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  • 1
    Call number: 9/M 07.0421(409)
    In: Geological Society special publication
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 277 S. , Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.
    ISBN: 9781862396883
    Series Statement: Geological Society special publication 409
    Classification:
    Sedimentology
    Note: Ernie Rutter has made, and continues to make, a significant impact in the field of rock deformation. He has studied brittle and plastic deformation processes that occur within both the oceanic and continental crust, as well as other key properties such as the permeability and seismic velocities of these rocks. His approach has been one that integrates field observations, laboratory experiments and theoretical analyses. This volume celebrates Ernie's key contribution to rock deformation and structural geology by bringing together a collection of papers that represent this broad approach. The papers within the volume address key issues that remain within these fields. These range from fundamental studies of brittle and plastic behaviour along with the resultant structures and microstructures from both the field and laboratory, to applied problems where a better understanding of the deformation and properties of the crust is still needed.
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    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2020-02-24
    Description: Using a case study from the island of Elba, Italy, we seek to test the hypothesis that the presence of minerals with low frictional strengths can explain prolonged slip on low-angle normal faults. The central core of the Zuccale low-angle normal fault contains a distinctive fault rock zonation that developed during progressive exhumation. Most fault rock components preserve microstructural evidence for having accommodated deformation entirely, or partly, by frictional mechanisms. One millimeter thick sample powders of all the major fault rock components were deformed in a triaxial deformation apparatus under water-saturated conditions, at room temperature, and at constant effective normal stresses of 25, 50, and 75 MPa. Pore fluid pressure was maintained at 50 MPa throughout. Overall, the coefficient of friction (m) of the fault rocks varies between 0.25 and 0.8, emphasizing the marked strength heterogeneity that may exist within natural fault zones. Also, m is strongly dependent on fault rock mineralogy and is 〈0.45 for fault rocks containing talc, chlorite, and kaolinite and 〉0.6 for fault rocks dominated by quartz, dolomite, calcite, and amphibole. Localization of frictional slip within talc-rich portions of the fault core can potentially explain movements along the Zuccale fault over a wide range of depths within the upper crust, although the mechanical importance of the talc-bearing fault rocks likely decreased following their dismemberment into a series of poorly connected fault rock lenses. Additionally, slip within clay-bearing fault gouges with m between 0.4 and 0.5 may have facilitated movements in the uppermost (〈2 km) crust. For several other fault rock components, m varies between 0.5 and 0.8, and mineralogical weakening alone is insufficient to account for low-angle slip. In the latter fault rock components, other weakening mechanisms such as the development of high fluid pressures, or dissolution-precipitation creep, may have been particularly important in reducing fault strength.
    Description: Published
    Description: B02407
    Description: 3.3. Geodinamica e struttura dell'interno della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Friction ; Low-Angle Normal Fault ; Elba ; Zuccale Fault ; Microstructure ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.06. Rheology, friction, and structure of fault zones
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 444 (2006), S. 922-925 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Slip on unfavourably oriented faults with respect to a remotely applied stress is well documented and implies that faults such as the San Andreas fault and low-angle normal faults are weak when compared to laboratory-measured frictional strength. If high pore pressure within fault zones is ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Unpublished photoelectric observations of the systems BX And and RR Lep were subjected to light curve analysis using the Wilson-Devinney Code.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
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    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 299: 139-150.
    Publication Date: 2008-07-02
    Description: Elucidation of the internal structure of fault zones is paramount for understanding their mechanical, seismological and hydraulic properties. In order to observe representative brittle fault zone structures, it is preferable that the fault be passively exhumed from seismogenic depths and the exposure must be in arid or semi-arid environments where the fragile rocks are not subject to extensive weathering. Field observations of two such faults are used to constrain their likely mechanical properties. One fault is the Carboneras fault in southeastern Spain, where the predominant country rocks are phyllosilicate-rich lithologies, and the other is part of the Atacama fault system in northern Chile, where faults pass through crystalline rocks of acidic to intermediate composition. The Carboneras fault is a left lateral fault with several tens of kilometres offset exhumed from approximately 4 km depth, and displays multiple strands of clay-bearing fault gouge, each several metres wide, that contain variably fractured lenses of protolithic mica schists. The strain is evenly distributed across the gouge layers, in accordance with the measured laboratory mechanical behaviour which shows predominantly strain hardening characteristics. The overall width of the fault zone is several hundred metres. Additionally, there are blocks of dolomitic material that are contained within the fault zones that show extremely localized deformation in the form of faults several centimetres wide. These are typically arranged at an angle of c. 20{degrees} to the overall fault plane. These differing types of fault rock products allow for the possibility of mixed mode' seismicity, with fault creep occurring along the strands of velocity strengthening clay-rich gouge, punctuated by small seismic events that nucleate on the velocity weakening localized faults within the dolomite blocks. The Caleta Coloso fault in northern Chile has a left-lateral offset of at least 5 km and was exhumed from 5-10 km depth. The fault core is represented by a 200-300 m wide zone of hydrothermally altered protocataclasite and ultracataclasite. This is surrounded by a zone of micro and macro-fractures on the order of 150 m thick. The fault core shows a heterogeneous distribution of strain, with alternate layers of ultracataclasite and lower strain material. The strain-weakening behaviour of crystalline rocks might be expected to produce highly localized zones of deformation, and thus the wide core zone must be a result of additional process such as precipitation strengthening or geometric irregularities along the fault plane.
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2015-08-29
    Description: Extract Ernie Rutter's influential contribution to our understanding of rock deformation spans the whole continental crust, from deformation ‘just under the grass’ (e.g. Rutter & Green 2011) to melt migration in the lower crust (e.g. Rutter & Neumann 1995). Ernie has also worked on many aspects of the deformation of oceanic crust (Rutter & Brodie 1988); however, here we reflect on the wide range of deformation conditions Ernie has studied by presenting key aspects of the strength and rheology of the continental lithosphere as we understand it today, with the aim of providing the context for the contributions included within this volume. ... This 250-word extract was created in the absence of an abstract.
    Print ISSN: 0305-8719
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4927
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2016-01-21
    Description: Deformation bands significantly alter the local petrophysical properties of sandstone reservoirs, although it is not known how the intrinsically variable characteristics of sandstones (e.g. grain size, sorting and mineralogy) influence the nature and distribution of deformation bands. To address this, cataclastic deformation bands within fine- and coarse-grained Triassic Sherwood Sandstone at Thurstaston, UK were analysed, for the first time, using a suite of petrographical techniques, outcrop studies, helium porosimetry and image analysis. Deformation bands are more abundant in the coarse-grained sandstone than in the underlying fine-grained sandstone. North- and south-dipping conjugate sets of cataclastic bands in the coarse-grained sandstone broadly increase in density (defined by number/m 2 ) when approaching faults. Microstructural analysis revealed that primary grain size controls deformation band density. Deformation bands in both coarse and fine sandstones led to significantly reduced porosity, and so can represent barriers or baffles to lateral fluid flow. Microstructural data show preferential cataclasis of K-feldspar grains within the host rock and deformation band. The study is of direct relevance to the prediction of reservoir quality in several petroleum-bearing Lower Triassic reservoirs in the near offshore, as deformation band development occurred prior to Carboniferous source-rock maturation and petroleum migration.
    Print ISSN: 0305-8719
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4927
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2011-04-21
    Description: Dehydration reactions have important effects on fluid flow, pore pressure and brittle failure in the Earth. The rates and mechanisms of reaction are relevant to understanding those effects. The microstructures of a set of samples containing bassanite and gypsum from dehydration experiments on Volterra gypsum have been analysed by conventional transmitted light microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). These techniques have been used to characterize the varying crystal morphology and to measure the crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) of the samples. In some samples bassanite grains show two distinct morphologies; large (0·5–2 mm), euhedral crystals and small (〈50 µm), acicular crystals: these represent the two different bassanite crystal habits. Bassanite was indexed using EBSD for the first time, and problems related to significant mis-indexing resulting from the pseudotrigonal symmetry of bassanite are resolved. The original starting material has a strong, local and measurable CPO. A strong CPO in post-experiment bassanite is found to mimic the original gypsum c-axis orientation. Bassanite grain size is related to the degree of reaction overstep. Spatial heterogeneity in bassanite distribution may indicate the development of fluid pathways within the samples.
    Print ISSN: 0022-3530
    Electronic ISSN: 1460-2415
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2013-11-22
    Description: The Carboneras Fault Zone (CFZ) of SE Spain separates the volcanic Cabo de Gata terrain to the SE (accumulated over 18 to 6 Ma BP) from the tract of uplifted Alpine metamorphic basement blocks and post-orogenic basins that comprise the Betic Cordilleras to the NW. The CFZ cuts metamorphic basement and folded post-orogenic sediments and volcanic rocks, and acted as a conduit for upper Miocene calc-alkaline volcanic rocks to the surface. NW of the CFZ, unconformities and deformation episodes affect successive sedimentary formations of upper Miocene age (upper Serravallian through Messinian). CFZ movements are constrained stratigraphically by an unconformity within the volcanic sequence. Older, pre-faulting volcanic rocks are uptilted against the CFZ whilst the youngest volcanic rocks step across it. 40 Ar– 39 Ar age determinations on amphibole crysts from the volcanic rocks show the main CFZ movements began 11–12 Ma BP and ended about 6 Ma. Lesser movement rates continue today. The CFZ is interpreted as part of a transform fault system separating NE–SW stretched and NW–SE shortened crust deformed above a southwestward-retreating subducted slab, from a less deformed terrain lying to the SE. Locally, total offset on the CFZ may be up to 40 km but is at least 15 km.
    Print ISSN: 0305-8719
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4927
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2012-11-15
    Description: Rock damage during earthquake slip affects fluid migration within the fault core and the surrounding damage zone, and consequently coseismic and postseismic strength evolution. Results from the first two boreholes (Deep Fault Drilling Project DFDP-1) drilled through the Alpine fault, New Zealand, which is late in its 200–400 yr earthquake cycle, reveal a 〉50-m-thick "alteration zone" formed by fluid-rock interaction and mineralization above background regional levels. The alteration zone comprises cemented low-permeability cataclasite and ultramylonite dissected by clay-filled fractures, and obscures the boundary between the damage zone and fault core. The fault core contains a 〈0.5-m-thick principal slip zone (PSZ) of low electrical resistivity and high spontaneous potential within a 2-m-thick layer of gouge and ultracataclasite. A 0.53 MPa step in fluid pressure measured across this zone confirms a hydraulic seal, and is consistent with laboratory permeability measurements on the order of 10 –20 m 2 . Slug tests in the upper part of the boreholes yield a permeability within the distal damage zone of ~10 –14 m 2 , implying a six-orders-of-magnitude reduction in permeability within the alteration zone. Low permeability within 20 m of the PSZ is confirmed by a subhydrostatic pressure gradient, pressure relaxation times, and laboratory measurements. The low-permeability rocks suggest that dynamic pressurization likely promotes earthquake slip, and motivates the hypothesis that fault zones may be regional barriers to fluid flow and sites of high fluid pressure gradient. We suggest that hydrogeological processes within the alteration zone modify the permeability, strength, and seismic properties of major faults throughout their earthquake cycles.
    Print ISSN: 0091-7613
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2682
    Topics: Geosciences
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