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  • 1
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    Paths to Sustainable Energy (2010)
    Rijeka : InTech
    Details
    Keywords: energy ; sustainable energy
    Description / Table of Contents: The world's reliance on existing sources of energy and their associated detrimental impacts on the environment- whether related to poor air or water quality or scarcity, impacts on sensitive ecosystems and forests and land use - have been well documented and articulated over the last three decades. What is needed by the world is a set of credible energy solutions that would lead us to a balance between economic growth and a sustainable environment. This book provides an open platform to establish and share knowledge developed by scholars, scientists and engineers from all over the world about various viable paths to a future of sustainable energy. It has collected a number of intellectually stimulating articles that address issues ranging from public policy formulation to technological innovations for enhancing the development of sustainable energy systems. It will appeal to stakeholders seeking guidance to pursue the paths to sustainable energy.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (676 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9789533074016
    URL: http://www.intechopen.com/books/paths-to-sustainable-energy
    Language: English
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    E-BOOK
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Canada Wide Standard for Particulate Matter and Ozone: Cost-Benefit Analysis Using a Life Quality Index (2003)
    350 Main Street , Malden , MA 02148 , USA , and 9600 Garsington Road , Oxford OX4 2DQ , UK . : Blackwell Publishing, Inc.
    Risk analysis 23 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The adverse impacts of particulate air pollution and ground-level ozone on public health and the environment have motivated the development of Canada Wide Standards (CWS) on air quality. In cost-benefit analysis of air-quality options, valuation of reduction in mortality is a critical step as it accounts for almost 80% of the total benefits and any bias in its evaluation can significantly skew the outcome of the analysis. The overestimation of benefits is a source of concern since it has the potential of diverting valuable resources from other needs to support broader health care objectives, education, and social services that contribute to enhanced quality of life. We have developed a framework of reasoning for the assessment of risk-reduction initiatives that would support the public interest and enhance safety and quality of life. This article presents the Life Quality Index (LQI) as a tool to quantify the level of expenditure beyond which it is no longer justifiable to spend resources in the name of safety. It is shown that the LQI is a compound social indicator comprising societal wealth and longevity, and it is also equivalent to a utility function consistent with the basic principles of welfare economics and decision analysis. The LQI approach overcomes several shortcomings of the method used by the CWS Development Committee and provides guidance on the compliance costs that can be justified to meet the Standards.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1539-6924.00289
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Three Principles for Managing Risk in the Public Interest (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Risk analysis 15 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: We propose three principles and a general framework of reasoning for managing risk in the public interest.Principle 1.Risks shall be managed to maximize the total expected net benefit to society— The principle that the net benefit is to be maximized across society as a whole is argued to be a sufficient and rational guide to assessing the effectiveness of efforts directed at reducing risk and thus improving health and safety. The net benefit of an activity is the excess of the totality of benefits over the totality of detriments.Principle 2.The safety benefit to be promoted is life-expectancy— The goal is to ensure that risk mitigation efforts maximize the net benefit to society in the specific terms of length of life for all individuals. The effect of an activity on life expectancy is proposed as the proper basic measure of its net safety impact. Life expectancy is a universal measure valid for comparisons both within and among countries and can be adjusted to include health expectancy and other factors such as income levels that affect the quality of life. The impact on life expectancy allows a dispassionate accounting of the good and the bad inherent in any proposal or activity that is in the public interest but has some impact on life and health. Principle 3.Decisions for the public in regard to health and safety must be open and apply across the complete range of hazards to life and health— Systematic efforts to evaluate all the important consequences, both direct and indirect, are required to improve the basis for risk management in society. Balancing of the detriments and the benefits of any given initiative is the key aspect of the undertaking. Safety may well be an important objective in society, but it is not the only one. Thus, allocation of society's resources devoted to safety must be openly and continually appraised in light of other competing social needs because there is a limit on the resources that can be expended to save lives. Maximization of healthful life for all is judged the proper basis for managing risk in the public interest, and that this is achieved when the net of the contribution to the total saving of life exceeds the loss of life.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1995.tb01333.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rate controlling processes in the release of radium-226 from uranium mill tailings (1979)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 11 (1979), S. 309-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A kinetic study to examine the leaching mechanisms and the rate controlling steps in the release of Ra from loose granular U mill tailings was undertaken. A batch procedure was chosen in which the kinetics of desorption of 226Ra from tailings were determined by observing the increase in radioactivity in the solution with time. Intra-particle diffusion was found to be the rate controlling step for desorption periods 〉 84 h; for leaching periods less than this, the desorption rate was described by a semi-logarithmic relationship involving either film diffusion or a chemical exchange mechanism as the rate controlling step. It is postulated that the intraparticle diffusion constant, B, correlates and defines the internal structure and hence the binding properties of 226Ra within the tailings aggregate. Values of the intraparticle diffusion coefficient, D p , have been calculated and the effect of pH on D p was studied. It was found that the diffusion coefficient at a specific pH does not significantly differ from ‘fresh’ or ‘weathered’ samples. However, a minimum value of D p was obtained at a pH of about 7.6. Values of D p were found to range from 2.5 × 10−13 to 20.O × 10-13 cm2 h−1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00296588
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Leachability of ra-226 from uranium mill tailings consolidated with naturally occurring materials and/or cement (1980)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 14 (1980), S. 389-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The leaching of Ra-226 from U mill tailings consolidated with cement and cement plus clay and/or peat may be described by a plane source diffusion model or a simultaneous first order reaction and diffusion model. A useful quantitative measure of the effectiveness of the consolidation process is the magnitude of the effective diffusion coefficient relative to that of the unconsolidated tailings material. The lowest effective diffusion coefficient upon consolidation was for consolidation with cement and peat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00291851
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rate controlling processes in the release, of radium-226 from uranium mill tailings (1979)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 11 (1979), S. 301-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Uranium mill tailings (a pyritic quartz conglomerate ore) obtained from a Canadian operation were leached according to a modification of the method recommended by I.A.E.A. for the leaching of radioactive ions from solidified wastes. A static leach test procedure was chosen to provide information to permit an assessment of hazard due to release of Ra-226 to the environment. Narrow range size fractions (53 to 75 μm) of both fresh material obtained directly from a tailings line and material weathered for approximately 10 to 15 yr in a tailings basin were leached for up to 70 days. Distilled water and an acidic synthetic effluent (pH 2.5) were chosen as leachants. Two sequential desorption processes were observed, one before and the other after a leaching period of approximately 10 to 15 days. In the later and more significant stage of desorption, the leaching behaviour could be described in terms of a diffusion mechanism. Significantly greater quantities of 226Ra were leached over relatively short leaching periods by the acidic effluent; thus the quality of the effluent and percolating water in a tailings disposal area would markedly affect the leachability of Ra from tailings. It was also found that the quantities of 226Ra leached were significantly influenced by the solid: liquid ratio at low leaching volumes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00296587
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Leachability of Ra-226 from uranium mill tailings consolidated with naturally occurring materials and/or cement (1980)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 14 (1980), S. 379-387 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Reduction of the fraction of Ra-226 leached from U mill tailings by one or two orders of magnitude was found possible by solidifying the mill tailings with cement and cement plus peat or clay. For the period of the leaching experiments (approximately 100 days) the leaching behavior of the solidified mill tailings could be described by an empirical equation of the form Q = αt α, where Q = fraction of activity leached, normalized with respect to the surface: volume ratio of the tailings, t = time, and α and α are constants. The most effective consolidation mixture investigated was a 70:30 tailings to consolidating mixture comprised of cement, peat and clay in the ratio of 50:30:20.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00291850
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rates of leaching of radium from contaminated soils: An experimental investigation of radium bearing soils from Port Hope, Ontario (1978)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 9 (1978), S. 453-465 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The leachability of Ra-226 from soil at Port Hope, Ontario contaminated by waste from a long established U refinery is described here. A small-scale static leach test was devised to provide information to permit an assessment of hazard due to leaching in the environment. Two different leaching solutions were prepared to simulate a range of infiltrating water quality in disposal environments: one by bubbling Cot into distilled water to pH 5.5, and another by bubbling SO2 into water to pH 3.5. Narrow-range size fractions of the soils (i.e. 0.250 to 0.105 mm) were leached for 30 to 45 days (equivalent rainfall of 2 to 3 yr). It was found that leaching is significantly affected by soil texture, total amounts leached and the maximum concentrations reached being much greater for coarser and intermediate size fractions than for fine soil fractions. Also, leachant acidity significantly increased leaching rates and resulted in enhanced mobility in soils. A straight line for the plot of Q/Q 0 (cumulative fraction released) vs. $$T^{{\raise0.5ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle 1$}\kern-0.1em/\kern-0.15em\lower0.25ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle 2$}}} $$ (T is leaching time in days) indicated that leaching could be considered to be a diffusion phenomenon in accordance with Fick's law. Diffusion coefficients ranging from 5 × 10−11 to 2 × 10−13 cm2 day−1 were found. These coefficients provide a basis for estimating the fraction that would be leached over longer periods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213541
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  • 9
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    Sustainable energy policy for Asia: Mitigating systemic hurdles in a highly dense city☆ (2010)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-04-01
    Print ISSN: 1364-0321
    Electronic ISSN: 1879-0690
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 10
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    Sustainability performance disclosures: The case of independent power producers (2012)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-05-01
    Print ISSN: 1364-0321
    Electronic ISSN: 1879-0690
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Elsevier
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