ALBERT

Note: Contents: Foreword. - Preface. - PART I. HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION. - Global scale circulations: a review. - PART II. OBSERVATIONS. - The life cycles of persistent anaomalies and blocking over the North Pacific. - On atmospheric blocking types and blocking numbers. - Observational characteristics of atmospheric planetary waves with bimodal amplitude distributions. - A case study of eddy forcing during an Atlantic Blocking Episode. - PART III. THEORY. - The effect of local baroclinic instability on zonal inhomogenities of vorticity and temperature. - Forcing of planetary-scale blocking anticyclones by synoptic-scale eddies. - Deterministic and statistical properties of Northern Hemisphere, middle latitude circulation: minimal theoretical models. - Probability density distribution of large-scale atmospheric flow. - Stationary planetary waves, blocking, and interannual variability. - PART IV. NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS. - Instability theory and nonlinear evolution of blocks and mature anomalies. - Numerical prediction: some results from operational forecasting at ECMWF. - Envelope orography and maintenance of the quasi-stationary circulation in the ECMWF global models. - Numerical forecasts of tropospheric and stratospheric events during the winter of 1979: sensitivity to the model's horizontal resolution and vertical extent. - Mechanistic experiments to determine the origin of short-scale Southern Hemisphere Stationary Rossby Waves. - SST Anomalies and blocking. - Index

Note: Contents: Contributors. - Foreword. - Preface. - PART 1. NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION. - Medium-range forecasting at the ECMWF / Lennart Bengtsson. - 1. Introduction. - 2. The physical and mathematical basis for medium-range forecasting. - 3. Numerical methods and modeling techniques. - 4. Observations, their use and importance. - 5. Operational application and results. - 6. Problems and prospects in numerical weather prediction. - 7. Concluding remarks. - References. - Extended range forecasting / K. Miyakoda and J. Sirutis. - 1. Introduction. - 2. An evolution of 10-day forecast performance. - 3. Examples of monthly forecasts. - 4. A projection of seasonal forecasts. - 5. Postscript. - References. - Predictability / J. Shukla. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Classical predictability studies. - 3. Predictability of space-time averages. - 4. Some outstanding problems. - 5. Concluding remarks. - References. - Data Assimilation / W. Bourke, R. Seaman, and K. Puri. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Evolution of assimilation and the FGGE. - 3. Components of four-dimensional assimilation systems. - 4. Characteristics of some current Assimilation schemes. - 5. Role of four-dimensional assimilation in research and operations. - 6. Conclusion. - References. - PART 2. MESOSCALE DYNAMICS. - Predictability of mesoscale atmospheric motions / Richard A. Anthes, Ying-Hwa Kuo, David P. Baumhefner, Ronald M. Errico, and Thomas W. Bettge. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Classic predictability experiments and their relationship to mesoscale predictability. - 3. Preliminary predictability study with a mesoscale model. - 4. Discussion and comparison with a predictability study using a global model. - 5. Summary and conclusions. - References. - Thermal and orographic mesoscale atmospheric systems - an essay / Roger A. Pielke. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Summary of major research accomplishments. - 3. Research areas. - 4. Eventual goals. - References. - Advances in the theory of atmospheric fronts / I. Orlanski, B. Ross, L. Polinsky, and R. Shaginaw. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Baroclinic waves and fronts. - 3. Mature front. - 4. What observed features can be explained by theory?. - 5. What other processes are important in Frontogenesis?. - References. - PART 3. TROPICAL DYNAMICS. - Numerical modeling of tropical cyclones / Yoshio Kurihara. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Numerical models of hurricanes. - 3. Numerical simulation of tropcial cyclones. - 4. Some challenging issues in the future. - Appendix. GFDL Hurricane Model. - References. - Numerical weather prediction in low latitudes / T. N. Krishnamurti. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Initialization: dynamic, normal mode, and physical. - 3. Parameterization of physical processes. - 4. Medium-range prediction of monsoon disturbances. - 5. On the prediction of the quasi-Stationary component. - 6. Scope of future research. - References. - PART 4. TURBULENCE AND CONVECTION. - Sub-grid-scale turbulence modeling / J. W. Deardorff. - 1. Introduction: the need for grid-scale Reynolds averaging. - 2. The effect of grid-volume Reynolds averaging. - 3. The sub-grid scale Eddy Coefficient. - 4. Recent developments. - 5. Future outlook. - References. - Ensemble average, turbulence closure / George L. Mellor. - 1. Introduction. - 2. The turbulence macroscale and turbulence closure. - 3.Averaging distance for measurements in the atmosphere and oceans and for numerical models. - 4. Numerical modeling applications and horizontal diffusion. - 5. Concluding remarks. - References. - The planetary boundary layer / H. A. Panofsky. - 1. General characteristics. - 2. The equations in the PBL. - 3. The surface layer. - 4. First- and second-order closures. - 5. Boundary-layer models. - 6. Boundary-layer parameterization. - References. - Modeling studies and convection / Yoshi Ogura. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Bénard-Rayleigh Convection. - 3. Complexity of convection in the atmosphere. - 4. Shallow moist convection. - 5. Deep moist convection. - 6. Feedback effects of cumulus clouds on larger-scale environments. - 7. Concluding remarks. - References. - Index.

Note: Contents: Contributors. - Foreword. - Preface. - PART 1. CLIMATE. - Large-scale eddies and the general circulation of the troposphere / Isaac M. Held and Brian J. Hoskins. - 1. Introduction. - 2. The Hadley cell. - 3. Rossby wave radiation. - 4. Eddy flux closure. - 5. Stationary eddies and their interaction with transients. - References. - On the role of barotropic energy conversions in the general circulation / J. M. Wallace and N.-C. Lau. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Structure of the transient eddies. - 3. A vectorial representation of the barotropic conversion. - 4. Observational results. - 5. Results based on GCM simulations. - 6. Net transient eddy forcing of the mean flow. - 7. Further interpretation. - References. - Balance conditions in the earth's climate system / Abraham H. Oort. - 1. Introduction. - 2. History of observational studies at the geophysical fluid dynamics laboratory. - 3. Global balance requirements for angular momentum, water, and Energy. - 4. Summary. - References. - Climate sensitivity / Robert E. Dickinson. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Sensitivity analyses from the viewpoint of global energy balance. - 3. The global feedback parameter. - 4. Ice-Albedo Feedbacks. - 5. Thermal inertia. - 6. Climate sensitivity and paleoclimates. - 7. Land-surface processes and regional climate sensitivity. - 8. Questions of statistical significance. - 9. Concluding remarks. - References. - CO2 and hydrology / Syukuro Manabe and Richard T. Wetherald. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Numerical experiments. - 3. Annual mean response. - 4. Seasonal response. - 5. Concluding remarks. - References. - Modeling of paleoclimates / John E. Kutzbach. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Setting the stage. - 3. Observations of paleoclimates. - 4. Modeling of paleoclimates. - 5. Summary and prospects for the future. - References. - The Southern Oscillation and El Niño / S. George Philander and Eugene M. Rasmusson. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Seasonal variability. - 3. Interannual variability. - 4. The 1982-1983 Episode. - 5. Teleconnections. - 6. Air-sea interactions. - 7. Discussion. - References. - PART 2. THE MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE. - Some aspects of stratospheric dynamics / Dennis L. Hartmann. - 1. Introduction. - 2. The concept of a stratosphere driven from below. - 3. Planetary wave propagation and wave-mean-flow interaction. - 4. Instability in the stratosphere. - 5. Conclusion. - References. - Wave-mean flow interaction in the middle atmosphere / David G. Andrews. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Theoretical background. - 3. Sudden warmings in the polar stratosphere. - 4. The Quasi-biennial oscillation of the equatorial lower stratosphere. - 5. Other wave-mean-flow interaction phenomena. - 6. Conclusions and future outlook. - References. - Radiative-dynamical interactions in the middle atmosphere / Stephen B. Fels. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Radiative imbalances in the winter middle atmosphere. - 3. Radiative damping of waves in the middle atmosphere. - 4. A final speculation. - References. - Mechanistic interpretation of stratospheric tracer transport / J. D. Mahlman. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Model description and design of experiments. - 3. The THETA Tracer Experiment. - 4. The PHI Tracer Experiment. - 5. Summary. - References. - PART 3. PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES. - The general circulation of Mars: models and observations / Conway B. Leovy. - 1. Why model Mars?. - 2. Early models: a flat Mars. - 3. Mars with topography. - 4. Mariner and Viking observations: the role of dust. - 5. Lessons from Mars. - References. - Atmospheric circulation of Venus / William B. Rossow. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Development of the problem. - 3. Limitations of fact and theory. - 4. New formulation of Venus questions. - 5. Summary. - References. - Jovian and comparative atmospheric modeling / Gareth P. Williams. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Observations for dynamical modeling. - 3. Numerical modeling: planetary turbulences, coherence, circulations. - 4. Planetary prospects. - 5. Conclusion. - References. - PART 4. OCEAN DYNAMICS. - Modeling ocean circulation / Kirk Bryan and Jorge L. Sarmiento. - 1. Introduction. - 2. The model. - 3. Zonally averaged transport of mass, heat, and potential vorticity. - 4. Pycnocline structure. - 5. Transient response. - 6. Tritium simulations. - 7. Summary. - References. - Tropical oceanography / S. George Philander. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Jets and waves. - 3. The equatorial undercurrent. - 4. The Somali current. - 5. Discussion. - References. - Simulation of mesoscale ocean variability in mid-latitude gyres / William R. Holland. - 1. Introduction. - 2. The observations. - 3. Eddy-resolved ocean models. - 4. Speculations and conclusions. - References. - Modeling circulation and mixing in estuaries and coastal oceans / Alan F. Blumberg and Li-Yauw Oey. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Some problems. - 3. Models and model results and interpretations. - 4. Future directions and concluding remarks. - References. - Modeling sea-ice dynamics / W. D. Hibler, III. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Theory of sea-ice dynamics. - 3. The role of sea-ice dynamics in the atmosphere-ocean system. - 4. Concluding remarks. - References. - Index.

Note: Contents Prologue Acknowledgments List of Symbols PART I Foundations 1 INTRODUCTION: The Basic Challenge 1.1 The Climate System 1.2 Some Basic Observations 1.3 External Forcing 1.3.1 Astronomical Forcing 1.3.2 Tectonic Forcing 1.4 The Ice-Age Problem 2 TECHNIQUES FOR CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTION 2.1 Historical Methods 2.1.1 Direct Quantitative Measurements 2.1.2 Descriptive Accounts of General Environmental Conditions 2.2 Surficial Biogeologic Proxy Evidence 2.2.1 Annually Layered Life Forms 2.2.2 Surface Geomorphic Evidence 2.3 Conventional Nonisotopic Stratigraphic Analyses of Sedimentary Rock and Ice 2.3.1 Physical Indicators 2.3.2 Paleobiological Indicators (Fossil Faunal Types and Abundances) 2.4 Isotopic Methods 2.4.1 Oxygen Isotopes 2.4.2 Deuterium and Beryllium in Ice Cores 2.4.3 Stable Carbon Isotopes 2.4.4 Strontium and Osmium Isotopes 2.5 Nonisotopic Geochemical Methods 2.5.1 Cadmium Analysis 2.5.2 Greenhouse Gas Analysis of Trapped Air in Ice Cores 2.5.3 Chemical and Biological Constituents and Dust Layers in Ice Cores 2.6 Dating the Proxy Evidence (Geochronometry) 3 A SURVEY OF GLOBAL PALEOCLIMATIC VARIATIONS 3.1 The Phanerozoic Eon (Past 600 My) 3.2 The Cenozoic Era (Past 65 My) 3.3 The Plio-Pleistocene (Past 5 My) 3.4 Variations during the Last Ice Age: IRD Events 3.5 The Last Glacial Maximum (20 ka) 3.6 Postglacial Changes: The Past 20 ky 3.7 The Past 100 Years 3.8 The Generalized Spectrum of Climatic Variance 3.9 A Qualitative Discussion of Causes 4 GENERAL THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS 4.1 The Fundamental Equations 4.2 Time Averaging and Stochastic Forcing 4.3 Response Times and Equilibrium 4.4 Spatial Averaging 4.5 Climatic-Mean Mass and Energy Balance Equations 4.5.1 The Water Mass Balance 4.5.2 Energy Balance 5 SPECIAL THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR PALEOCLIMATE: Structuring a Dynamical Approach 5.1 A Basic Problem: Noncalculable Levels of Energy and Mass Flow 5.2 An Overall Strategy 5.3 Notational Simplifications for Resolving Total Climate Variability 5.4 A Structured Dynamical Approach 5.5 The External Forcing Function, F 5.5.1 Astronomical/Cosmic Forcing 5.5.2 Tectonic Forcing 6 BASIC CONCEPTS OF DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS ANALYSIS: Prototypical Climatic Applications 6.1 Local (or Internal) Stability 6.2 The Generic Cubic Nonlinearity 6.3 Structural (or External) Stability: Elements of Bifurcation Theory 6.4 Multivariable Systems 6.4.1 The Two-Variable Phase Plane 6.5 A Prototype Two-Variable Model 6.5.1 Sensitivity of Equilibria to Changes in Parameters: Prediction of the Second Kind 6.5.2 Structural Stability 6.6 The Prototype Two-Variable System as a Stochastic-Dynamical System: Effects of Random Forcing 6.6.1 The Stochastic Amplitude 6.6.2 Structural Stochastic Stability 6.7 More Than Two-Variable Systems: Deterministic Chaos PART II Physics of the Separate Domains 7 MODELING THE ATMOSPHERE AND SURFACE STATE AS FAST-RESPONSE COMPONENTS 7.1 The General Circulation Model 7.2 Lower Resolution Models: Statistical-Dynamical Models and the Energy Balance Model 7.2.1 A Zonal-Average SDM 7.2.2 Axially Asymmetric SDMs 7.2.3 The Complete Time-Average State 7.3 Thermodynamic Models 7.3.1 Radiative-Convective Models 7.3.2 Vertically Averaged Models (the EBM) 7.4 The Basic Energy Balance Model 7.5 Equilibria and Dynamical Properties of the Zero-Dimensional (Global Average) EBM 7.6 Stochastic Resonance 7.7 The One-Dimensional (Latitude-Dependent) EBM 7.8 Transitivity Properties of the Atmospheric and Surface Climatic State: Inferences from a GCM 7.9 Closure Relationships Based on GCM Sensitivity Experiments 7.9.1 Surface Temperature Sensitivity 7.10 Formal Feedback Analysis of the Fast-Response Equilibrium State 7.11 Paleoclimatic Simulations 8 THE SLOW-RESPONSE "CONTROL" VARIABLES: An Overview 8.1 The Ice Sheets 8.1.1 Key Variables 8.1.2 Observations 8.2 Greenhouse Gases: Carbon Dioxide 8.3 The Thermohaline Ocean State 8.4 A Three-Dimensional Phase-Space Trajectory 9 GLOBAL DYNAMICS OF THE ICE SHEETS 9.1 Basic Equations and Boundary Conditions 9.2 A Scale Analysis 9.3 The Vertically Integrated Ice-Sheet Model 9.4 The Surface Mass Balance 9.5 Basal Temperature and Melting 9.6 Deformable Basal Regolith 9.7 Ice Streams and Ice Shelves 9.8 Bedrock Depression 9.9 Sea Level Change and the Ice Sheets: The Depression-Calving Hypothesis 9.10 Paleoclimatic Applications of the Vertically Integrated Model 9.11 A Global Dynamical Equation for Ice Mass 10 DYNAMICS OF ATMOSPHERIC CO2 10.1 The Air-Sea Flux, Q↑ 10.1.1 Qualitative Analysis of the Factors Affecting Q↑ 10.1.2 Mathematical Formulation of the Ocean Carbon Balance 10.1.3 A Parameterization for Q↑ 10.2 Terrestrial Organic Carbon Exchange, W↑G 10.2.1 Sea Level Change Effects 10.2.2 Thermal Effects 10.2.3 Ice Cover Effects 10.2.4 Long-Term Terrestrial Organic Burial, W↓G 10.2.5 The Global Mass Balance of Organic Carbon 10.3 Outgassing Processes, V↑ 10.4 Rock Weathering Downdraw, W↓ 10.5 A Global Dynamical Equation for Atmospheric CO2 10.6 Modeling the Tectonically Forced CO2 Variations, µˆ : Long-Term Rock Processes 10.6.1 The Long-Term Oceanic Carbon Balance 10.6.2 The GEOCARB Model 10.7 Overview of the Full Global Carbon Cycle 11 SIMPLIFIED DYNAMICS OF THE THERMOHALINE OCEAN STATE 11.1 General Equations 11.1.1 Boundary Conditions 11.2 A Prototype Four-Box Ocean Model 11.3 The Wind-Driven, Local-Convective, and Baroclinic Eddy Circulations 11.3.1 The Wind-Driven Circulation: Gyres and Upwelling 11.3.2 Local Convective Overturnings and Baroclinic Eddy Circulations 11.4 The Two-Box Thermohaline Circulation Model: Possible Bimodality of the Ocean State 11.4.1 The Two-Box System 11.4.2 A Simple Model of the TH Circulation 11.4.3 Meridional Fluxes 11.4.4 Dynamical Analysis of the Two-Box Model 11.5 Integral Equations for the Deep Ocean State 11.5.1 The Deep Ocean Temperature 11.5.2 The Deep Ocean Salinity 11.6 Global Dynamical Equations for the Thermohaline State: θ and Sφ PART III Unified Dynamical Theory 12 THE COUPLED FAST- AND SLOW-RESPONSE VARIABLES AS A GLOBAL DYNAMICAL SYSTEM: Outline of a Theory of Paleoclimatic Variation 12.1 The Unified Model: A Paleoclimate Dynamics Model 12.2 Feedback-Loop Representation 12.3 Elimination of the Fast-Response Variables: The Center Manifold 12.4 Sources of Instability: The Dissipative Rate Constants 12.5 Formal Separation into Tectonic Equilibrium and Departure Equations 13 FORCED EVOLUTION OF THE TECTONIC-MEAN CLIMATIC STATE 13.1 Effects of Changing Solar Luminosity and Rotation Rate 13.1.1 Solar Luminosity (S) 13.1.2 Rotation Rate (Ω) 13.2 General Effects of Changing Land-Ocean Distribution and Topography (h) 13.3 Effects of Long-Term Variations of Volcanic and Cosmic Dust and Bolides 13.4 Multimillion-Year Evolution of CO2 13.4.1 The GEOCARB Solution 13.4.2 First-Order Response of Global Ice Mass and Deep Ocean Temperature to Tectonic CO2 Variations 13.5 Possible Role of Salinity-Driven Instability of the Tectonic-Mean State 13.6 Snapshot Atmospheric and Surficial Equilibrium Responses to Prescribed y-Fields Using GCMs 14 THE LATE CENOZOIC ICE-AGE DEPARTURES: An Overview of Previous Ideas and Models 14.1 General Review: Forced vs. Free Models 14.1.1 Models in Which Earth-Orbital Forcing Is Necessary 14.1.2 Instability-Driven (Auto-oscillatory) Models 14.1.3 Hierarchical Classification in Terms of Increasing Physical Complexity 14.2 Forced Ice-Line Models (Box 1, Fig. 14-1) 14.3 Ice-Sheet Inertia Models 14.3.1 The Simplest Forms (Box 2) 14.3.2 More Physically Based Ice-Sheet Models: First Applications 14.3.3 Direct Bedrock Effects (Box 3) 14.3.4 Bedrock-Calving Effects (Box 4) 14.3.5 Basal Meltwater and Sliding (Box 5) 14.3.6 Ice Streams and Ice Shelf Effects 14.3.7 Continental Ice-Sheet Movement (Box 6) 14.3.8 Three-Dimensional (λ, φ, hI) Ice-Sheet Models 14.4 The Need for Enhancement of the Coupled Ice-Sheet/Atmospheric Climate Models 14.5 Ice-Sheet Variables Coupled with Additional Slow-Response Variables 14.5.1 Regolith Mass, mr (Box 7) 14.5.2 The Deep Ocean Te

Note: Front Cover; Advances in Geophysics, Volume 35; Copyright Page; Contents; Chapter 1. Seismological Constraints on the Velocity Structure and Fate of Subducting Lithospheric Slabs: 25 Years of Progress; 1. Introduction; 2. General Characterization of Slab and Wedge Structures; 3. Travel Time Pattern Constraints on Slab Velocity Structure; 4. Tomographical Imaging of Slab Velocity Structure; 5. Slab Boundaries: Converted and Reflected Phases; 6. Focusing, Multipathing, and Diffraction Effects of Slab Structure; 7. Future Directions in Slab Imaging and Summary; References; Index;.