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  • Articles  (34)
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  • Articles  (34)
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  • 1
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    A Comparative Review of Alternative Fuels for the Maritime Sector: Economic, Technology, and Policy Challenges for Clean Energy Implementation (2021)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2021-10-21
    Description: Global maritime transportation is responsible for around 3% of total anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and significant proportions of SOx, NOx, and PM emissions. Considering the predicted growth in shipping volumes to 2050, greenhouse gas emissions from ships must be cut by 75–85% per ton-mile to meet Paris Agreement goals. This study reviews the potential of a range of alternative fuels for decarbonisation in maritime. A systematic literature review and information synthesis method was applied to evaluate fuel characteristics, production pathways, utilization technologies, energy efficiency, lifecycle environmental performance, economic viability, and current applicable policies. Alternative fuels are essential to decarbonisation in international shipping. However, findings suggest there is no single route to deliver the required greenhouse gas emissions reductions. Emissions reductions vary widely depending on the production pathways of the fuel. Alternative fuels utilising a carbon-intensive production pathway will not provide decarbonisation, instead shifting emissions elsewhere in the supply chain. Ultimately, a system-wide perspective to creating an effective policy framework is required in order to promote the adoption of alternative propulsion technologies.
    Electronic ISSN: 2673-4060
    Topics: General, Interdisciplinary , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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  • 2
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    An Exploratory Analysis of the FAIRTRADE Certified Producer Organisations (2021)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2021-10-09
    Description: The main objective of this research was to provide an exploratory analysis of the Fairtrade producer organisations’ network, focusing mainly on the revenues that certified organisations derive from their participation in Fairtrade. Using descriptive statistics and regression techniques, we analysed the Fairtrade affiliated organisations from the comprehensive dataset on worldwide Fairtrade certified producers. The database comprises 1016 producer organisations and plantations, distributed in 65 developing countries during 2015 including all products and countries. We identified some features of farmer organisations that affect the creation of revenues, and we investigated the fraction of revenues that producer organizations derive from FT compared to their overall revenues. The results highlight the different approaches to FT by the certified organisations and do not reveal any dominance in terms of revenues by any type of producer organisations or by organisations involved in FT for the longest time. This research contributes to deepening the knowledge about Fairtrade operations and provide useful information to the debate on the role of Fairtrade in developing profitable value chains for producer organisations in developing countries.
    Electronic ISSN: 2673-4060
    Topics: General, Interdisciplinary , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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  • 3
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    Have International Sanctions Impacted Iran’s Environment? (2021)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2021-04-21
    Description: Economic sanctions have been actively used against Iran in the last four decades. In response to sanctions, Iran has adopted a range of survivalist policies with notable environmental implications. This study provides the first extensive overview of the unintended environmental impacts of international economic sanctions on Iran. It is argued that while sanctions are certainly not the root cause of Iran’s major environmental problems, they have had an undeniable impact on Iran’s environment by: (1) restricting its access to technology, service, and know-how; (2) blocking international environmental aid; and (3) increasing the natural resource-intensity of its economy. Sanctions have effectively limited Iran’s economic growth and its ability to decouple its economy from natural resources, thereby growing the role of natural resources in Iran’s political economy. Overall, sanctions have made economic production much costlier to its environment, which is not currently considered a priority in the policy agenda of the Iranian leaders who manage the country in survival mode while aggressively pursuing their ideology. The study calls for increased attention to the overlooked environmental impacts of sanctions on Iran with major health, justice, and human rights implications that could be transgenerational and transboundary.
    Electronic ISSN: 2673-4060
    Topics: General, Interdisciplinary , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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  • 4
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    Globalization Impact on Multinational Enterprises (2021)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2021-04-15
    Description: The impact of globalization on multinational enterprises was examined from the years 1980 to 2020. A scoping literature review was conducted for a total of 141 articles. Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed typologies were categorized and conclusions were drawn regarding the influence and performance (i.e., positive or negative effects) of globalization. Developed countries show more saturated markets than developing countries that favor developing country multinational enterprises to rely heavily on foreign sales for revenue growth. Developed country multinationals are likely to use more advanced factors of production to create revenue, whereas developing country multinationals are more likely to use less advanced forms. A number of common trends and issues showed corporate social responsibility, emerging markets, political issues, and economic matters as key to global market production. Recommendations signal a strong need for more research that addresses contributive effects in the different economies, starting with the emerging to the developed. Limitations of data availability and inconsistency posed a challenge for this review, yet the use of operationalization, techniques, and analyses from the business literature enabled this study to be an excellent starting point for additional work in the field.
    Electronic ISSN: 2673-4060
    Topics: General, Interdisciplinary , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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  • 5
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    Global Future: Low-Carbon Economy or High-Carbon Economy? (2021)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2021-04-09
    Description: This study critically examines the decarbonization of development in the context of the Anthropocene at the global level. A literature review is conducted that emphasizes the rationality of human beings to harmonize with the planet due to the low capacity of their human agency in the framework of the Anthropocene. The analysis recognizes that the possibility of transitioning to a decarbonized global economy or zero carbon emissions is not encouraging. Global energy production and CO2 emissions are concentrated in a dozen countries: China, United States, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Canada, Iran, India, Australia, Indonesia, and Brazil. These countries are part of societies with an advanced social metabolism that negatively impacts the production of CO2. In context, the COVID-19 pandemic has provided some level of environmental health for the planet, but the CO2 reduction levels are still insufficient to consider a positive impact towards 2030.
    Electronic ISSN: 2673-4060
    Topics: General, Interdisciplinary , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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  • 6
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    Towards a New Paradigm for Building Science (Building Physics) (2021)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2021-04-09
    Description: This paper presents a building construction approach that is based on forty years of experience and a focus on multi-disciplinary synergies. After 1980, the migration science-based design was accelerated by the “Integrated Design Process (IDP)”. As a result, building science became a significant force in reducing the effects of climate change. The component associated with heating, cooling, and ventilation that is labeled “Environmental Quality Management” (EQM) or EQM-retro for interior applications will be discussed. The critical aspects of EQM-retro are: (1) A two-stage process for new and retro construction that modifies financing patterns. In stage one, the object is to develop the best possible performance within an investment limit. In stage two, the cost is minimized; (2) Building Automatic Control Systems (BACS) are important for control thermal mass contributions of while achieving adaptable indoor climate as well as an integration of the HVAC system with the building structure; (3) This is achieved with use of a monitoring application and performance evaluation (MAPE); (4) Introduction of BACS and MAPE during design process improves the integration of building subsystems and energy optimization. Examples showing increaseased occupant-controlled comfort, energy efficiency and flexibility of energy demand are presented in the paper.
    Electronic ISSN: 2673-4060
    Topics: General, Interdisciplinary , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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  • 7
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    Stratification: An Entropic View of Society’s Structure (2021)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2021-03-30
    Description: In human societies, we observe a wide range of types of stratification, i.e., in terms of financial class, political power, level of education, sanctity, and military force. In financial, political, and social sciences, stratification is one of the most important issues and tools as the Lorenz Curve and the Gini Coefficient have been developed to describe some of its aspects. Stratification is greatly dependent on the access of people to wealth. By “wealth”, we mean the quantified prosperity which increases the life expectancy of people. Prosperity is also connected to the water-food-energy nexus which is necessary for human survival. Analyzing proxies of the water-food-energy nexus, we suggest that the best proxy for prosperity is energy, which is closely related to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita and life expectancy. In order to describe the dynamics of social stratification, we formulate an entropic view of wealth in human societies. An entropic approach to income distribution, approximated as available energy in prehistoric societies, till present-day economies, shows that stratification can be viewed as a stochastic process subjected to the entropy maximization principle and occurring when limits to the wealth of society are set, either by the political and economic system and/or by the limits of available technology.
    Electronic ISSN: 2673-4060
    Topics: General, Interdisciplinary , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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  • 8
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    COVID-19 and ICT-Supported Remote Working: Opportunities for Rural Economies (2021)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2021-03-11
    Description: The COVID-19 pandemic and resulting public health measures necessitated many workplaces to permit workers to work from home. The question is now asked can the temporary transition to enable workers to work from home become more permanent and how will this shape the spatial distribution of employment opportunities and, in turn, workforces. This paper focuses on the potential for ICT-supported working from home arrangements to reshape employment opportunities in rural settings. With limited local employment opportunities being a major driver of rural out-migration, enabling rural residents to access a broader range of employment through ICT may result in a longer term disruption to rural out-migration patterns. Despite the potential of ICT to support remote working, uptake in rural areas has been relatively low. This paper argues that the recent increase in use of ITC-supported working from home arrangements promoted by COVID-19 public health measures may erode of two of the major barriers to participation in remote working—these being negative perceptions by the employer and employer about working from home and limited knowledge within workplaces about how to manage a partly or fully remote workforce. For rural populations it is plausible that the rapid transition to ICT-supported working from home arrangements will open up more diverse employment opportunities. However, it remains that for some rural areas and populations the urban-rural digital divide persists as a barrier to participation in ICT-supported remote working.
    Electronic ISSN: 2673-4060
    Topics: General, Interdisciplinary , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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  • 9
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    Post-Pandemic Recovery: A Case of Domestic Tourism in Akaroa (South Island, New Zealand) (2021)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-04
    Description: The current pandemic (Covid-19) disrupted businesses and challenged societies all over the world. In particular, destinations are being urged to keep the attraction and value of their products and services in post-pandemic tourism recovery programs. Drawing from a qualitative study based on published reports and research, and using participant observation, this research analyses the situation of tourism in Akaroa, South Island of New Zealand, during the coronavirus outbreak and the first stages of the recovery process. Results of the research show that while crisis management led to the closure of the sector due to strict social and travel restrictions, the confinement measures adopted by the government and the progressive reopening of the country has resulted in a shift from “cruise tourism” into a gradual return of “domestic tourism”. This paper argues that local peoples’ perspectives must be kept in mind when developing a tourism recovery strategy. This case study also shows that because of the nature of changing working environment, there is potential to change local demography in the form of an increase in residents putting pressure on local infrastructure. In a rural and marine environment, local stakeholders’ attention is required to focus on “quality” of tourism rather than “quantity”. Nature-based resources and outdoor activities are expected to be the critical ingredients for tourism’s immediate and sustainable future.
    Electronic ISSN: 2673-4060
    Topics: General, Interdisciplinary , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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  • 10
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    Research on Small and Medium-Sized Cities: Framing a New Field of Inquiry (2021)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2021-02-20
    Description: In recent years, research and publication activity in the field of small and medium-sized cities (SMSCs) in an international context has been increasing. However, a survey of extant research remains missing. To bridge this gap, this paper presents a systematic and comprehensive review of the relevant literature revealing how various disciplines, from geography to economics, approach the topic from different perspectives, which can be related to various foci of sustainability. Empirical results show that the development and significance of SMSCs are influenced by spatial location and innovative activity, networking, and the intensity of cooperation with other cities. Additionally, transport infrastructure connections, control through network-related spatial planning approaches, and exceptional positioning of individual architectural buildings can play a decisive role. However, there is no singular understanding of SMSCs, with many different research perspectives distinguishable.
    Electronic ISSN: 2673-4060
    Topics: General, Interdisciplinary , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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