminum Micropillar Surfaces with Hierarchical Micro- and Nanoscale Features for Enhancement of Boiling Heat Transfer Coefficient and Critical Heat Flux
by
Armin Hadžić, Matic Može, Matevž Zupančič and Iztok Golobič
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(8), 667; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14080667 - 11 Apr 2024
Abstract
The rapid progress of electronic devices has necessitated efficient heat dissipation within boiling cooling systems, underscoring the need for improvements in boiling heat transfer coefficient (HTC) and critical heat flux (CHF). While different approaches for micropillar fabrication on copper or silicon substrates have
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The rapid progress of electronic devices has necessitated efficient heat dissipation within boiling cooling systems, underscoring the need for improvements in boiling heat transfer coefficient (HTC) and critical heat flux (CHF). While different approaches for micropillar fabrication on copper or silicon substrates have been developed and have shown significant boiling performance improvements, such enhancement approaches on aluminum surfaces are not broadly investigated, despite their industrial applicability. This study introduces a scalable approach to engineering hierarchical micro-nano structures on aluminum surfaces, aiming to simultaneously increase HTC and CHF. One set of samples was produced using a combination of nanosecond laser texturing and chemical etching in hydrochloric acid, while another set underwent an additional laser texturing step. Three distinct micropillar patterns were tested under saturated pool boiling conditions using water at atmospheric pressure. Our findings reveal that microcavities created atop pillars successfully facilitate nucleation and micropillars representing nucleation site areas on a microscale, leading to an enhanced HTC up to 242 kW m−2 K−1. At the same time, the combination of the surrounding hydrophilic porous area enables increased wicking and pillar patterning, defining the vapor–liquid pathways on a macroscale, which leads to an increase in CHF of up to 2609 kW m−2.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Micro/Nanomaterials for Phase Change Heat Transfer and Thermal Energy Storage)
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First Principles Study of the Structure–Performance Relation of Pristine Wn+1Cn and Oxygen-Functionalized Wn+1CnO2 MXenes as Cathode Catalysts for Li-O2 Batteries
by
Liwei Zhu, Jiajun Wang, Jie Liu, Ruxin Wang, Meixin Lin, Tao Wang, Yuchao Zhen, Jing Xu and Lianming Zhao
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(8), 666; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14080666 - 11 Apr 2024
Abstract
Li-O2 batteries are considered a highly promising energy storage solution. However, their practical implementation is hindered by the sluggish kinetics of the oxygen reduction (ORR) and oxygen evolution (OER) reactions at cathodes during discharging and charging, respectively. In this work, we investigated
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Li-O2 batteries are considered a highly promising energy storage solution. However, their practical implementation is hindered by the sluggish kinetics of the oxygen reduction (ORR) and oxygen evolution (OER) reactions at cathodes during discharging and charging, respectively. In this work, we investigated the catalytic performance of Wn+1Cn and Wn+1CnO2 MXenes (n = 1, 2, and 3) as cathodes for Li-O2 batteries using first principles calculations. Both Wn+1Cn and Wn+1CnO2 MXenes show high conductivity, and their conductivity is further enhanced with increasing atomic layers, as reflected by the elevated density of states at the Fermi level. The oxygen functionalization can change the electronic properties of WC MXenes from the electrophilic W surface of Wn+1Cn to the nucleophilic O surface of Wn+1CnO2, which is beneficial for the activation of the Li-O bond, and thus promotes the Li+ deintercalation during the charge–discharge process. On both Wn+1Cn and Wn+1CnO2, the rate-determining step (RDS) of ORR is the formation of the (Li2O)2* product, while the RDS of OER is the LiO2* decomposition. The overpotentials of ORR and OER are positively linearly correlated with the adsorption energy of the RDS LixO2* intermediates. By lowering the energy band center, the oxygen functionalization and increasing atomic layers can effectively reduce the adsorption strength of the LixO2* intermediates, thereby reducing the ORR and OER overpotentials. The W4C3O2 MXene shows immense potential as a cathode catalyst for Li-O2 batteries due to its outstanding conductivity and super-low ORR, OER, and total overpotentials (0.25, 0.38, and 0.63 V).
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computational Approaches to Electronic Structures and Properties of Nanomaterials)
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Impact of Nanoparticle Addition on the Surface and Color Properties of Three-Dimensional (3D) Printed Polymer-Based Provisional Restorations
by
Maram A. AlGhamdi, Fatimah M. Alatiyyah, Rawan F. Almedarham, Zainab H. Al Dawood, Farah Y. Alshaikhnasser, Shaymaa Y. Alboryh, Soban Q. Khan, Reem Abualsaud and Mohammed M. Gad
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(8), 665; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14080665 - 11 Apr 2024
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate and compare the impact of additives such as ZrO2 and SiO2 nanoparticles (ZrO2NP or SiO2NP) on the hardness, surface roughness, and color stability of 3D printed provisional restorations. Two hundred samples in
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This study aimed to evaluate and compare the impact of additives such as ZrO2 and SiO2 nanoparticles (ZrO2NP or SiO2NP) on the hardness, surface roughness, and color stability of 3D printed provisional restorations. Two hundred samples in total were printed using 3D printed resins (ASIGA, and NextDent). Each resin was modified with ZrO2NPs or SiO2NPs in two different concentrations (0.5 wt% and 1 wt%), while one group was kept unmodified (n = 10). Disc-shaped (15 × 2.5 mm) samples were designed and printed in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendation. Printed discs were evaluated for color changes through parameters CIELAB 2000 system (ΔE00), hardness using Vickers hardness test, and surface roughness (Ra) using a noncontact profilometer. After calculating the means and standard deviations, a three-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test were performed at α = 0.05. The addition of ZrO2NPs or SiO2NPs to ASIGA and NextDent resins significantly increased the hardness at a given level of concentration (0.5% or 1%) in comparison with pure (p < 0.001), with no significant difference between the two modified groups per resin type (p > 0.05). The highest hardness value was detected in 1% ZrO2NPs with 29.67 ± 2.3. The addition of ZrO2NPs or SiO2NPs had no effect on the Ra (p > 0.05), with 1% ZrO2NPs showing the highest value 0.36 ± 0.04 µm with NextDent resin. ZrO2NPs induced higher color changes (∆E00), ranging from 4.1 to 5.8, while SiO2NPs showed lower values, ranging from 1.01 to 1.85, and the highest mean ∆E00 was observed in the 1% ZrO2NPs group and NextDent resin. The incorporation of ZrO2NPs and SiO2NPs in 3D printed provisional resins increased the hardness without affecting the surface roughness. The optical parameters were significantly affected by ZrO2NPs and less adversely affected by SiO2NPs. Consequently, care must be taken to choose a concentration that will improve the materials’ mechanical performance without detracting from their esthetic value.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Nanocomposites: From Strategic Design to Applications)
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Boosting Second Harmonic Generation Efficiency and Nonlinear Susceptibility via Metasurfaces Featuring Split-Ring Resonators and Bowtie Nanoantennas
by
Yuan-Fong Chou Chau
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(8), 664; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14080664 - 11 Apr 2024
Abstract
This work investigates a metasurface design to achieve remarkable second harmonic generation (SHG) conversion efficiency and enhance effective nonlinear susceptibility using the finite element method. The elements of the designed structure are composed of a rectangular split-ring resonator Ag film, a bowtie-shaped Ag
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This work investigates a metasurface design to achieve remarkable second harmonic generation (SHG) conversion efficiency and enhance effective nonlinear susceptibility using the finite element method. The elements of the designed structure are composed of a rectangular split-ring resonator Ag film, a bowtie-shaped Ag nanoantenna, and a pair of Bi bars that induce nonlinear optical phenomena due to the nonuniform distribution of the electric and magnetic fields within the device surface. The simulation results agree perfectly with the theory and demonstrate outstanding achievements in terms of SHG conversion efficiency (η) and effective nonlinear susceptibility ( ). Specifically, the metasurface reaches a peak η value of and an effective nonlinear susceptibility of pm/V. This work presents a novel and versatile design to achieve high η and in an SHG metasurface.
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(This article belongs to the Section Nanophotonics Materials and Devices)
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