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  • 1
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    Thick-Skin-Dominated Orogens: From Initial Inversion to Full Accretion (2013)
    London : The Geological Society
    Details
    Description / Table of Contents: This volume studies the driving dynamic for thick-skin tectonics. It evaluates the role of various factors that control the development of thick-skin architecture. The studied driving dynamics include individual plate movement rates, overall convergence rates, orogen movement sense with respect to mantle flow and pro-wedge versus retro-wedge location. Numerous internal factors that influence the architecture of thick-skinned dominated orogens have been considered. These include the role of the rheology of the deforming layers, the presence or absence of potential detachment horizons, basement buttresses, crustal thickness variations, inherited strength contrasts and the impact of pre-existing anisotropy in thick-skin orogenic deformation. External factors discussed include the role of both syn-tectonic erosion and deposition in deformation. The study areas begin with worldwide examples and close with a detailed coverage of the Northern Andes natural laboratory, which is characterized by particularly robust data coverage.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VII, 482 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9781862393585
    URL: http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/377/1.toc
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Advances in the Study of Fractured Reservoirs (2014)
    London : The Geological Society
    Details
    Keywords: fractured reservoirs; hydrocarbon resources
    Description / Table of Contents: Advances in the study of naturally fractured hydrocarbon reservoirs: a broad integrated interdisciplinary applied topic / Guy H. Spence, Gary D. Couples, Tim G. Bevan, Roberto Aguilera, John W. Cosgrove, Jean-Marc Daniel and Jonathan Redfern / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 374, 1-22, 9 July 2014, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP374.19 --- Investigating fracture networks using outcrop, core and geophysical data --- Sedimentological controls on the fracture distribution and network development in Mesaverde Group sandstone lithofacies, Uinta Basin, Utah, USA / Ryan Sonntag, James P. Evans, Paul La Pointe, Meagan Deraps, Hope Sisley and David Richey / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 374, 23-50, 10 September 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP374.4 --- Comparison of digital outcrop and conventional data collection approaches for the characterization of naturally fractured reservoir analogues / Thomas D. Seers and David Hodgetts / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 374, 51-77, 19 April 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP374.13 --- Fault linkage and damage zone architecture in tight carbonate rocks in the Suez Rift (Egypt): implications for permeability structure along segmented normal faults / A. Rotevatn and E. Bastesen / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 374, 79-95, 10 September 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP374.12 --- Quantifying fracture density and connectivity of fractured chalk reservoirs from core samples: implications for fluid flow / D. A. Sagi, M. Arnhild and J. F. Karlo / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 374, 97-111, 26 June 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP374.16 --- Characterizing discontinuities in naturally fractured outcrop analogues and rock core: the need to consider fracture development over geological time / S. R. Hencher / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 374, 113-123, 9 May 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP374.15 --- Numerical and statistical simulations and models --- What can we learn from high-resolution numerical simulations of single- and multi-phase fluid flow in fractured outcrop analogues? / Sebastian Geiger and Stephan Matthäi / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 374, 125-144, 5 September 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP374.8 --- Geomechanical impacts on flow in fractured reservoirs / Gary D. Couples / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 374, 145-172, 25 June 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP374.17 --- Geomechanical mechanisms involving faults and fractures for observed correlations between fluctuations in flowrates at wells in North Sea oilfields / Kes J. Heffer / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 374, 173-186, 28 August 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP374.2 --- Fluid flow through porous sandstone with overprinting and intersecting geological structures of various types / Xiaoxian Zhou, Mohammad Karimi-Fard, Louis J. Durlofsky and Atilla Aydin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 374, 187-209, 14 March 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP374.11 --- Influences of nodular chert rhythmites on natural fracture networks in carbonates: an outcrop and two-dimensional discrete element modelling study / Guy H. Spence and Emma Finch / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 374, 211-249, 7 March 2014, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP374.18 --- Sills as fractured hydrocarbon reservoirs: examples and models / Agust Gudmundsson and Ingrid F. Løtveit / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 374, 251-271, 10 September 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP374.5 --- A methodology to characterize fractured reservoirs constrained by statistical geological analysis and production: a real field case study / Matthieu Delorme, Rosane Oliveira Mota, Nina Khvoenkova, André Fourno and Benoit Nœtinger / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 374, 273-288, 29 July 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP374.14 --- Case studies --- Characterization of highly fractured basement, Say'un Masila Basin, Yemen / Ann Murray and David W. Montgomery / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 374, 289-310, 27 July 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP374.1 --- Characterizing seismic-scale faults pre- and post-drilling; Lewisian Basement, West of Shetlands, UK / Clare Slightam / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 374, 311-331, 11 September 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP374.6 --- Integration of outcrop and subsurface data during the development of a naturally fractured Eocene carbonate reservoir at the East Ras Budran concession, Gulf of Suez, Egypt / William Bosworth, Samir Khalil, Alan Clare, Joe Comisky, Hany Abdelal, Tom Reed and George Kokkoros / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 374, 333-360, 31 July 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP374.3 --- The Machar Oil Field, UK Central North Sea: impact of seismic reprocessing on the development of a complex fractured chalk field / M. V. Ward, C. Pearse, Y. Jehanno, M. O'Hanlon, A. Zett and D. Houliston / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 374, 361-377, 17 October 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP374.10 --- Dual-porosity fractured Miocene syn-rift dolomite reservoir in the Issaran Field (Gulf of Suez, Egypt): a case history of the zonal isolation of highly fractured water carrier bed / Ati Saoudi, Adel R. Moustafa, Ramadan I. Farag, Maher M. Omara, Hossam Wally, Ahmed Fouad, Amr Tag and Ramy Z. Ragab / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 374, 379-394, 5 September 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP374.7 --- The importance of natural fractures in a tight reservoir for potential CO2 storage: a case study of the upper Triassic–middle Jurassic Kapp Toscana Group (Spitsbergen, Arctic Norway) / K. Ogata, K. Senger, A. Braathen, J. Tveranger and S. Olaussen / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 374, 395-415, 10 September 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP374.9
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VI, 425 Seiten) , Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten
    ISBN: 9781862396609
    URL: https://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/374/1
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    The Initiation, Propagation, and Arrest of Joints and Other Fractures (2004)
    London : The Geological Society
    Details
    Description / Table of Contents: This volume is a state of the art look at our understanding of joint development in the crust. Answers are provided for such questions as the mechanisms by which joints are initiated, the factors controlling the path they follow during the propagation process, and the processes responsible for the arrest of joints. Many of the answers to these questions can be inferred from the geometry of joint surface morphology and joint patterns. Joints are a record of the orientation of stress at the time of propagation and as such they are also useful records of ancient stress fields, regional and local. Because outcrop and subsurface views of joints are limited, statistical techniques are required to characterize joints and joint sets. Finally, joints are subject to post-propagation stresses that further localize deformation and are the focus for the development of new structures.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VI, 330 Seiten)
    ISBN: 1862391653
    URL: http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/231/1.toc
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    The use of shear zones and related structures as kinematic indicators: a review (2007)
    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 272: 59-74.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-10-08
    Description: Shear zones (i.e. locally developed planar zones of ductile deformation that contain a tectonically induced fabric) are one of the most commonly used kinematic indicators (i.e. asymmetric structures that can be used to determine the sense of movement and the orientation of the stress field operating at the time of their formation). This is because of the abundant occurrence of these structures, and the assumption that there is a unique relationship between them and their causative stress field. However, there is a range of structures that, when viewed in two dimensions on an outcrop surface, display the geometry of shear zones but are formed in a variety of different ways and are oriented at various angles to the maximum principal compression. These include shear zones that form at angles between 25{degrees} and 45{degrees} to {sigma}1 and that have the same relationship to {sigma}1 as brittle shear fractures, shear zones linked to the deformation of anisotropic materials that form at angles between 45{degrees} and almost 90{degrees} to {sigma}1, and structures with the geometry of a shear zone that can be inclined at angles between c. 10{degrees} and 80{degrees} to {sigma}1 and that appear on certain sections though folded mineral fabrics. Unless the mechanisms of formation of these structures are understood, there is a strong possibility that their kinematic implications will be misinterpreted.
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  • 5
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    The role of major fault zones in controlling the geometry and spatial organization of structures in the Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt (2007)
    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 272: 419-436.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-10-08
    Description: The present-day morphology of the Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt is dominated by magnificent exposures of NW-SE-trending folds. This mountain belt is also characterized by a series of belt-parallel and belt-oblique (transfer) fault zones. Not all the fault zones have a clear exposure at the surface because of the presence of thick incompetent overlying sedimentary successions, but they can be identified from a study of the present-day seismicity of the belt and by the spatial organization of the overlying folds. The folds are not often cross-cut by the faults but plunge towards, or are deflected and end against, these blind transfer fault zones. As a result, shortening is accommodated by different fold trains on either side of the fault. This decoupling in turn causes the step-like offset of the major, belt-parallel thrust zones and the related topographic elements. These offsets occur on all scales, from regional (e.g. across the Kazerun and Izeh fault zones) to local. These transfer faults-lateral ramps may be influenced by pre-existing structures or by facies boundaries, which in particular influenced the Zagros Basin in the Cretaceous. In addition to controlling sedimentation and the compartmentalization of deformation, these fault zones also act as paths of fluid migration, as indicated by the present-day concentration of oil seepages and thermal or sulphur springs.
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  • 6
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    A study of fold characteristics and deformation style using the evolution of the land surface: Zagros Simply Folded Belt, Iran (2010)
    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 330: 139-154.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-06-03
    Description: Deformation styles within a fold-thrust belt can be understood in terms of the spatial organization and geometry of the fold structures. In young fold-thrust belts such as the Zagros, this geometry is reflected topographically by concordant landform morphology. Thus, the distribution of deformation structures can be characterized using satellite image analysis, digital elevation models, the drainage network and geomorphological indicators. The two distinct fold types considered in this study (fault-bend folds and detachment folds) both trending NW-SE, interact with streams flowing NE-SW from the High Zagros Mountains into the Persian Gulf. Multiple abandoned stream channels cross fault-bend folds related to deep-seated thrust faults. In contrast, detachment folds, which propagate laterally relatively rapidly, are characterized by diverted major stream channels and dendritic minor channels at the fold tips. Thus these two fold types can be differentiated on the basis of their geometry (fault-bend folds, being long, linear and asymmetrical, can be distinguished from detachment folds, which tend to be shorter and symmetrical) and on their associated geomorphological structures. The spatial organization of these structures in the Zagros Simply Folded Belt indicates that deformation is the result of the interaction of footwall collapse and the associated formation of long, linear fault-bend folds, and serial folding characterized by relatively short periclinal folds. Footwall collapse occurs first, followed by serial folding to the NE (i.e. in the hanging wall of the fault-bend folds), often on higher detachments within the sediment pile.
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  • 7
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    Shear deformation of pelitic rocks in a large-scale natural fault (2007)
    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 224: 113-125.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-10-08
    Description: Experimental tests on simulated clay gouges and data from shear zones developed in pelitic media at convergent plate margins provide contrasting evidence regarding the hydraulic characteristics and, in consequence, the frictional properties of sheared clays. The natural shear zone analysed in this work indicates that shear strain can induce mineralogical changes in smectite-bearing sediments that imply loss of water from the smectite minerals and their replacement with anhydrous illite minerals. The extreme localization of the illitization process and its geometric characteristics allow us to argue that the reaction is initiated by stress concentration along the shear zone and, once discrete shears develop, it is accelerated by both cataclasis and the frictional dehydration of smectites. This process would generate fresh water from within the shear zone, leading to fluid overpressure build up, and can account for the observed hydraulic circulation and salinity anomalies in modern accretionary prisms.
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  • 8
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    New theoretical model for predicting and modelling fractures in folded fractured reservoirs (2016)
    Geological Society of London
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-26
    Description: In this study, an attempt has been made to develop a new theoretical model that can be used to predict the fracture spacing/density that develops in a single competent layer and in multilayers as a result of folding. The work is based on earlier analyses concerned with the fracturing of unfolded strata subjected only to layer-normal compression. Such a stress state exists in the upper crust in any tectonically relaxed region where the principal cause of stress is the overburden. Unlike previous studies on theoretical fracture-spacing modelling that are mainly designed for a layer-parallel horizontal-extension system, this study has introduced a new theoretical model for the predicting and modelling of fracture spacing/density in ‘folded’ reservoirs, which contain 〉 85% of the world's oil and gas traps. This theoretical model is an integrated model: that is, it takes into account both rock mechanical and geometrical properties of the reservoir. The big advantage of the theoretical model developed in this study is that it provides well- and reservoir-scale estimates of the fracture spacing, for both axial and cross-axial fractures (i.e. the dominant fracture sets in folded reservoirs), which can be used for predicting fracture density (the reciprocal of fracture spacing), fracture aperture, the Rock Fracture Potential Index (RFPI), fracture porosity, fracture permeability, the shape factor (sigma) and for optimizing the drilling (i.e. the Optimum Drilling Direction (ODD) and the Optimum Drilling Angle (ODA) to maximize the fracture intersection in the wells) in three dimensions in folded, single layer and multilayer fractured reservoirs. In addition, new approaches are described for quantifying the mechanical bed thickness (MBT) or mechanical unit thickness (MUT), estimating the fracture aperture ( w ), estimating the distance from the neutral surface ( a ) and determining the RFPI data that are essential for implementing the theoretical model presented in this paper related to subsurface, folded, fractured reservoirs. The expressions derived for fracture spacing/density, for both axial and cross-axial fracture sets, involve data that are always available for every field development (i.e. seismic, well and core data). An understanding of the distribution of the fracture spacing/density, fracture aperture and the RFPI at an early stage in the development of a fractured reservoir is crucial in selecting a proper field development strategy, managing well placement and for monitoring production from the reservoir. In summary, based on several case studies, one of which is presented in this paper, it can be confirmed that the theoretical model, expressed in equations given in this paper, predicts what has been observed in the folded clastic reservoirs of the study area. It is concluded that curvature alone cannot reveal the location of natural fractures in a reservoir and that the mechanical properties of the reservoir rock play a significant role in the development of a natural fracture system. Rock can accommodate strain by fracturing (i.e. if its RFPI is high) or (if its RFPI is low) use its internal strain storage capability (associated with its mechanical properties: e.g. porosity collapsing, grain sliding and the formation of intra-grain hairline fractures) to consume the stress without the need to accommodate strain by fracturing.
    Print ISSN: 1354-0793
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of London
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  • 9
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    The association of folds and fractures and the link between folding, fracturing and fluid flow during the evolution of a fold-thrust belt: a brief review (2015)
    Geological Society (of London)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-05-14
    Description: Because of the importance of understanding the association of folds and fractures in the hydrocarbon and mining industry, a considerable amount of work has been undertaken to establish the geometric relationship between these structures. The structures are linked in a variety of ways. Sometimes, as for example in the formation of fractures in the inner and outer arcs of the hinge zones of single-layer folds or of accommodation thrusts in the hinge regions of multilayer folds, it is the process of folding that generates the fractures. At other times, as in the formation of a fault-bend fold and other types of forced folds, the reverse is true. In this paper an attempt is made to look briefly at the various types of fold-fracture associations found in nature and, by considering the evolution of a typical fold–thrust belt, obtain an insight into the controls on the temporal and spatial organization of the different types of folds and their associated fractures that form in this tectonic regime. The role of fluids in the initiation of both folds and thrusts is considered, as is the subsequent impact of these structures on fluid migration. It is shown that understanding the links between stress, fluid pressure, fracturing and folding provides a clear insight into the fluid mechanics operating in an active fold–thrust belt.
    Print ISSN: 0305-8719
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4927
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society (of London)
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  • 10
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    Heat shock protein in mammalian brain and other organs after a physiologically relevant increase in body temperature induced by D-lysergic acid diethylamide. (1983)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 1983-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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