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  • 1
    Description / Table of Contents: In high-temperature geochemistry and cosmochemistry, highly siderophile and strongly chalophile elements can be defined as strongly preferring metal or sulfide, respectively, relative to silicate or oxide phases. The highly siderophile elements (HSE) comprise Re, Os, Ir, Ru, Pt, Rh, Pd, and Au and are defined by their extreme partitioning (〉104) into the metallic phase, but will also strongly partition into sulfide phases, in the absence of metal. The HSE are highly refractory, as indicated by their high melting and condensation temperatures and were therefore concentrated in early accreted nebular materials. Within the HSE are the platinum-group elements (PGE), which include the six elements lying in the d-block of the periodic table (groups 8, 9, and 10, periods 5 and 6), i.e., Os, Ir, Ru, Pt, Rh and Pd. These six elements tend to exist in the metallic state, or bond with chalcogens (S, Se, Te) or pnictogens (P, As, Sb, Bi). Rhenium and Au do not necessarily behave as coherently as the PGE, due to their differing electronegativity and oxidation states. For these reasons, a clear definition between the discussion of the PGE and the HSE (PGE, Re and Au) exists in the literature, especially in economic geology, industrial, or bio-medical studies. The strongly chalcophile elements can be considered to include S, Se, and Te. These three elements are distinguished from other chalcophile elements, such as Cd or Pb, because, like the HSE, they are all in very low abundances in the bulk silicate Earth. By contrast with the HSE, S, Se, and Te all have far lower melting and condensation temperatures, classifying them as highly volatile elements. Moreover, these elements are not equally distributed within chondrite meteorite groups. Since their initial distribution in the Solar nebula, planetary formation and differentiation process have led to large fractionations of the HSE and strongly chalcophile elements, producing a range of absolute and relative inter-element fractionations. The chemical properties of the HSE, that set them apart from any other elements in the periodic table, have made them geochemical tracers par excellence. As tracers of key processes, the HSE have found application in virtually all areas of the physical Earth sciences. These elements have been used to inform on the nucleosynthetic sources and formation of the Solar System, planetary differentiation, late accretion addition of elements to planets, core-formation and possible core-mantle interaction, crust-mantle partitioning, volcanic processes and outgassing, formation of magmatic, hydrothermal and epithermal ore deposits, ocean circulation, climate-related events, weathering, and biogeochemical cycling. More recently, studies of strongly chalcophile elements are finding a similar range of applications. Their utility lies in the fact that these elements will behave as siderophile or strongly chalcophile elements under reducing conditions, but will also behave as lithophile or atmophile elements under oxidizing conditions, as experienced at the present day Earth’s surface. A key aspect of the HSE is that three long-lived, geologically useful decay systems exist with the HSE as parent (107Pd–107Ag), or parent–daughter isotopes (187Re–187Os and 190Pt–186Os). This volume is dedicated to some of the processes that can be investigated at high-temperatures in planets using the HSE and strongly chalcophile elements. While this volume is not dedicated to the practical applications of the HSE and strongly chalcophile elements, it would be remiss not to briefly discuss the importance of these elements in society. All of these elements have found important societal use, from the application of Au as a valued commodity in early societies, through to the present-day; the importance of S and Se in biological processes; the discovery and implementation of Pt, Pd, and subsequently other PGE to catalytic oxidation, and the importance of the anti-cancer drug cisplatin (cis-[Pt(NH3)2Cl2]) to anti-tumour treatments. The use of the PGE, most especially Pt, Pd and Rh, in the automotive industry to generate harmless gases has caused some potential collateral effects; the possible environmental impact and human health-risks from available PGE in the environment. An entire volume can (and should!) equally be written on the utility of the HSE and strongly chalcophile elements during low-temperature geochemistry. In this volume, a number of key areas are reviewed in the use of the HSE and strongly chalcophile elements to investigate fundamental processes in high-temperature geochemistry and cosmochemistry. It is divided into five parts. The first part of the volume concerns measurements and experiments. Chapter 1, by Brenan et al. (2016), provides an comprehensive overview of experimental constraints applied to understanding HSE partitioning under a range of conditions, including: liquid metal–solid metal; metal– silicate; silicate–melt; monosulfide solid solution (MSS)–sulfide melt; sulfide melt–silicate melt; silicate melt–aqueous fluid–vapor. Chapter 2, by Meisel and Horan (2016) provides a summary of analytical methods, issues specifically associated with measurement of the HSE, and a review of important reference materials. The second part of the volume concerns the cosmochemical importance of the HSE and strongly chalcophile elements. In their assessment of nucleosynthetic isotopic variations of siderophile and chalcophile elements in Solar System materials, Yokoyama and Walker (2016, Chapter 3) discuss some of the fundamentals of stellar nucleosynthesis, the evidence for nucleosynthetic anomalies in pre-Solar grains, bulk meteorites and individual components of chondrites, ultimately providing a synthesis on the different information afforded by nucleosynthetic anomalies of Ru, Mo, Os, and other siderophile and chalcophile elements. Chapter 4 concerns the HSE in terrestrial bodies, including the Earth, Moon, Mars and asteroidal bodies for which we have materials as meteorites. Day et al. (2016) provide a summary of HSE abundance and 187Os/188Os variations in the range of materials available and a synthesis of initial Solar System composition, evidence for late accretion, and estimates of current planetary mantle composition. The third part of the volume concerns our understanding of the Earth’s mantle from direct study of mantle materials. In Chapter 5, Aulbach et al. (2016) discuss the importance and challenges associated with understanding HSE in the cratonic mantle, providing new HSE alloy solubility modelling for melt extraction at pressures, temperatures, fO2 and fS2 pertaining to conditions of cratonic mantle lithosphere formation. Luguet and Reisberg (2016) provide similar constraints on non-cratonic mantle in Chapter 6, emphasizing the importance of combined geochemical and petrological approaches to fully understand the histories of mantle peridotites. The information derived from studies of Alpine peridotites, obducted ophiolites and oceanic abyssal peridotites are reviewed in Chapter 7 by Becker and Dale (2016). The fourth part of the volume focusses on important minerals present in the mantle and crust. Chapter 8 provides a broad overview of mantle chalcophiles. In this chapter, Lorand et al. (2016) emphasise that chalcophile and siderophile elements are important tracers that can be strongly affected by host minerals as a function of sulfur-saturation, redox conditions, pressure, temperature, fugacity of sulfur, and silicate melt compositions. Along a similar theme in Chapter 9, O’Driscoll and Gonzalez-Jimenez (2016) provide an overview of platinum-group minerals (PGM), pointing out that, where present PGM dominate the HSE budget of silicate rocks. Finally in this section, Harvey et al. (2016) examine the importance of Re–Os–Pb isotope dating methods of sulfides for improving our understanding of mantle processes (Chapter 10). The fifth and final part of the volume considers the important of the HSE for studying volcanic and magmatic processes. In Chapter 11, Gannoun et al. (2016) provide a synthesis of the most abundant forms of volcanism currently operating on Earth, including mid-ocean ridge basalts, volcanism unassociated with plate boundaries, and subduction zone magmatism. The volume is completed in Chapter 12 by Barnes and Ripley (2016), by an appraisal of the obvious importance of magmatic HSE ore formation in Earth’s crust.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xxiii, 774 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9780939950973
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Godard, Marguerite; Lagabrielle, Yves; Alard, Olivier; Harvey, Jason (2008): Geochemistry of the highly depleted peridotites drilled at ODP Sites 1272 and 1274 (Fifteen-Twenty Fracture Zone, Mid-Atlantic Ridge): Implications for mantle dynamics beneath a slow spreading ridge. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 267(3-4), 410-425, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.11.058
    Publication Date: 2024-01-09
    Description: During ODP Leg 209, a magma-starved area of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) was drilled in the vicinity of the Fifteen-Twenty Fracture Zone (FZ) that offsets one of the slowest portions of the spreading ridge. We present here the results of a bulk rock multi-elemental study of 27 peridotites drilled at Sites 1272 and 1274 (to the south and the north of the FZ, respectively). The peridotites comprise mainly of harzburgites with minor dunites. Clinopyroxene (Cpx), which is interstitial and interpreted as secondary, is observed in Site 1274 peridotites. Sites 1272 and 1274 peridotites have low Al2O3 contents (〈1 anhydrous wt.%), high Mg# (〉91.5), and bulk rock trace elements compositions mostly below 0.1X primitive mantle (PM). These peridotites, and in particular Site 1272 peridotites, represent the most depleted peridotites yet sampled at a slow spreading ridge. Their compositions indicate high degrees of partial melting and melt extraction. A single open-system melting event (melting plus percolation of melts produced within upwelling mantle) can explain their highly depleted yet linear chondrite-normalized REE patterns, characterized by a steady depletion from HREE to LREE. Late melt-rock reactions and precipitation of Cpx explains the slightly less depleted compositions of Site 1274 peridotites. Hence, the differences in composition between Sites 1272 and 1274 peridotites do not provide evidence for regional variations in the degrees of partial melting from the south to the north of the FZ. The occurrence of highly refractory peridotites in the Fifteen-Twenty area suggests we sampled a more actively convecting mantle than generally supposed below slow spreading centers.
    Keywords: 209-1272A; 209-1274A; DRILL; Drilling/drill rig; Joides Resolution; Leg209; Ocean Drilling Program; ODP; South Atlantic Ocean
    Type: Dataset
    Format: application/zip, 2 datasets
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2024-01-09
    Keywords: 209-1272A; Aluminium oxide; Arsenic; Barium; Caesium; Calcium oxide; Calculated; Carbon dioxide; Chromium; Cobalt; Copper; DEPTH, sediment/rock; DRILL; Drilling/drill rig; DSDP/ODP/IODP sample designation; Element analyser CHNS; Hafnium; Inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry (ICP-MS); Iron 2+/Iron total ratio; Iron oxide, Fe2O3; Iron oxide, FeO; Joides Resolution; Laboratory; Lead; Leg209; Lithium; Loss on ignition; Magnesium oxide; Manganese oxide; Nickel; Niobium; Nitrogen, total; Ocean Drilling Program; ODP; Phosphorus pentoxide; Potassium oxide; Rock type; Rubidium; Sample code/label; Sample code/label 2; Scandium; Silicon dioxide; Sodium oxide; South Atlantic Ocean; Strontium; Sulfur, total; Sum; Tantalum; Titanium dioxide; Titration; Vanadium; X-ray fluorescence (XRF); Yttrium; Zinc; Zirconium
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 126 data points
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2024-01-09
    Keywords: 209-1274A; Aluminium oxide; Brucite; Calcium oxide; Chromium(III) oxide; Clinopyroxene; DEPTH, sediment/rock; DRILL; Drilling/drill rig; DSDP/ODP/IODP sample designation; Enrichment factor; Iron oxide, FeO; Joides Resolution; Leg209; Loss on ignition; Magnesium oxide; Magnetite; Manganese oxide; Mass change; Minerals; Ocean Drilling Program; ODP; Olivine; Orthopyroxene; Piece; Potassium oxide; Rock type; Sample code/label; Silicon dioxide; Sodium oxide; South Atlantic Ocean; Spinel; Sum; Titanium dioxide
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 689 data points
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2024-01-09
    Keywords: 209-1268A; Aluminium oxide; Arsenic; Barium; Caesium; Calcium oxide; Calculated; Carbon dioxide; Chromium; Cobalt; Copper; DEPTH, sediment/rock; DRILL; Drilling/drill rig; DSDP/ODP/IODP sample designation; Element analyser CHNS; Hafnium; Inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry (ICP-MS); Iron 2+/Iron total ratio; Iron oxide, Fe2O3; Iron oxide, FeO; Joides Resolution; Laboratory; Lead; Leg209; Lithium; Loss on ignition; Magnesium oxide; Manganese oxide; Nickel; Niobium; Nitrogen, total; Ocean Drilling Program; ODP; Phosphorus pentoxide; Potassium oxide; Rock type; Rubidium; Sample code/label; Sample code/label 2; Scandium; Silicon dioxide; Sodium oxide; South Atlantic Ocean; Strontium; Sulfur, total; Sum; Tantalum; Titanium dioxide; Titration; Vanadium; X-ray fluorescence (XRF); Yttrium; Zinc; Zirconium
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 252 data points
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2024-01-09
    Keywords: 209-1274A; Aluminium oxide; Calcium oxide; Calculated; DEPTH, sediment/rock; DRILL; Drilling/drill rig; DSDP/ODP/IODP sample designation; Iron oxide, Fe2O3; Joides Resolution; Leg209; Loss on ignition; Magnesium number; Magnesium oxide; Manganese oxide; Ocean Drilling Program; ODP; Potassium oxide; Sample code/label; Silicon dioxide; Sodium oxide; South Atlantic Ocean; Titanium dioxide; X-ray fluorescence (XRF)
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 240 data points
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2024-01-09
    Keywords: 209-1274A; Age model; Age model, optional; DEPTH, sediment/rock; DRILL; Drilling/drill rig; DSDP/ODP/IODP sample designation; Joides Resolution; Leg209; Lithology/composition/facies; Negative-thermal ionization mass spectrometry (N-TIMS); Ocean Drilling Program; ODP; Osmium; Osmium-187/Osmium-188, error; Osmium-187/Osmium-188 ratio; Rhenium; Rhenium-187/Osmium-188 ratio; Sample code/label; South Atlantic Ocean
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 251 data points
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2024-01-09
    Keywords: 209-1274A; Barium; Chromium; Cobalt; Copper; DEPTH, sediment/rock; DRILL; Drilling/drill rig; DSDP/ODP/IODP sample designation; Dysprosium; Erbium; Hafnium; Holmium; Inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry (ICP-MS); Joides Resolution; Leg209; Lutetium; Nickel; Ocean Drilling Program; ODP; Sample code/label; South Atlantic Ocean; Strontium; Uranium; Vanadium; Ytterbium; Zinc; Zirconium
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 220 data points
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2024-01-09
    Keywords: 209-1274A; Age model; Age model, optional; Blank effect; DEPTH, sediment/rock; DRILL; Drilling/drill rig; DSDP/ODP/IODP sample designation; Joides Resolution; Leg209; Mass; Negative-thermal ionization mass spectrometry (N-TIMS); Ocean Drilling Program; ODP; Osmium; Osmium-187/Osmium-188, error; Osmium-187/Osmium-188 ratio; Rhenium; Rhenium-187/Osmium-188 ratio; Sample code/label; South Atlantic Ocean
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 143 data points
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  • 10
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    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Paulick, Holger; Bach, Wolfgang; Godard, Marguerite; de Hoog, J C M; Suhr, G; Harvey, Jason (2006): Geochemistry of abyssal peridotites (Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 15°20'N, ODP Leg 209): implications for fluid-rock interaction in slow spreading environments. Chemical Geology, 234(3-4), 179-210, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2006.04.011
    Publication Date: 2024-01-09
    Description: Abyssal peridotite from the 15°20'N area of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge show complex geochemical variations among the different sites drilled during ODP Leg 209. Major element compositions indicate variable degrees of melt depletion and refertilization as well as local hydrothermal metasomatism. Strongest evidence for melt-rock interactions are correlated Light Rare Earth Element (LREE) and High Field Strength Element (HFSE) additions at Sites 1270 and 1271. In contrast, hydrothermal alteration at Sites 1274, 1272, and 1268 causes LREE mobility associated with minor HFSE variability, reflecting the low solubility of HFSE in aqueous solutions. Site 1274 contains the least-altered, highly refractory, peridotite with strong depletion in LREE and shows a gradual increase in the intensity of isochemical serpentinization; except for the addition of H2O which causes a mass gain of up to 20 g/100 g. The formation of magnetite is reflected in decreasing Fe(2+)/Fe(3+) ratios. This style of alteration is referred to as rock-dominated serpentinization. In contrast, fluid-dominated serpentinization at Site 1268 is characterized by gains in sulfur and development of U-shaped REE pattern with strong positive Eu anomalies which are also characteristic for hot (350 to 400°C) vent-type fluids discharging from black smoker fields. Serpentinites at Site 1268 were overprinted by talc alteration under static conditions due to interaction with high a_SiO2 fluids causing the development of smooth, LREE enriched patterns with pronounced negative Eu anomalies. These results show that hydrothermal fluid-peridotite and fluid-serpentinite interaction processes are an important factor regarding the budget of exchange processes between the lithosphere and the hydrosphere in slow spreading environments.
    Keywords: 209-1268A; 209-1270D; 209-1271A; 209-1271B; 209-1272A; 209-1274A; DRILL; Drilling/drill rig; Joides Resolution; Leg209; Ocean Drilling Program; ODP; South Atlantic Ocean
    Type: Dataset
    Format: application/zip, 6 datasets
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