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Fractured Reservoirs (2007)

Geological Society (London, U.K.) ; Lonergan, Lidia ; Jolly, Richard J. H. ; [et al.]

London : The Geological Society

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Description / Table of Contents: Fractured reservoirs contain a significant proportion of the global hydrocarbon reserves; however, they commonly exhibit unpredictable and extreme production behaviour. To develop such reservoirs it is necessary to obtain the best understanding possible of the fracture network and its impact on the fluid flow within the reservoir, using the full range of geoscience and engineering datasets available at all scales. This book presents an overview of current techniques and the latest technologies used to understand and exploit fractured reservoirs. The contributions are organized into sections on outcrop analogues, the application of geophysical techniques for fracture detection and imaging, numerical and analogue modelling and case studies from fields in the Middle East, Europe and North America. A number of the case studies also consider ways of assessing uncertainties in fracture geometry description and the implications for effective reservoir management.

Pages: Online-Ressource (VI, 285 Seiten)

ISBN: 9781862392137

URL: http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/vol270/issue1/

Language: English

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Variscan Tectonics of the North Atlantic Region (1984)

Geological Society (London, U.K.) ; Hutton, D. H. W. ; Sanderson, David J.

Oxford, London, Edinburgh, Boston, Melbourne, Palo Alto : Blackwell Scientific Publications

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Keywords: Variszische Faltungsära ; Atlantischer Raum Nord ; Historische Geologie

Description / Table of Contents: Mainland Europe --- K. Weber: Variscan events: early Palaeozoic continental rift metamorphism and late Palaeozoic crustal shortening / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:3-22, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.02 --- R. Meissner, M. Springer, and E. Flüh: Tectonics of the Variscides in North-Western Germany based on seismic reflection measurements / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:23-32, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.03 --- Wolfgang Franke: Late events in the tectonic history of the Saxothuringian zone / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:33-45, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.04 --- J. P. Burg, Ph. Matte, A. Leyreloup, and J. Marchand: Inverted metamorphic zonation and large-scale thrusting in the Variscan Belt: an example in the French Massif Central / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:47-61, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.05 --- Jean-Michel Quenardel and Patrick Rolin: Palaeozoic evolution of the Plateau d’Aigurande (NW Massif Central, France) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:63-70, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.06 --- S. C. Matthews: Northern margins of the Variscides in the North Atlantic region: comments on the tectonic context of the problem / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:71-85, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.07 --- Britain --- M. P. Coward and S. Smallwood: An interpretation of the Variscan tectonics of SW Britain / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:89-102, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.08 --- B. E. Leveridge, M. T. Holder, and G. A. Day: Thrust nappe tectonics in the Devonian of south Cornwall and the western English Channel / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:103-112, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.09 --- T. J. Chapman, R. L. Fry, and P. T. Heavey: A structural cross-section through SW Devon / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:113-118, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.10 --- J. W. F. Edwards: Interpretations of seismic and gravity surveys over the eastern part of the Cornubian platform / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:119-124, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.11 --- Robert M. Shackleton: Thin-skinned tectonics, basement control and the Variscan front / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:125-129, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.12 --- Russell S. Arthurton: The Ribblesdale fold belt, NW England—a Dinantian-early Namurian dextral shear zone / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:131-138, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.13 --- M. F. Critchley: Variscan tectonics of the Alston block, northern England / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:139-146, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.14 --- Ireland --- David J. Sanderson: Structural variation across the northern margin of the Variscides in NW Europe / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:149-165, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.15 --- M. A. Cooper, D. Collins, M. Ford, F. X. Murphy, and P. M. Trayner: Structural style, shortening estimates and the thrust front of the Irish Variscides / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:167-175, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.16 --- M. D. Max and J. P. Lefort: Does the Variscan front in Ireland follow a dextral shear zone? / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:177-183, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.17 --- D. W. Coller: Variscan structures in the Upper Palaeozoic rocks of west central Ireland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:185-194, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.18 --- North America --- N. Rast: The Alleghenian orogeny in eastern North America / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:197-217, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.19 --- Jean-Pierre Lefort and Richard T. Haworth: Geophysical evidence for the extension of the Variscan front on to the Canadian continental margin: geodynamic and palaeogeographic consequences / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:219-231, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.20 --- Sharon Mosher and Nicholas Rast: The deformation and metamorphism of Carboniferous rocks in Maritime Canada and New England / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:233-243, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.21 --- R. P. Wintsch and J.-P. Lefort: A clockwise rotation of Variscan strain orientation in SE New England and regional implications / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:245-251, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.22 --- J. A. Brewer: Clues to the deep structure of the European Variscides from crustal seismic profiling in North America / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:253-263, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.23

Pages: Online-Ressource (IX, 270 Seiten) , Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten

ISBN: 063201203X

URL: http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/14/1

Language: English

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Thrust geometries in unconsolidated Quaternary sediments and evolution of the Eupchon Fault, southeast Korea (2004)

Kim, Young-Seog ; Park, Joon Young ; Kim, Jeong Hwan ; [et al.]

Melbourne, Australia : Blackwell Science Pty

The @island arc 13 (2004), S. 0

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ISSN: 1440-1738

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Geosciences

Notes: Abstract The Korean peninsula is widely regarded as being located at the relatively stable eastern margin of the Asian continent. However, more than 10 Quaternary faults have recently been discovered in and reported from the southeastern part of the Korean Peninsula. One of these, the Eupchon Fault, was discovered during the construction of a primary school, and it is located close to a nuclear power plant. To understand the nature and characteristics of the Quaternary Eupchon Fault, we carried out two trench surveys near the discovery site. The fault system includes one main reverse fault (N20°E/40°SE) with approximately 4 m displacement, and a series of branch faults, cutting unconsolidated Quaternary sediments. Structures in the fault system include synthetic and antithetic faults, hanging-wall anticlines, drag folds, back thrusts, pop-up structures, flat-ramp geometries and duplexes, which are very similar to those seen in thrust systems in consolidated rocks. In the upper part of the fault system, several tip damage zones are observed, indicating that the fault system propagates upward and terminates in the upper part of the section. Pebbles along the main fault plane show a preferred orientation of long axes, indicating the fault trace. The unconformity surface between the Quaternary deposits and the underlying Tertiary andesites or Cretaceous sedimentary rocks is displaced by this fault with a reverse movement sense. The stratigraphic relationship shows normal slip sense at the lower part of the section, indicating that the fault had a normal slip movement and was reversely reactivated during the Quaternary. The inferred length of the Quaternary thrust fault, based on the relationship between fault length and displacement, is 200–2000 m. The current maximum horizontal compressive stress direction in this area is generally east-northeast–west-southwest, which would be expected to produce oblique slip on the Eupchon Fault, with reverse and right-lateral strike-slip components.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1738.2004.00435.x

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Kim, Young-Seog ; Sanderson, David J.

Melbourne, Australia : Blackwell Science Pty

The @island arc 13 (2004), S. 0

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ISSN: 1440-1738

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Geosciences

Notes: Abstract Several differently scaled strike-slip faults were examined. The faults shared many geometric features, such as secondary fractures and linkage structures (damage zones). Differences in fault style were not related to specific scale ranges. However, it was recognized that differences in style may occur in different tectonic settings (e.g. dilational/contractional relays or wall/linkage/tip zones), different locations along the master fault or different fault evolution stages. Fractal dimensions were compared for two faults (Gozo and San Andreas), which supports the idea of self-similarity. Fractal dimensions for traces of faults and fractures of damage zones were higher (D ∼1.35) than for the main fault traces (D ∼1.005) because of increased complexity due to secondary faults and fractures. Based on the statistical analysis of another fault evolution study, single event movements in earthquake faults typically have a maximum earthquake slip : rupture length ratio of approximately 10−4, although this has only been established for large earthquake faults because of limited data. Most geological faults have a much higher maximum cumulative displacement : fault length ratio; that is, approximately 10−2 to 10−1 (e.g. Gozo, ∼10−2; San Andreas, ∼10−1). The final cumulative displacement on a fault is produced by accumulation of slip along ruptures. Hence, using the available information from earthquake faults, such as earthquake slip, recurrence interval, maximum cumulative displacement and fault length, the approximate age of active faults can be estimated. The lower limit of estimated active fault age is expressed with maximum cumulative displacement, earthquake slip and recurrence interval as T ≅ (dmax /u) · I(M).

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1738.2003.00410.x

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Effects of stress on the two-dimensional permeability tensor of natural fracture networks (1996)

Zhang, Xing ; Sanderson, David J.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Geophysical journal international 125 (1996), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-246X

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Geosciences

Notes: The effects of stress on the 2-D permeability tensor of natural fracture networks were studied using a numerical method (Universal Distinct Element Code). On the basis of three natural fracture networks sampled around Dounreay, Scotland, numerical modelling was carried out to examine the fluid flow in relation to the variations in burial depth, differential stress and loading direction. It was demonstrated that the permeability of all the networks decreased with depth due to the closure of aperture. The permeability approached the minimum value at some depth below which little further variation occurred. Also, differential stress had a significant effect on both the magnitude and direction of permeability. The permeability generally decreased with increasing major horizontal stress for a fixed minor horizontal stress, but the various networks considered showed different behaviours. A factor, termed the average deviation angle of maximum permeability (Am), was defined to describe quantitatively the deviation degree of the direction of the major permeability component from the applied major stress direction. For networks whose behaviour is controlled by set(s) of systematic fractures, Am is significantly greater than zero, whereas those comprised of non-systematic fractures have Am close to zero. In general, fractured rock masses, especially those with one or more sets of systematic fractures, cannot be treated as equivalent porous media. Specification of the geometry of the network is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for models of fluid flow. Knowledge of the in situ stress, and the deformation it induces, is necessary to predict the behaviour of the rock mass.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1996.tb06034.x

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Fractal effects of crack propagation on dynamic stress intensity factors and crack velocities (1986)

Xie, Heping ; Sanderson, David J.

Springer

International journal of fracture 74 (1986), S. 29-42

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ISSN: 1573-2673

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics

Notes: Abstract Crack extension paths are often irregular, producing rough fracture surfaces which have a fractal geometry. In this paper, crack tip motion along a fractal crack trace is analysed. A fractal kinking model of the crack extension path is established to describe irregular crack growth. A formula is derived to describe the effects of fractal crack propagation on the dynamic stress intensity factor and on crack velocity. The ratio of the dynamic stress intensity factor to the applied stress intensity factor K(L(D, t), V)/K(L(t), 0), is a function of apparent crack velocity Vo, microstructure parameter d/Δa (grain size/crack increment step length), fractal dimension D, and fractal kinking angle of crack extension path ϑ. For fractal crack propagation, the apparent (or measured) crack velocity Vo, cannot approach the Rayleigh wave speed Cr. Why Vo is significantly lower than Cr in dynamic fracture experiments can be explained by the effects of fractal crack propagation. The dynamic stress intensity factor and apparent crack velocity are strongly affected by the microstructure parameter (d/Δa), fractal dimension D, and fractal kinking angle of crack extension path ϑ. This is in good agreement with experimental findings.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00018573

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The algebraic evaluation of two-dimensional finite strain rosettes (1977)

Sanderson, David J.

Springer

Mathematical geology 9 (1977), S. 483-496

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ISSN: 1573-8868

Keywords: strain analysis ; Mohr circle ; structural geology

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics

Notes: Abstract Arrays or rosettes of lines along which the extension or relative extension can be determined constitute finite strain gauge rosettes. Expressions for the principal strains and their orientation in terms of three nonparallel gauge extensions can be established in a suitable form for algebraic evaluation, thus replacing graphical methods based on Mohr construction. Three types of strain rosette problems, including one which utilizes angles, are particularly relevant to the study of deformed rocks. These, together with their relation to grid methods, are discussed and simple examples of their use given. Finally, an approach to the problem of finding best-fitting solutions to overdetermined regular strain rosettes is discussed.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02100960

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Stress-controlled localization of deformation and fluid flow in fractured rocks (2007)

Sanderson, David J. ; Zhang, Xing

In: Geological Society Special Publication 231: 299-314.

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Publication Date: 2007-10-08

Description: The discrete-element method (UDEC -- Universal Distinct Element Code) was used to numerically model the deformation and fluid flow in fracture networks under a range of loading conditions. A series of simulated fracture networks were generated to evaluate the effects of a range of geometrical parameters, such as fracture density, fracture length and anisotropy. Deformation and fluid flow do not change progressively with increasing stress. Instability occurs at a critical stress and is charzacterized by the localization of deformation and fluid flow usually within intensively deformed zones that develop by shearing and opening along some of the fractures. The critical stress state may be described in terms of a driving stress ratio, R = (fluid pressure -- mean stress)/1/2 (differential stress). Instability occurs where the R ratio exceeds some critical value, RC, in the range - 1 to -2. At the critical stress state, the vertical flow rates are characterized by a large increase in both their overal magnitude and degree of localization. This localization of deformation and fluid flow develops just prior to the critical stress state and may be characterized by means of multifractals. The stress-induced criticality and localization displayed by the models is an important phenomenon, which may help in the understanding of deformation-enhanced fluid flow in fractured rock masses.

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The distribution of faults and fractures and their importance in accommodating extensional strain at Kimmeridge Bay, Dorset, UK (2008)

Putz-Perrier, Martin W. ; Sanderson, David J.

In: Geological Society Special Publication 299: 97-111.

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Publication Date: 2008-07-02

Description: The spatial distribution of extensional strain in interbedded mudstones and carbonates from around Kimmeridge Bay in southern England is examined using a variety of line samples. Normal faults and tensile fractures (veins) from the same deformation event show displacements ranging over 6 orders of magnitude. The relative contribution of these structures to the overall extension varies, with large faults (〉10 m heave) accommodating about 65%, smaller faults (1-10 m heave) about 25% and veins less than 10% of the overall extension. The heterogeneity of fracture density and strain can be quantified from cumulative plots by applying a non-parametric method based on Kuiper's test. Both the degree and statistical significance of strain heterogeneity can be determined and are shown to be scale-dependent. Thin veins accommodate a fairly constant background strain across the region, whilst thick veins and small faults take up localized higher strains in damage zones around larger faults. Fault-strain is relatively homogenously distributed across the region. The faults and veins do not share the same scaling relationship. Thus, this study shows that it is not possible to simply extrapolate fracture frequencies and strain from fault scale to vein scale, and that the heterogeneity of extensional strain is scale dependent.

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