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  • Articles  (451)
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  • Articles  (451)
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  • 1
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    Water quality deterioration of reclaimed water produced by reverse osmosis process in large pilot-scale distribution systems of different pipe materials (2021)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2021-10-25
    Description: This work reports the effects of five pipe materials on reverse osmosis (RO)-reclaimed water quality in a large pilot-scale distribution system. These materials includes cast iron (CI), cast iron with cement-mortar lining (CML), stainless steel (SS), PVC, and PE. Long-term running tests for 96 hours are conducted with water quality parameters monitored online and analyzed offline. The results showed that red water appeared in CI pipe due to iron corrosion. The pH and TDS increased during the long-term test. Alkali–silica reaction in CML pipe led to a high increase of pH from 6.3 to 11.4, and TDS from 51 to 230 mg/L. Water quality deterioration was not observed in SS, PVC, and PE pipes. Residual chlorine decay occurred in all the five material pipes with the decay rate order of CI ≫ CML 〉 SS ≈ PVC ≈ PE. Ion concentration variation was also followed during the tests. Fe and Mn ions were detected in CI pipe and Ca, Si, Al, and S were detected in CML pipe. No detectable ion release was found in SS, PVC, and PE pipes. A kinetic model was postulated for the detected ion release with the mechanisms discussed in-depth.
    Print ISSN: 2220-1319
    Electronic ISSN: 2408-9370
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 2
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    Effects of mixed irrigation using brackish water with different salinities and reclaimed water on a soil-crop system (2021)
    IWA Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-10-14
    Description: To explore the effects of mixed irrigation on soil and crops, a pot experiment was conducted in two salinity levels of brackish water, four levels of mixed brackish-reclaimed water and freshwater irrigation as the control. The soil Na-Cl to Ca-SO4 contents changed, and activities of soil alkaline phosphatase and polyphenol oxidase changed, exhibiting a ‘V’-shaped curve with increasing the proportion of reclaimed water in the mixture. At the same brackish-reclaimed water level, there were no significant differences in alkaline phosphatase and polyphenol oxidase activities except for soil alkaline phosphatase activity decreasing significantly with the increase in salinity under brackish water irrigation. Mixed irrigation obviously improved superoxide dismutase activity but no significant influences on aboveground dry weight, underground biomass or crop physiological indexes (chlorophyll, soluble protein, malondialdehyde, peroxidase, catalase). Based on the integrated biological response index version 2 (IBRv2), the deviation of reclaimed water irrigation was the smallest, followed by 1:1 and 1:2 (3, 5 g/L brackish water salinities, respectively), with IBRv2 values of 7.94, 12.55 and 16.04. Therefore, considering the soil-crop characteristics, limited daily water amount and inadequate pipeline facilities for reclaimed water, the brackish-reclaimed water ratio should be 1:1 and 1:2 at 3, 5 g/L of brackish water, respectively.
    Print ISSN: 2220-1319
    Electronic ISSN: 2408-9370
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 3
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    A techno-economic analysis of membrane-based advanced treatment processes for the reuse of municipal wastewater (2021)
    IWA Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-10-12
    Description: The objective of this paper is to compare, under Dutch market conditions, the energy consumption and net costs of membrane-based advanced treatment processes for three water reuse types (i.e. potable, industrial, agricultural reuse). The water source is municipal wastewater treatment plant effluent. Results indicate that the application of reverse osmosis is needed to reclaim high quality water for industrial and potable reuse but not for irrigation water which offers significant energy savings but may not lead automatically to lower net costs. While a reclamation process for industrial reuse is economically most promising, irrigation water reclamation processes are not cost effective due to low water prices. Moreover, process operational expenditures may exceed capital expenditures which is important for tender procedures. A significant cost factor is waste management that may exceed energy costs. Water recovery rates could be significantly enhanced through the integration of a softener/biostabilizer unit prior to reverse osmosis. Moreover, the energy consumption of wastewater reclamation processes could be supplied on-site with solar energy. The possibility of designing a ‘fit for multi-purpose’ reclamation process is discussed briefly. This comparative analysis allows for better informed decision making about which reuse type is preferably targeted in a municipal wastewater reuse project from a process design perspective.
    Print ISSN: 2220-1319
    Electronic ISSN: 2408-9370
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 4
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    Effects of micro-flocculation pretreatment on the ultrafiltration membrane fouling caused by different dissolved organic matters in treated wastewater (2021)
    IWA Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-09-24
    Description: This study investigated the efficacy of using micro-flocculation as a pretreatment approach in alleviating ultrafiltration (UF) membrane fouling caused by organic matters in treated wastewater. Three typical model dissolved organic matters (DOM), humic acid, fulvic acid, and sodium alginate, were employed to simulate membrane fouling. The results showed that micro-flocculation using poly aluminum chloride (PAC) or polymerized ferric sulfate (PFS) as flocculant could effectively enhance the treatment performance of UF process on DOM. With 6 mg/L PAC, the removal efficiency of humic acid, fulvic acid, and sodium alginate by micro-flocculation combined UF process reached 79.95%, 63.25%, and 51.14%, respectively. Specifically, after micro-flocculation, micromolecular hydrophilic organic matter (e.g., fulvic acid) tended to form a compact cake layer. The macromolecular hydrophobic organic matter (e.g., humic acid) and macromolecular hydrophilic organic matter (e.g., sodium alginate) generally led to a loose cake layer. At PAC dosage of 6 mg/L, the membrane specific flux (J/J0) at the end was improved by 11.71%, 10.27%, and 2.2% for humic acid, sodium alginate and fulvic acid solutions, respectively, compared with UF process alone. It could be inferred that micro-flocculation pretreatment can effectively mitigate the membrane fouling when treating wastewater containing humic acid, sodium alginate, or fulvic acid.
    Print ISSN: 2220-1319
    Electronic ISSN: 2408-9370
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 5
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    Removing free-floating oil from water using cationic polymers/surfactant-modified silica (2021)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2021-09-13
    Description: The purpose of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of oil sorption of silica particles modified by three different types of cationic polymers and a cationic surfactant. Low-molecular-weight polyethyleneimine (LPEI), high-molecular-weight polyethyleneimine (HPEI), polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (PDM), and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) were used to modify the silica particles and then compared their performances for oil removal. The scanning electron microscope and zeta potential measurements were used to analyze the surface characteristics of unmodified and modified silica particles. Adsorptions of motor oil and palm oil on the modified silica particles have been investigated under various parameters such as the silica particle size, the oil concentration, the polymer/surfactant concentrations, and the pH. The results have shown that the modified silica particles enhanced the oil sorption ability by approximately 10–20 times depending on the size of silica particles, pH, and the type of polymer/surfactant used when compared with the unmodified silica particles. The highest palm oil adsorption values of LPEI-silica, HPEI-silica, PDM-silica, CTAB-silica, and unmodified silica were 2.40, 2.10, 1.95, 1.50, and 0.15 g/gsilica, respectively. Moreover, the oil sorption of the modified silica particles was increased by approximately 30–50% for the smallest-sized silica particles.
    Print ISSN: 2220-1319
    Electronic ISSN: 2408-9370
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 6
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    Use of reclaimed water for unreinforced concrete block production for the self-construction of houses (2021)
    IWA Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-08-30
    Description: Experiments were conducted to evaluate the possibilities of using treated wastewater for the production of unreinforced concrete blocks. Compressive strength, water absorption and morphology tests of concrete blocks, produced from different makeups of mixing water, drinking water, drinking water spiked with ammonium and phosphate, and the effluent of the city's wastewater treatment plant, were evaluated. Results showed that the compressive strength of blocks manufactured using treated wastewater was as high as of the blocks produced using drinking water. Ammonium, phosphate and chlorine were found not to have a negative effect on the strength of the blocks. Water absorption tests confirmed the results of the compressive strength, as lower humidity was found in cases of higher strength. In the process of cement hydration, crystals of calcium silicate and calcium hydroxide were observed by morphology tests. From the variability in the results, it could be concluded that the quality of the mixing water was not the only factor that influenced the strength of the unreinforced concrete blocks. The observed differences in strength could, for example, also be attributed to the manufacturing process.
    Print ISSN: 2220-1319
    Electronic ISSN: 2408-9370
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 7
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    Photoelectrocatalytic generation of miscellaneous oxygen-based radicals towards cooperative degradation of multiple organic pollutants in water (2021)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2021-08-25
    Description: In the present photoelectrochemical (PEC) system utilizing MoS2 nanoflakes as a wide spectrum absorptive photoanode, simultaneous PEC degradation of different organic pollutants was achieved by employing in situ generated oxysulfur radicals, superoxide and hydroxyl radicals as strong oxidants. In order to better understand the cooperative PEC degradation of representative organic pollutants including rhodamine B dye (RhB), chlorpyrifos (CPF) and ciprofloxacin (CIP), the influences by bias potential, solution pH, radical scavenger, dissolved oxygen concentration and electrolyte concentration have been investigated. The selective PEC degradation efficiency follows the order of CPF 〉 RhB 〉 CIP in mixed substrates condition. In addition, the degradation rate for the single substrate degradation was about two times higher compared to that in mixed substrates degradation. The experimental results verified that reactive oxidation species (ROS) including oxysulfur radicals, superoxide and hydroxyl radicals can be efficiently produced on both anode and cathode under visible light irradiation, and they work together for simultaneous degradation of different pollutants, but the contribution of each ROS for pollutant degradation is substrate dependent. These results indicate that cooperative oxidation of multiple pollutants by miscellaneous oxygen-based radicals should be further considered as a promising advanced oxidation technique.
    Print ISSN: 2220-1319
    Electronic ISSN: 2408-9370
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 8
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    Modeling granule-based completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over the nitrite (CANON) process in an SBR (2021)
    IWA Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-08-24
    Description: Based on the simplified activated sludge model No. 1 (ASM1), a 1D biofilm model containing autotrophic and heterotrophic microorganisms was developed to describe the microbial population dynamics and reactor dynamics of completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over the nitrite in sequencing batch reactor (CANON SBR). After sensitivity analysis and calibration for parameters, the simulation results of NH4+-N concentration and NO2−-N concentration were consistent with the measured results, while the simulated NO3−-N concentration was slightly lower than the measured. The simulation results showed that the soluble microbial products had an extremely low concentration. The aerobic ammonia oxidation bacteria and anaerobic ammonia oxidation bacteria were the dominant microbial populations of the CANON system, while nitrite oxidization bacteria and heterotrophic bacteria were eliminated completely. The optimal ratio of air aeration load to influent NH4+-N load was about 0.18 L air/mgN. The operating condition of the reactor was optimized according to the simulation results, and the total nitrogen removal rate and the total nitrogen removal efficiency increased from 0.312 ± 0.015 to 0.485 ± 0.013 kg N/m3/d and from 71.2 ± 4.3 to 85.7 ± 1.4%, respectively.
    Print ISSN: 2220-1319
    Electronic ISSN: 2408-9370
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 9
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    Heavy metals’ removal from aqueous environments using silica sulfuric acid (2021)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2021-04-21
    Description: There is a growing environmental and health concern associated with contamination by heavy metals. It has also been intensified due to an increase of the exposure to such pollutants as a result of industrial and technological growth. Therefore, it is necessary to remove heavy metals in contaminated water to eliminate the associated risks. This study focused on the removal of heavy metal ions using silica sulfuric acid (SSA). A comprehensive study was conducted to assess the effect of different factors on the adsorption by SSA as well as selectivity properties of the adsorbent, kinetic and thermodynamic studies of the adsorption process. A batch test was used to remove heavy metals from a multi-element solution containing Ni(II), Pb(II), Mn(II), Cu(II), and Cd(II). The results showed that removal rate reached its peak at pH, string time, and adsorbent amount equal to 8, 60 min, and 0.04 g/mL of solution, respectively. The removal efficiency of Ni2+, Cd2+, Mn2+ dropped by increasing the volume of solution and smoothed at 150 mL while the removal of Pb2+ and Cu2+ did not vary with the volume. The removal efficiency by SSA was decreased as Pb 〉 〉Mn 〉 〉Ni ≥ Cu 〉 Cd. In general, SSA successfully removed heavy metals from contaminated water.
    Print ISSN: 2220-1319
    Electronic ISSN: 2408-9370
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 10
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    Revealing the membrane fouling mechanism caused by the denitrification filter effluent during ozonation by model assessment (2021)
    IWA Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-04-09
    Description: Membrane fouling has been a major obstacle for stable operation of ultrafiltration. In this study, prevailing fouling models were applied to assess the fouling behavior of the denitrification filter (DNF) effluent during ozonation. In order to clarify the fouling mechanism, correlation analysis and redundancy analysis (RDA) were conducted to investigate the correlations among model parameters, fouling potential and water features of the DNF effluent. The combined intermediate-standard model exhibited superior determination coefficients (R2 〉 0.99). Based on analytical results, the model parameter of intermediate blocking (Ki) and standard blocking (Ks) was fairly applicable to describe the fouling of higher molecular weight (F1, MW 〉4,000 Da) and lower molecular weight fractions (F2, MW = 2,000–4,000 Da and F3, MW 〈 2,000 Da), respectively. In comparison, F1 played a predominant role in the fouling behavior of the DNF effluent. Increased ozone dosage resulted in decreased membrane fouling contribution of F1 and increased fouling contribution of F2 and F3 during ozonation. The change of fouling contributions was attributed to the transformation of high MW fractions into lower MW fractions by ozonation. This study clarified the relationships between model parameters and the membrane fouling process caused by organic fractions with specific molecular weight, thus demonstrating the membrane fouling mechanism of the DNF effluent during ozonation.
    Print ISSN: 2220-1319
    Electronic ISSN: 2408-9370
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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