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  • 1
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    Alternative Ways to Evaluate a Seasonal Dynamical Downscaling System (2013)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2013-12-08
    Description: ABSTRACT [1]  The value added by dynamically downscaling using a regional climate model, compared to using only a global climate model, is explicitly unveiled by using non-traditional skill evaluation statistics. The conventional model evaluation methods, such as temporal correlation of seasonal average rainfall, cannot always demonstrate the value of dynamically downscaled data. One of our primary alternative metrics for evaluating downscaling methodologies is comparing crop yields simulated using the downscaled data, assuming non-irrigated conditions, to yields simulated using observations. Rainfed crops in the southeast United States are very sensitive to water stress. In fact, these crops are often more sensitive to periods of wet/dry spells than to seasonal rainfall totals. Thus, using crop models as a performance metric provides an alternative to simply evaluating the prediction/simulation of the seasonal mean of some particular meteorological variables, and has more practical relevance. Furthermore, while the discovery of climate signals contributing to total summertime precipitation variability remains elusive, our results suggest that dynamical regional models may better simulate intra-seasonal variability than simply the anomalies of the seasonal mean, which further justify their usefulness in application models.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 2
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    ENSO Teleconnection Pattern Changes over the Southeastern United States under a Climate Change Scenario in CMIP5 Models (2014)
    Hindawi
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-22
    Description: A strong teleconnection exists between the sea surface temperature (SST) over the tropical Pacific and the winter precipitation in the southeastern United States (SE US). This feature is adopted to validate the fidelity of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) in this study. In addition, the authors examine whether the teleconnection pattern persists in the future under a global warming scenario. Generally, most of the eight selected models show a positive correlation between November SST over Niño 3 region and December–February (DJF) mean daily precipitation anomalies over the SE US, consistent with the observation. However, the models with poor realization of skewness of Niño indices fail to simulate the realistic teleconnection pattern in the historical simulation. In the Representative Concentration Pathways 8.5 (RCP8.5) run, all of the models maintain positive and slightly increased correlation patterns. It is noteworthy that the region with strong teleconnection pattern shifts northward in the future. Increased variance of winter precipitation due to the SST teleconnection is shown over Alabama and Georgia rather than over Florida under the RCP8.5 scenario in most of the models, differing from the historical run in which the precipitation in Florida is the most attributable to the eastern Pacific SST.
    Print ISSN: 1687-9309
    Electronic ISSN: 1687-9317
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Hindawi
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  • 3
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    Nanocrack-regulated self-humidifying membranes (2016)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-29
    Description: The regulation of water content in polymeric membranes is important in a number of applications, such as reverse electrodialysis and proton-exchange fuel-cell membranes. External thermal and water management systems add both mass and size to systems, and so intrinsic mechanisms of retaining water and maintaining ionic transport in such membranes are particularly important for applications where small system size is important. For example, in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells, where water retention in the membrane is crucial for efficient transport of hydrated ions, by operating the cells at higher temperatures without external humidification, the membrane is self-humidified with water generated by electrochemical reactions. Here we report an alternative solution that does not rely on external regulation of water supply or high temperatures. Water content in hydrocarbon polymer membranes is regulated through nanometre-scale cracks ('nanocracks') in a hydrophobic surface coating. These cracks work as nanoscale valves to retard water desorption and to maintain ion conductivity in the membrane on dehumidification. Hydrocarbon fuel-cell membranes with surface nanocrack coatings operated at intermediate temperatures show improved electrochemical performance, and coated reverse-electrodialysis membranes show enhanced ionic selectivity with low bulk resistance.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Park, Chi Hoon -- Lee, So Young -- Hwang, Doo Sung -- Shin, Dong Won -- Cho, Doo Hee -- Lee, Kang Hyuck -- Kim, Tae-Woo -- Kim, Tae-Wuk -- Lee, Mokwon -- Kim, Deok-Soo -- Doherty, Cara M -- Thornton, Aaron W -- Hill, Anita J -- Guiver, Michael D -- Lee, Young Moo -- England -- Nature. 2016 Apr 28;532(7600):480-3. doi: 10.1038/nature17634.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Energy Engineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea. ; Department of Life Science, College of Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea. ; School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea. ; Manufacturing Flagship, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia. ; State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China. ; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27121841" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomimetic Materials/chemistry ; Biomimetics ; Cactaceae/metabolism ; Desiccation ; Dialysis ; Electrochemistry ; Humidity ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; *Membranes, Artificial ; *Nanotechnology ; Plant Stomata/metabolism ; Polymers/*chemistry ; Protons ; Surface Properties ; Temperature ; Water/*analysis
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 4
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    Assessing crop yield simulations driven by the NARCCAP regional climate models in the southeast United States (2016)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-12-22
    Description: A set of the North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program (NARCCAP) regional climate models is used in crop modeling systems to assess economically valuable agricultural production in the southeast United States, where weather/climate exerts strong impact on agriculture. The maize/peanut/cotton yield amounts for the period of 1981-2003 are obtained in a regularly gridded (~20 km) southeast US using (a) observed, (b) a reanalysis, and (c) the NARCCAP Phase I multi-model dataset. It is shown that the regional-climate model-driven crop yield amounts are better simulated than the reanalysis-driven ones. Multi-model ensemble methods are then adopted to examine their usefulness in improving the simulation of regional crop yield amounts and are compared to each other. The bias-corrected or weighted composite methods combine the crop yield ensemble members better than the simple composite method. In general, the weighted ensemble crop yield simulations match marginally better with the observed-weather-driven yields compared to those of the other ensemble methods.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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