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  • 1
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    The Geometry of Normal Faults (1991)
    London : The Geological Society
    Details
    Keywords: Störung (Geologie) ; Failles (géologie) ; Faults (Geology) ; Stratigraphie ; Verwerfung
    Description / Table of Contents: R. F. P. Hardman and J. E. Booth: The significance of normal faults in the exploration and production of North Sea hydrocarbons / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 56:1-13, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1991.056.01.01 --- Seismic and Subsurface Studies --- David Barr: Subsidence and sedimentation in semi-starved half-graben: a model based on North Sea data / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 56:17-28, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1991.056.01.02 --- Joseph Cartwright: The kinematic evolution of the Coffee Soil Fault / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 56:29-40, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1991.056.01.03 --- N. J. Kusznir, G. Marsden, and S. S. Egan: A flexural-cantilever simple-shear/pure-shear model of continental lithosphere extension: applications to the Jeanne d’Arc Basin, Grand Banks and Viking Graben, North Sea / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 56:41-60, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1991.056.01.04 --- Alan M. Roberts and Graham Yielding: Deformation around basin-margin faults in the North Sea/mid-Norway rift / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 56:61-78, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1991.056.01.05 --- G. Yielding, M. E. Badley, and B. Freeman: Seismic reflections from normal faults in the northern North Sea / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 56:79-89, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1991.056.01.06 --- Field-Based Studies --- M. P. Coward, R. Gillcrist, and B. Trudgill: Extensional structures and their tectonic inversion in the Western Alps / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 56:93-112, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1991.056.01.07 --- Andreas G. Koestler and Werner U. Ehrmann: Description of brittle extensional features in chalk on the crest of a salt ridge (NW Germany) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 56:113-123, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1991.056.01.08 --- Steven Roberts and James Jackson: Active normal faulting in central Greece: an overview / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 56:125-142, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1991.056.01.09 --- Rob Westaway: Continental extension on sets of parallel faults: observational evidence and theoretical models / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 56:143-169, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1991.056.01.10 --- Fault-Displacement Studies --- A. Beach and P. Trayner: The geometry of normal faults in a sector of the offshore Nile Delta, Egypt / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 56:173-182, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1991.056.01.11 --- T. J. Chapman and A. W. Meneilly: The displacement patterns associated with a reverse-reactivated, normal growth fault / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 56:183-191, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1991.056.01.12 --- John J. Walsh and Juan Watterson: Geometric and kinematic coherence and scale effects in normal fault systems / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 56:193-203, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1991.056.01.13 --- Analogue-Modelling and Section-Balancing --- G. Dresen, U. Gwildis, and Th. Kluegel: Numerical and analogue modelling of normal fault geometry / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 56:207-217, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1991.056.01.14 --- Robert W. Krantz: Normal fault geometry and fault reactivation in tectonic inversion experiments / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 56:219-229, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1991.056.01.15 --- K. R. McClay, D. A. Waltham, A. D. Scott, and A. Abousetta: Physical and seismic modelling of listric normal fault geometries / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 56:231-239, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1991.056.01.16 --- Bruno Vendeville: Mechanisms generating normal fault curvature: a review illustrated by physical models / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 56:241-249, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1991.056.01.17 --- Nicky White and Graham Yielding: Calculating normal fault geometries at depth: theory and examples / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 56:251-260, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1991.056.01.18
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VIII, 264 Seiten) , Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten
    ISBN: 0903317591
    URL: http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/56/1
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    A comparison between deterministic and stochastic fault seal techniques (2008)
    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 292: 259-270.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-01-02
    Description: Traditionally, the analysis of fault seal has been purely deterministic or a combination of deterministic and stochastic methods. In a deterministic model, prediction of the locations of reservoir overlaps is made from the static model of the reservoir horizon and fault geometry. The principal aim is to map faulted reservoir overlaps and determine their sealing character. This is usually performed using a predictive algorithm such as the shale gouge ratio (SGR) that relates the shale content of the formations that have moved past a point on the fault zone to the sealing capacity of the fault rock. Deterministic fault seal studies are sensitive to the uncertainties associated with mapping of horizons in proximity to faults and the inherent uncertainty in a static fault interpretation in both position and fault zone complexity. Uncertainty in the static structure model can be addressed by convolving uncertainty in throw magnitude with juxtapositions at the fault. However, this does not address the uncertainty in the distribution of reservoirs on either side of the fault. With stochastic models multiple realizations of the stratigraphy can be tested. Stochastic models capture the uncertainty in the position of the reservoir at the fault by allowing multiple realizations of stacking geometries, where the principal assumption is that these stacked reservoir zones are laterally continuous covering the entire likely fill area. Despite the conceptual differences between these two approaches to fault seal analysis, comparison of the predictions they make on the Ling Gu field shows a surprising degree of conformity. The cut-off used to determine the number of sand and shale beds in the stochastic workflow appears to account for seal by fault zone materials, since a conservative cut-off implies fewer sand beds with lower probability of leak and correlates with more shale in the section and higher SGR values.
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  • 3
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    Fault seal calibration: a brief review (2010)
    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 347: 243-255.
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    Publication Date: 2010-11-08
    Description: Calibration is a necessary step in the workflow for prediction of fault seal because there is no direct way to detect the hydraulic behaviour of a fault at the scale of a hydrocarbon trap. Over the last 20 years two general approaches have been developed:Measurement of hydraulic properties of fault-zone samples (lab calibration), then mapping these results onto the appropriate parts of trap-bounding faults. Design of simple algorithms which attempt to capture a salient feature of the fault zone (e.g. CSP, SSF, SGR), then looking at known trap-bounding faults to find a relationship between the algorithm and the presence or capacity of a seal (sub-surface calibration). Seal capacity is typically described by Hg-air threshold pressure in the lab or static pressure differences in the subsurface (e.g. hydrocarbon buoyancy pressure). In addition to likely interpretation and geometry errors in approaches (i) and (ii), further uncertainty is introduced when converting the calibrated seal strength to potential hydrocarbon column height, because of the variability of subsurface hydrocarbon fluids (interfacial tension). Despite these potential problems, the different methodologies typically agree reasonably well in their predictions for fault-seal capacity. However, this agreement may be largely coincidental and is likely to be a response to the heterogeneity of fault-zone structure (especially at intermediate compositions' or SGR).
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  • 4
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    Elastic dislocation modelling for prediction of small-scale fault and fracture network characteristics (2007)
    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 270: 139-155.
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    Publication Date: 2007-10-08
    Description: Predicting the effects of small-scale faults and fractures on reservoir behaviour requires a definition of their spatial distribution, orientation and mode. Elastic dislocation (ED) theory can predict the distribution of displacement, strain and stress in the rock volume surrounding major faults, from mapping of fault geometry and slip distribution in 3D seismic-reflection datasets. The intensity of small-scale faulting can be related to the predicted local strain, or the degree to which the shear stresses exceeded the rock failure envelope. We illustrate the methodology with three case studies: (i) a relatively-simple thrust anticline from Venezuela, where hydrocarbons are trapped in Pliocene sandstones within the faulted hanging wall anticline; (ii) the Gull-faks Field and of the North Sea; and (iii) the Miskar Field, offshore Tunisia, where large seismically mapped normal faults are forward-modelled to predict small-scale fault characteristics for comparison with detailed interpretation and seismic attribute analysis. Key requirements for the development of a robust predictive model of the small-scale fault and fracture network are a geometrically consistent framework model, judicious choice of mechanical properties, and a reasonable estimate of regional background strain.
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  • 5
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    Mapping the bathymetric evolution of the Northern North Sea: from Jurassic synrift archipelago through Cretaceous–Tertiary post-rift subsidence (2019)
    Geological Society of London
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈span〉〈div〉Abstract〈/div〉The post-rift history of the North Viking Graben has been backstripped in 3D, producing a sequence of palaeobathymetric maps that culminates at the Late Jurassic synrift stage. The backstripping takes into account the three main processes which drive post-rift basin development: thermal subsidence, flexural-isostatic loading and sediment compaction. Before backstripping was performed, the Norwegian Trench, a bathymetric feature within the present-day seabed, was smoothed in order to remove associated decompaction artefacts within the backstripping results.Palaeobathymetric restorations at the top and base of the Paleocene take into account regional transient dynamic uplift, probably related to the Iceland Plume. 350 m of uplift is incorporated at the Base Tertiary (65 Ma) and 300 m at the Top Balder Formation (54 Ma), followed by rapid collapse of this same uplift.At the top of the Lower Cretaceous (98.9 Ma), very localized fault-block topography, inherited from the Jurassic rift, is predicted to have remained emergent within the basin. At the Base Cretaceous (140 Ma), the fault-block topography is much more prominent and numerous isolated footwall islands are shown to have been present. At the Late Jurassic synrift stage (155 Ma), these islands are linked to form emergent island chains along the footwalls of all of the major faults. This is the Jurassic archipelago, the islands of which were the products of synrift footwall uplift. The predicted magnitude and distribution of footwall emergence calibrates well against available well data and published stratigraphic information, providing important constraints on the reliability of the results.〈/span〉
    Print ISSN: 1354-0793
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-496X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of London
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  • 6
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    Trapping of buoyant fluids in fault-bound structures (2015)
    Geological Society (of London)
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    Publication Date: 2015-02-04
    Description: Structural traps comprise surfaces having high capillary threshold pressure for fluid phases such as hydrocarbon or CO 2 . Traps may include top-seal, bottom-seal and side-seal surfaces, the latter commonly being faults. Faults may form seals by juxtaposition or by fault-rock. The first step in fault characterization is mapping the distribution of offset layers at the fault surface. This pattern (‘Allan diagram’) comprises the separation polygons. These same lines define the displacement distribution on the fault, and so can also be used as a quality-check of the interpretation. They are also a fundamental part of horizon maps. Despite their central role in subsurface mapping, construction of fault polygons remains a weak step in the workflow in many E&P companies. To characterize fault-rock effects, it is usual to consider an upscaled proxy such as shale gouge ratio (SGR), with the assumption that high SGR represents clay smears and low SGR represents clay-poor fault rock. Suitable estimates of hydraulic properties can then be applied to different parts of the fault surface. The property distribution on the fault side-seals allows an estimate of the maximum hydrocarbon column height that the trap might contain, by comparing the multiple potential leak-points and finding which predicts the shallowest contact.
    Print ISSN: 0305-8719
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4927
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society (of London)
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  • 7
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    The geometry of branch lines (2016)
    Geological Society (of London)
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-24
    Description: A branch line is the line of intersection between two hard-linked fault planes, or between two parts of a single fault plane of more complex geometry. Of interest is whether they provide any information about the kinematic development of the fault system to which they belong. Analysis of branch lines from a variety of normal fault networks, interpreted on seismic reflection datasets, shows that the branch lines are generally aligned parallel to the extension direction. This relationship is shown to be a feature of polymodal (orthorhombic) fault systems produced by three-dimensional strain. Branch lines between bimodal faults (conjugate, with opposing dip) tend to be perpendicular to the slip direction.
    Print ISSN: 0305-8719
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4927
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society (of London)
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  • 8
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    Application of material balance methods to CO2 storage capacity estimation within selected depleted gas reservoirs (2017)
    Geological Society of London
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    Publication Date: 2017-08-04
    Description: Depleted gas reservoirs are potential sites for CO 2 storage; therefore, it is important to evaluate their storage capacity. Historically, there have been difficulties in identifying the reservoir drive mechanism of gas reservoirs using traditional P / z plots, having direct impacts for the estimation of the original gas in place (OGIP) and dependent parameters for both theoretical and effective CO 2 storage capacity estimation. Cole plots have previously provided an alternative method of characterization, being derived from the gas material balance equation. We use production data to evaluate the reservoir drive mechanism in four depleted gas reservoirs (Hewett Lower Bunter, Hewett Upper Bunter, and North and South Morecambe) on the UK Continental Shelf. Cole plots suggest that the North Morecambe and Hewett Upper Bunter reservoirs experience moderate water drive. Accounting for cumulative water influx into these reservoirs, the OGIP decreases by up to 20% compared with estimates from P / z plots. The revised OGIP values increase recovery factors within these reservoirs; hence, geometrically based theoretical storage capacity estimates for the North Morecambe and Hewett Upper Bunter reservoirs increase by 4 and 30%, respectively. Material balance approaches yield more conservative estimates. Effective storage capacity estimates are between 64 and 86% of theoretical estimates within the depletion drive reservoirs, and are 53 – 79% within the water drive reservoirs. Supplementary material: A more detailed description of the aquifer modelling is available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.3803770.v1
    Print ISSN: 1354-0793
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of London
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  • 9
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    Introduction to the geometry and growth of normal faults (2017)
    Geological Society (of London)
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    Publication Date: 2017-09-30
    Description: Extract Normal faults are the dominant structures found in extensional sedimentary basins developed in continental rifts and passive margins. The geometry and growth of faults are intimately linked, and much of our understanding of how faults grow is derived directly from observations of fault geometry. The key geometric relationship that has underpinned the study of fault growth since the 1980s is the relationship between fault maximum displacement ( D ) and fault length ( L ) as defined by Elliott (1976) and Watterson (1986). This relationship is expressed as D α L n . The value of the exponent n in this relationship has been a topic for discussion for the last 30 years and values ranging between 0.5 and 2.0 have been advocated (e.g. Walsh & Watterson 1988; Cowie & Scholz 1992; Schultz et al. 2008). The range of values reflects the natural variation between different areas and uncertainties in data quality and sampling (Gillespie et al. 1992; Kim & Sanderson 2005). Irrespective of the value of the exponent, the recognition of a positive correlation between displacement and length suggests that faults grow progressively as their displacement increases (Watterson 1986; Walsh & Watterson 1988). ... This 250-word extract was created in the absence of an abstract.
    Print ISSN: 0305-8719
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4927
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society (of London)
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  • 10
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    Predicting transmissibilities of carbonate-hosted fault zones (2017)
    Geological Society (of London)
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    Publication Date: 2017-09-30
    Description: It is common practice to incorporate deterministic transmissibility multipliers into simulation models of siliciclastic reservoirs to take into account the impact of faults on fluid flow, but this is not common practice in carbonate reservoirs due to the lack of data on fault permeability. Calculation of fault transmissibilities in carbonates is also complicated by the variety of mechanisms active during faulting, associated with their high heterogeneity and increased tendency to react with fluids. Analysis of the main controls on fault-rock formation and permeability from several carbonate-hosted fault zones is used to enhance our ability to predict fault transmissibility. Lithological heterogeneity in a faulted carbonate succession leads to a variety of deformation and/or diagenetic mechanisms, generating several fault-rock types. Although each fault-rock type has widely varying permeabilities, trends can be observed dependent on host lithofacies, juxtaposition and displacement. These trends can be used as preliminary predictive tools when considering fluid flow across carbonate fault zones. Fewer mechanisms occur at lower displacements (〈30 m), creating limited fault-rock types with a narrow range of low permeabilities regardless of lithofacies juxtaposition. At increased displacements, more fault-rock types are produced at juxtaposition of different lithofacies, with a wide range of permeabilities.
    Print ISSN: 0305-8719
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4927
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society (of London)
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