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  • 1
    Description / Table of Contents: Ore deposits form by a variety of natural processes that concentrate elements into a volume that can be economically mined. Their type, character and abundance reflect the environment in which they formed and thus they preserve key evidence for the evolution of magmatic and tectonic processes, the state of the atmosphere and hydrosphere, and the evolution of life over geological time. This volume presents 13 papers on topical subjects in ore deposit research viewed in the context of Earth evolution. These diverse, yet interlinked, papers cover topics including: controls on the temporal and spatial distribution of ore deposits; the sources of fluid, gold and other components of orogenic gold deposits; the degree of oxygenation in the Neoproterozoic ocean; bacterial immobilization of gold in the semi-arid near-surface environment; and mineral resources for the future, including issues of resource estimation, sustainability of supply and the criticality of certain elements to society.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (333 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9781862396265
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Keywords: Bruch (Geologie) ; Fluid ; Hydrodynamik ; Mineralisation ; Hydrothermale Lagerstätte ; Lagerstättenbildung
    Description / Table of Contents: K. J. W. McCaffrey: Dave Johnston: an appreciation and bibliography / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 155:vii-viii, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.155.01.01 --- Lidia Lonergan, Jamie Wilkinson, and Ken McCaffrey: Fractures, fluid flow and mineralization: an introduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 155:1-6, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.155.01.02 --- Fracture Populations --- S. Roberts, D. J. Sanderson, and P. Gumiel: Fractal analysis and percolation properties of veins / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 155:7-16, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.155.01.03 --- Julia F. W. Stowell, Adrian P. Watson, and Neil F. C. Hudson: Geometry and population systematics of a quartz vein set, Holy Island, Anglesey, North Wales / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 155:17-33, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.155.01.04 --- P. A. Gillespie, J. D. Johnston, M. A. Loriga, K. J. W. McCaffrey, J. J. Walsh, and J. Watterson: Influence of layering on vein systematics in line samples / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 155:35-56, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.155.01.05 --- Maria Antonietta Loriga: Scaling systematics of vein size: an example from the Guanajuato mining district (Central Mexico) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 155:57-67, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.155.01.06 --- Fluid Flow and Fracture Systems --- David J. Sanderson and Xing Zhang: Critical stress localization of flow associated with deformation of well-fractured rock masses, with implications for mineral deposits / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 155:69-81, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.155.01.07 --- Mark A. Jones, Alec B. Pringle, Iain M. Fulton, and Shane O’Neill: Discrete fracture network modelling applied to groundwater resource exploitation in southwest Ireland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 155:83-103, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.155.01.08 --- Peter Connolly and John Cosgrove: Prediction of static and dynamic fluid pathways within and around dilational jogs / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 155:105-121, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.155.01.09 --- Structural Controls on Mineralization --- Stephen F. Cox: Deformational controls on the dynamics of fluid flow in mesothermal gold systems / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 155:123-140, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.155.01.10 --- Tom G. Blenkinsop and David J. Sanderson: Are gold deposits in the crust fractals? A study of gold mines in the Zimbabwe craton / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 155:141-151, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.155.01.11 --- S. J. Jolley, I. H. C. Henderson, A. C. Barnicoat, and N. P. C. Fox: Thrust-fracture network and hydrothermal gold mineralization: Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 155:153-165, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.155.01.12 --- Piergiorgio Rossetti and Fabrizio Colombo: Adularia-sericite gold deposits of Marmato (Caldas, Colombia): field and petrographical data / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 155:167-182, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.155.01.13 --- Yannick Branquet, Alain Cheilletz, Gaston Giuliani, Bernard Laumonier, and Oscar Blanco: Fluidized hydrothermal breccia in dilatant faults during thrusting: the Colombian emerald deposits / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 155:183-195, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.155.01.14 --- M. A. N. Brown, R. J. H. Jolly, W. Stone, and M. P. Coward: Nickel ore troughs in Archaean volcanic rocks, Kambalda, Western Australia: indicators of early extension / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 155:197-211, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.155.01.15 --- I. R. Colke, J. Craig, and D. J. Blundell: Structural controls on the hydrocarbon and mineral deposits within the Kutai Basin, East Kalimantan / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 155:213-232, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.155.01.16 --- Irish Zn/Pb Deposits: Structure and Fluid Flow --- Murray W. Hitzman: Extensional faults that localize Irish syndiagenetic Zn-Pb Deposits and their reactivation during Variscan compression / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 155:233-245, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.155.01.17 --- C. E. Everett, J. J. Wilkinson, and D. M. Rye: Fracture-controlled fluid flow in the Lower Palaeozoic basement rocks of Ireland: implications for the genesis of Irish-type Zn-Pb deposits / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 155:247-276, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.155.01.18 --- Helen Lewis and Gary D. Couples: Carboniferous basin evolution of central Ireland — simulation of structural controls on mineralization / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 155:277-302, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.155.01.19 --- G. D. Sevastopulo and P. Redmond: Age of mineralization of carbonate-hosted, base metal deposits in the Rathdowney Trend, Ireland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 155:303-311, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.155.01.20 --- B. M. O’Reilly, P. W. Readman, and T. Murphy: Gravity lineaments and Carboniferous-hosted base metal deposits of the Irish Midlands / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 155:313-321, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.155.01.21
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VIII, 328 Seiten) , Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten
    ISBN: 1862390347
    Language: English
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2017-06-09
    Print ISSN: 0091-7613
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2682
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2017-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0361-0128
    Electronic ISSN: 1554-0774
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2020-06-01
    Description: The giant, high-grade Resolution porphyry Cu-Mo deposit in the Superior district of Arizona is hosted in Proterozoic and Paleozoic basement and in an overlying Cretaceous volcaniclastic breccia and sandstone package. Resolution has a central domain of potassic alteration that extends more than 1 km outboard of the ore zone, overlapping with a propylitic halo characterized by epidote, chlorite, and pyrite that is particularly well developed in the Laramide volcaniclastic rocks and Proterozoic dolerite sills. The potassic and propylitic assemblages were overprinted in the upper parts of the deposit by intense phyllic and advanced argillic alteration. The district was disrupted by Tertiary Basin and Range extension, and the fault block containing Resolution and its Cretaceous host succession was buried under thick mid-Miocene dacitic volcanic cover, obscuring the geologic, geophysical, and geochemical footprint of the deposit. To test the potential of propylitic mineral chemistry analyses to aid in the detection of concealed porphyry deposits, a blind test was conducted using a suite of epidote-chlorite ± pyrite-altered Laramide volcaniclastic rocks and Proterozoic dolerites collected from the propylitic halo, with samples taken from two domains located to the north and south and above the Resolution ore zone. Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) data of epidote provided indications of deposit fertility and proximity. Competition for chalcophile elements (As, Sb, Pb) between coexisting pyrite and epidote grains led to a subdued As-Sb fertility response in epidote, consistent with epidote collected between 0.7 and 1.5 km from the center of a large porphyry deposit. Temperature-sensitive trace elements in chlorite provided coherent spatial zonation patterns, implying a heat source centered at depth between the two sample clusters, and application of chlorite proximitor calculations based on LA-ICP-MS analyses provided a precisely defined drill target in this location in three dimensions. Drilling of this target would have resulted in the discovery of Resolution, confirming that epidote and chlorite mineral chemistry can potentially add value to porphyry exploration under cover.
    Print ISSN: 0361-0128
    Electronic ISSN: 1554-0774
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2020-06-01
    Description: In porphyry ore deposit models, the propylitic alteration facies is widely interpreted to be caused by convective circulation of meteoric waters. However, recent field-based and geochemical data suggest that magmatic-derived fluids are likely to contribute to development of the propylitic assemblage. In order to test this hypothesis, we determined the oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions of propylitic mineral separates (epidote, chlorite, and quartz), selected potassic mineral separates (quartz and magnetite), and quartz-hosted fluid inclusions from around the E48 and E26 deposits in the Northparkes porphyry Cu-Au district, New South Wales, Australia. In addition, the strontium isotope composition of epidote was determined to test for the potential contribution of seawater in the Northparkes system given the postulated island-arc setting and submarine character of some country rocks. Oxygen isotope geothermometry calculations indicate potassic alteration occurred between ~600° and 700°C in magmatic/mineralized centers, persisting to ~450°C upon lateral transition into propylitic alteration. Across the propylitic facies, temperature progressively decreased outward to
    Print ISSN: 0361-0128
    Electronic ISSN: 1554-0774
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2020-06-01
    Description: The mineral chemistry of epidote and chlorite from the propylitic halo at El Teniente, in samples collected at distances up to 6.6 km from the deposit center, was determined by microprobe and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Results show that both minerals systematically incorporated a range of trace elements that define a much larger footprint to the system than is easily recognized using conventional means such as whole-rock geochemistry. Apart from Fe and Mg in chlorite, there is no significant control of mineral chemistry by bulk-rock composition. For chlorite, geothermometry temperatures and Ti and V concentrations are high proximal, whereas Li, As, Co, Sr, Ca, and Y are low proximal and elevated in distal positions. Ratios of these elements define gradients toward ore varying over three to five orders of magnitude. The proximal-high Ti content is thought to reflect crystallization temperature, whereas proximal-low signatures are believed to characterize elements that are relatively fluid mobile in the inner parts of the propylitic halo in the presence of mildly alkaline to mildly acidic and oxidized fluids so that they are not incorporated into crystallizing chlorite, despite being generally compatible within the mineral structure. These elements begin to substitute into chlorite in the distal parts of the propylitic halo where fluids are largely rock buffered in terms of major element chemistry. In epidote, As defines a broad proximal low and is generally elevated at distances of at least 3 km from the edge of the ore shell. Zinc, La, Yb, Y, and Zr in epidote, among others, appear to define a geochemical shoulder that surrounds the deposit. These patterns are broadly similar to those observed in previous work at Batu Hijau and in the Baguio district, suggesting that these minerals behave consistently in porphyry systems and can therefore provide useful exploration tools within propylitic green rocks.
    Print ISSN: 0361-0128
    Electronic ISSN: 1554-0774
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2020-06-01
    Description: The Collahuasi district of northern Chile hosts several late Eocene-early Oligocene world-class porphyry Cu-Mo deposits, including Rosario, Ujina, and Quebrada Blanca deposits, and associated high-sulfidation epithermal mineralization at La Grande. Mineralization is hosted by intermediate to felsic intrusive and volcanic rocks of the upper Paleozoic to Lower Triassic Collahuasi Group, which experienced lower greenschist facies regional metamorphism prior to mineralization. Extensive hydrothermal alteration zones surround the porphyry and epithermal deposits, associated with hypogene ore-forming processes. However, outside of the observed sulfide halo the limits of geochemical anomalism associated with mineralization are difficult to define due to mineralogical similarities between weak, distal propylitic alteration and regional metamorphism affecting the host rocks. Recent advancements in laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry analysis of epidote from hydrothermal alteration zones around porphyry and skarn deposits have shown that low-level hypogene geochemical anomalies can be detected at distances farther from the center of mineralization than by conventional rock chip sampling. Selective analysis of propylitic epidote from the Collahuasi district indicates that anomalous concentrations of distal pathfinder elements in epidote, including As (〉50 ppm), Sb (〉25 ppm), Pb (〉100 ppm), and Mn (〉5,000 ppm), were detectable 1.5 to 4.0 km from deposit centers. Significantly, the concentrations of these trace elements in epidote were obtained from samples that contained whole-rock concentrations of
    Print ISSN: 0361-0128
    Electronic ISSN: 1554-0774
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2020-01-17
    Description: Protracted magma storage in the deep crust is a key stage in the formation of evolved, hydrous arc magmas that can result in explosive volcanism and the formation of economically valuable magmatic-hydrothermal ore deposits. High magmatic water content in the deep crust results in extensive amphibole ± garnet fractionation and the suppression of plagioclase crystallization as recorded by elevated Sr/Y ratios and high Eu (high Eu/Eu*) in the melt. Here, we use a novel approach to track the petrogenesis of arc magmas using apatite trace element chemistry in volcanic formations from the Cenozoic arc of central Chile. These rocks formed in a magmatic cycle that culminated in high-Sr/Y magmatism and porphyry ore deposit formation in the Miocene. We use Sr/Y, Eu/Eu*, and Mg in apatite to track discrete stages of arc magma evolution. We apply fractional crystallization modeling to show that early-crystallizing apatite can inherit a high-Sr/Y and high-Eu/Eu* melt chemistry signature that is predetermined by amphibole-dominated fractional crystallization in the lower crust. Our modeling shows that crystallization of the in situ host-rock mineral assemblage in the shallow crust causes competition for trace elements in the melt that leads to apatite compositions diverging from bulk-magma chemistry. Understanding this decoupling behavior is important for the use of apatite as an indicator of metallogenic fertility in arcs and for interpretation of provenance in detrital studies.
    Print ISSN: 0091-7613
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2682
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2006-08-01
    Print ISSN: 0016-7037
    Electronic ISSN: 1872-9533
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Published by Elsevier
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