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  • Articles  (20)
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  • Articles  (20)
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  • 1
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    Repowering Feasibility Study of a Current Hybrid Renewable System. Case Study, Galapagos Islands (2021)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2021-10-28
    Description: Renewable sources on islands seem to be the most attractive option to decarbonize and lower the price of electricity; currently, most islands do so by replacing their diesel generators with wind or solar sources, along with energy storage. The Galapagos Islands are no exception. This study presents a techno-economic analysis of hybrid renewable systems in the Galapagos Islands, considering the repowering of its renewable sources and reduction in the penetration of diesel generators. This study uses EnergyPlan software, where the best option is chosen based on technical, economic, and environmental indicators. Finally, several sensitivity analyses are done. The results show that by increasing the capacity of current wind and photovoltaic systems, the total annual cost reduces by 20% and 10.31%, respectively; this is a specific result of this study. Moreover, there is a reduction in CO2 emissions produced by diesel generators, up to 38.96%.
    Electronic ISSN: 2673-4826
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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  • 2
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    Participative Renewable Energy Community—How Blockchain-Based Governance Enables a German Interpretation of RED II (2021)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2021-10-27
    Description: Distributed solar photovoltaic generation is less expensive than the retail price of electricity from the grid in most parts of Europe. Growing shares of variable generation place a focus on Renewable Energy Communities (REC) to increase the economic benefits of local energy systems. Civil society could play an influential and necessary role in the development of such communities, the expansion of renewable energy capacity and the provision of flexibility. However, current RECs models still confine tenants to their role as non-participating consumers. This article provides a concept to enable participative RECs within the German regulatory framework through collective self-consumption by including consumers for a fair allocation of renewable electricity using the blockchain technology.
    Electronic ISSN: 2673-4826
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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  • 3
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    Minimizing the Cost of PHEV Usage with Price Sensitive Charging Strategies (2021)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2021-10-25
    Description: Electric cars sales have been rising almost steadily over the past decade. Uncontrolled charging has recently emerged as the main detrimental factor to this otherwise environmentally friendly and paradigm shifting technology due to the incurred impact on the energy grid. In addition, people are usually hesitant in allowing their vehicles to be controlled by external units; therefore, controlled charging strategies that offer users the option to have some control over their vehicles seems to be a sensible choice moving towards a gasoline-free vehicles market. This work investigated two price-sensitive charging strategies that allowed users to control the charging of their vehicle in order to receive cost benefits. These strategies were of a parametric nature; thus, the analysis focused on providing useful rules of thumb to guide users in choosing the most suitable strategy and the relevant parameters according to their driving profiles. The results show that when driving less than 40 km/h on average and employing a price-sensitive charging strategy with the proposed optimized parameters, electric car users may obtain 30–40% of the running cost reduction.
    Electronic ISSN: 2673-4826
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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  • 4
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    Adapted Stochastic PV Hosting Capacity Approach for Electric Vehicle Charging Considering Undervoltage (2021)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2021-09-17
    Description: This paper presents a stochastic approach to single-phase and three-phase EV charge hosting capacity for distribution networks. The method includes the two types of uncertainties, aleatory and epistemic, and is developed from an equivalent method that was applied to solar PV hosting capacity estimation. The method is applied to two existing low-voltage networks in Northern Sweden, with six and 83 customers. The lowest background voltage and highest consumption per customer are obtained from measurements. It is shown that both have a big impact on the hosting capacity. The hosting capacity also depends strongly on the charging size, within the range of charging size expected in the near future. The large range in hosting capacity found from this study—between 0% and 100% of customers can simultaneously charge their EV car—means that such hosting capacity studies are needed for each individual distribution network. The highest hosting capacity for the illustrative distribution networks was obtained for the 3.7 kW single-phase and 11 kW three-phase EV charging power.
    Electronic ISSN: 2673-4826
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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  • 5
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    Thermoelectric Power Generators: State-of-the-Art, Heat Recovery Method, and Challenges (2021)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-09-16
    Description: Electricity plays a significant role in daily life and is the main component of countless applications. Thus, ongoing research is necessary to improve the existing approaches, or find new approaches, to enhancing power generation. The thermoelectric generator (TEG) is among the notable and widespread technologies used to produce electricity, and converts waste energy into electrical energy using the Seebeck effect. Due to the Seebeck effect, temperature change can be turned into electrical energy; hence, a TEG can be applied whenever there is a temperature difference. The present paper presents the theoretical background of the TEG, in addition to a comprehensive review of the TEG and its implementation in various fields. This paper also sheds light on the new technologies of the TEG and their related challenges. Notably, it was found that the TEG is efficient in hybrid heat recovery systems, such as the phase change material (PCM), heat pipe (HP), and proton exchange membrane (PEM), and the efficiency of the TEG has increased due to a set of improvements in the TEG’s materials. Moreover, results show that the TEG technology has been frequently applied in recent years, and all of the investigated papers agree that the TEG is a promising technology in power generation and heat recovery systems.
    Electronic ISSN: 2673-4826
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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  • 6
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    Procedure for Verifying Population Exposure Limits to the Magnetic Field from Double-Circuit Overhead Power Lines (2021)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-09-12
    Description: The verification of the limits of the population’s exposure to the magnetic field generated by double-circuit power lines from field measurements carried out on site is not trivial. It requires knowledge of the power line current instant values during the measurement period, the determination of the relationship between current and field at the measurement points (made more complex by the double-circuit overhead line configuration) and the use of that relationship to extrapolate the field values. Nevertheless, the verification of exposure limits for double-circuit power lines from on-site measurements is often conducted with rough, or not particularly stringent, procedures. A practical and straightforward procedure of general validity for non-optimized double-circuit lines is proposed here. No specific measurement position or conductors disposition knowledge is required as well as no complex three-dimensional finite element method code is necessary. The procedure, potentially also applicable to high- and extra-high-voltage lines, is validated on a medium-voltage (15 kV) double-circuit overhead power line study case. Exposure limits assessment suggests that if the line is operated at its rated capacity (230/285 A), the 3 μT quality target is missed. Results are provided with a 95% confidence interval ranging from ±100 nT to ±140 nT in all the cases.
    Electronic ISSN: 2673-4826
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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  • 7
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    Phasor Measurement Unit Assisted Inverter—A Novel Approach for DC Microgrids Performance Enhancement (2021)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-08-24
    Description: DC microgrids are set to change the landscape of future energy markets. However, a wide-scale deployment faces three major issues: initial synchronization of microgrid with the utility grid, slip management during its operation, and mitigation of distortions produced by the inverter. This paper proposes a Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) Assisted Inverter (PAI) that addresses these three issues in a single solution. The proposed PAI continually receives real-time data from a Phasor Measurement Unit installed in the distribution system of a utility company and keeps constructing a real-time reference signal for the inverter. A well-constructed, real-time reference signal plays a vital role in addressing the above issues. The results show that the proposed PAI is 97.95% efficient.
    Electronic ISSN: 2673-4826
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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  • 8
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    A Methodology to Analyze and Evaluate the Uncertainty Propagation due to Temperature and Frequency and Design Optimization for EMC Testing Instrumentation (2021)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-08-12
    Description: This paper presents a study and proposes a new methodology to analyze, evaluate and reduce the overall uncertainty of instrumentations for EMC measurements. For the scope of this work, the front end of a commercial EMI receiver is chosen and variations due to tolerances, temperature and frequency response of the system are evaluated. This paper illustrates in detail how to treat each block composing the model by analyzing each discrete component, and how to evaluate their influence on the measurand. Since a model can have hundreds or even thousands of parameters, the probability distribution functions (PDFs) of some variable might be unknown. So, a method that allows to obtain in a fast and easy way the uncertainty of the measurement despite having so many variables, to then being able to evaluate the influence of each component on the measurand, is necessary for a correct design. In this way, it will be possible to indicate which discrete components have the most influence on the measurand and thus set the maximum tolerances allowed and being able to design a cost-effective solution. Furthermore, this works presents a methodology which can easily be extended and applied to estimate and compute the uncertainty for electromagnetic interferences, energy storage systems (ESS), energy production, electric machines, electric transports and power plants in general.
    Electronic ISSN: 2673-4826
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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  • 9
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    Impact of the Generation System Parameters on the Frequency Response of the Power System: A UK Grid Case Study (2021)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-04-20
    Description: The operation and the development of power system networks introduce new types of stability problems. The effect of the power generation and consumption on the frequency of the power system can be described as a demand/generation imbalance resulting from a sudden increase/decrease in the demand and/or generation. This paper investigates the impact of a loss of generation on the transient behaviour of the power grid frequency. A simplified power system model is proposed to examine the impact of change of the main generation system parameters (system inertia, governor droop setting, load damping constant, and the high-pressure steam turbine power fraction), on the primary frequency response in responding to the disturbance of a 1.32 GW generation loss on the UK power grid. Various rates of primary frequency responses are simulated via adjusting system parameters of the synchronous generators to enable the controlled generators providing a fast-reliable primary frequency response within 10 s after a loss of generation. It is concluded that a generation system inertia and a governor droop setting are the most dominant parameters that effect the system frequency response after a loss of generation. Therefore, for different levels of generation loss, the recovery rate will be dependent on the changes of the governor droop setting values. The proposed model offers a fundamental basis for a further investigation to be carried on how a power system will react during a secondary frequency response.
    Electronic ISSN: 2673-4826
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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  • 10
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    Simulation Model to Analyze the Consequences of DC Faults in MMC-Based HVDC Stations (2021)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-04-12
    Description: The global development of high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) systems in fields such as renewable energy sources, interconnection of asynchronous grids or power transmission over great distances, is unquestionably important. Though widely used, the modular multilevel converter with half-bridge cells is sensitive to DC pole-to-pole faults and the time-response of the protections is critical. Reliability and availability are paramount: circuit-breakers must minimize the effects of any fault on the converter, while ensuring rapid restart. This paper focuses on the modelling aspects to analyse the behaviour of HVDC stations during DC pole-to-pole faults, using either AC or DC circuit-breakers, with different parameters. The proposed model can represent the main issues met by the converter cells during DC faults, such as semiconductor overcurrents and overvoltages, allowing a proper design of the cells.
    Electronic ISSN: 2673-4826
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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