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  • Articles  (1,014)
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  • Articles  (1,014)
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  • 1
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    Drop Impact Dynamics: Impact Force and Stress Distributions (2021)
    Annual Reviews
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-09-23
    Description: Dynamic variables of drop impact such as force, drag, pressure, and stress distributions are key to understanding a wide range of natural and industrial processes. While the study of drop impact kinematics has been in constant progress for decades thanks to high-speed photography and computational fluid dynamics, research on drop impact dynamics has only peaked in the last 10 years. Here, we review how recent coordinated efforts of experiments, simulations, and theories have led to new insights on drop impact dynamics. Particularly, we consider the temporal evolution of the impact force in the early- and late-impact regimes, as well as spatiotemporal features of the pressure and shear-stress distributions on solid surfaces. We also discuss other factors, including the presence of water layers, air cushioning, and nonspherical drop geometry, and briefly review granular impact cratering by liquid drops as an example demonstrating the distinct consequences of the stress distributions of drop impact. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, Volume 54 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
    Print ISSN: 0066-4189
    Electronic ISSN: 1545-4479
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 2
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    Spontaneous Aggregation of Convective Storms (2021)
    Annual Reviews
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-09-23
    Description: Idealized simulations of the tropical atmosphere have predicted that clouds can spontaneously clump together in space, despite perfectly homogeneous settings. This phenomenon has been called self-aggregation, and it results in a state where a moist cloudy region with intense deep convective storms is surrounded by extremely dry subsiding air devoid of deep clouds. We review here the main findings from theoretical work and idealized models of this phenomenon, highlighting the physical processes believed to play a key role in convective self-aggregation. We also review the growing literature on the importance and implications of this phenomenon for the tropical atmosphere, notably, for the hydrological cycle and for precipitation extremes, in our current and in a warming climate. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, Volume 54 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
    Print ISSN: 0066-4189
    Electronic ISSN: 1545-4479
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 3
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    Rotating Horizontal Convection (2021)
    Annual Reviews
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-09-23
    Description: Global differences of temperature and buoyancy flux at the ocean surface are responsible for small-scale convection at high latitudes, global overturning, and the top-to-bottom density difference in the oceans. With planetary rotation the convection also contributes to the large-scale horizontal, geostrophic circulation, and it crucially involves a 3D linkage between the geostrophic circulation and vertical overturning. The governing dynamics of such a surface-forced convective flow are fundamentally different from Rayleigh–Bénard convection, and the role of buoyancy forcing in the oceans is poorly understood. Geostrophic balance adds to the constraints on transport in horizontal convection, as illustrated by experiments, theoretical scaling, and turbulence-resolving simulations for closed (mid-latitude) basins and an annulus or reentrant zonal (circumpolar) channel. In these geometries, buoyancy drives either horizontal mid-latitude gyre recirculations or a strong Antarctic Circumpolar Current, respectively, in addition to overturning. At large Rayleigh numbers the release of available potential energy by convection leads to turbulent mixing with a mixing efficiency approaching unity. Turbulence-resolving models are also revealing the relative roles of wind stress and buoyancy when there is mixed forcing, and in future work they need to include the effects of turbulent mixing due to energy input from tides. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, Volume 54 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
    Print ISSN: 0066-4189
    Electronic ISSN: 1545-4479
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 4
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    Flow and Drop Transport Along Liquid-Infused Surfaces (2021)
    Annual Reviews
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-09-21
    Description: Liquid-infused surfaces (LISs) are composite solid–liquid surfaces with remarkable features such as liquid repellency, self-healing, and the suppression of fouling. This review focuses on the fluid mechanics on LISs, that is, the interaction of surfaces with a flow field and the behavior of drops on such surfaces. LISs can be characterized by an effective slip length that is closely related to their drag reduction property, which makes them suitable for several applications, especially for turbulent flows. Drag reduction, however, is compromised by failure mechanisms such as the drainage of lubricant from surface textures. The flow field can also sculpt the lubricant layer in a coupled self-organization process. For drops, the lubricant reduces drop pinning and increases drop mobility, but also results in a wetting ridge and the associated concept of an apparent contact angle. Design of LIS wettability and topography can induce low-friction drop motion, and drops can dynamically shape the lubricant ridges and film thickness. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, Volume 54 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
    Print ISSN: 0066-4189
    Electronic ISSN: 1545-4479
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 5
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    Experiments in Surface Gravity–Capillary Wave Turbulence (2021)
    Annual Reviews
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-09-17
    Description: The last decade has seen a significant increase in the number of studies devoted to wave turbulence. Many deal with water waves, as modeling of ocean waves has historically motivated the development of weak turbulence theory, which addresses the dynamics of a random ensemble of weakly nonlinear waves in interaction. Recent advances in experiments have shown that this theoretical picture is too idealized to capture experimental observations. While gravity dominates much of the oceanic spectrum, waves observed in the laboratory are in fact gravity–capillary waves, due to the restricted size of wave basins. This richer physics induces many interleaved physical effects far beyond the theoretical framework, notably in the vicinity of the gravity–capillary crossover. These include dissipation, finite–system size effects, and finite nonlinearity effects. Simultaneous space-and-time-resolved techniques, now available, open the way for a much more advanced analysis of these effects. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, Volume 54 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
    Print ISSN: 0066-4189
    Electronic ISSN: 1545-4479
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 6
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    Numerical Methods for Viscoelastic Fluid Flows (2020)
    Annual Reviews
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-03
    Description: Complex fluids exist in nature and are continually engineered for specific applications involving the addition of macromolecules to a solvent, among other means. This imparts viscoelasticity to the fluid, a property responsible for various flow instabilities and major modifications to the fluid dynamics. Recent developments in the numerical methods for the simulation of viscoelastic fluid flows, described by continuum-level differential constitutive equations, are surveyed, with a particular emphasis on the finite-volume method. This method is briefly described, and the main benchmark flows currently used in computational rheology to assess the performance of numerical methods are presented. Outstanding issues in numerical methods and novel and challenging applications of viscoelastic fluids, some of which require further developments in numerical methods, are discussed. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, Volume 53 is January 6, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
    Print ISSN: 0066-4189
    Electronic ISSN: 1545-4479
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 7
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    The Fluid Dynamics of Disease Transmission (2020)
    Annual Reviews
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-06
    Description: For an infectious disease such as the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) to spread, contact needs to be established between an infected host and a susceptible one. In a range of populations and infectious diseases, peer-to-peer contact modes involve complex interactions of a pathogen with a fluid phase, such as isolated complex fluid droplets or a multiphase cloud of droplets. This is true for exhalations including coughs or sneezes in humans and animals, bursting bubbles leading to micron-sized droplets in a range of indoor and outdoor settings, or impacting raindrops and airborne pathogens in foliar diseases transferring pathogens from water to air via splashes. Our mechanistic understanding of how pathogens actually transfer from one host or reservoir to the next remains woefully limited, with the global consequences that we are all experiencing with the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. This review discusses the emergent area of the fluid dynamics of disease transmission. It highlights a new frontier and the rich multiscale fluid physics, from interfacial to multiphase and complex flows, that govern contact between an infected source and a susceptible target in a range of diseases. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, Volume 53 is January 6, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
    Print ISSN: 0066-4189
    Electronic ISSN: 1545-4479
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 8
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    Bluff Bodies and Wake–Wall Interactions (2020)
    Annual Reviews
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-05
    Description: This review surveys the dramatic variations in wake structures and flow transitions, in addition to body forces, that appear as the motion of bluff bodies through a fluid occurs increasingly closer to a solid wall. In particular, we discuss the two cases of bluff bodies translating parallel to solid walls at varying heights and bluff bodies impacting on solid walls. In the former case, we highlight the changes to the wake structures as the flow varies from that of an isolated body to that of a body on or very close to the wall, including the effects when the body is rotating. For the latter case of an impacting body, we review the flow structures following impact and their transition to three-dimensionality. We discuss the issue of whether there is solid–solid contact between the bluff body and a wall and its importance to body motion. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, Volume 53 is January 6, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
    Print ISSN: 0066-4189
    Electronic ISSN: 1545-4479
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Published by Annual Reviews
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  • 9
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    X-Ray Flow Visualization in Multiphase Flows (2020)
    Annual Reviews
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-05
    Description: The use of X-ray flow visualization has brought a powerful new tool to the study of multiphase flows. Penetrating radiation can probe the spatial concentration of the different phases without the refraction, diffraction, or multiple scattering that usually produce image artifacts or reduce the signal-to-noise ratio below reliable values in optical visualization of multiphase flows; hence, X-ray visualization enables research into the three-dimensional (3D) structure of multiphase flows characterized by complex interfaces. With the commoditization of X-ray laboratory sources and wider access to synchrotron beam time for fluid mechanics, this novel imaging technique has shed light onto many multiphase flows of industrial and environmental interest under realistic 3D configurations and at realistic operating conditions (high Reynolds numbers and high volume fractions) that had defied study for decades. We present a broad survey of the most commonly studied multiphase flows (e.g., sprays, fluidized beds, bubble columns) in order to highlight the progress X-ray imaging has made in understanding the internal structure and multiphase coupling of these flows, and we discuss the potential of advanced tomography and time-resolved and particle tracking radiography for further study of multiphase flows. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, Volume 53 is January 6, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
    Print ISSN: 0066-4189
    Electronic ISSN: 1545-4479
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 10
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    In Pursuit of Designing Multicellular Engineered Living Systems: A Fluid Mechanical Perspective (2020)
    Annual Reviews
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-05
    Description: From intracellular protein signaling to embryonic symmetry-breaking, fluid transport ubiquitously drives biological events in living systems. We provide an overview of the fundamental fluid mechanics and transport phenomena across a range of length scales in cellular systems, with emphasis on how cellular functions are influenced by fluid transport. We also highlight how understanding the physical basis of these fluid dynamic phenomena can be implemented to engineer increasingly complex multicellular systems that recapitulate tissue-level functions. Examples discussed include the manipulation of intracellular fluid volume to achieve cell differentiation[Formula: see text]dedifferentiation and the use of microfluidic systems to control the spatial and temporal distribution of morphogens and fluid forces to generate vascularized organoids. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, Volume 53 is January 6, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
    Print ISSN: 0066-4189
    Electronic ISSN: 1545-4479
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Published by Annual Reviews
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