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  • 1
    Description / Table of Contents: Volcanism and tectonism are the dominant endogenic means by which planetary surfaces change. This book aims to encompass the broad range in character of volcanism, tectonism, faulting and associated interactions observed on planetary bodies across the inner solar system - a region that includes Mercury, Venus, Earth, the Moon, Mars and asteroids. The diversity and breadth of landforms produced by volcanic and tectonic processes is enormous, and varies across the inner solar system bodies. As a result, the selection of prevailing landforms and their underlying formational processes that are described and highlighted in this volume are but a primer to the expansive field of planetary volcanism and tectonism. This Special Publication features 22 research articles about volcanic and tectonic processes manifest across the inner solar system.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VII, 448 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9781862396326
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd/Inc
    Journal of fish biology 63 (2003), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Sexually dimorphic traits are common in fish species, and examples from both males and females have been described. The function of these traits has been widely investigated in males. On the contrary, female ornaments have been studied mainly in sex role reversed species, such as pipefish, while their role in species with ‘conventional’ sex roles remain to be investigated.This study focused on the presence, function, and possible role as indicator of female quality of a sexually dimorphic nuptial trait in the lagoon goby, Knipowitschia panizzae. In this species, that present conventional sex roles, females show a yellow spot on the belly. Aquarium spawning experiments demonstrated that the coloration on the belly is due to dermal pigments, is displayed only when female is ready to spawn and is switched off within few minutes from the end of egg deposition. This sexual trait presents variability in size among females and indicates female fecundity relatively to her own body size. As a consequence, female yellow belly appears to be an honest signal of female quality. Field data on natural nests highlighted that males perform parental cares mostly only on one egg batch at a time and the modality of egg deposition suggested that males are limited in their potential reproductive rates by environmental factors. Male limitation in egg care could constitute the basis for a female biased operational sex ratio, favouring male choosiness and the evolution of female nuptial displays.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2007-10-08
    Description: From the Miocene onwards, the Alpine and South Alpine domains have been closely coupled within the framework of fault kinematics and geodynamic processes related to the continuing indentation of the Adria plate against Europe. In this study, the post-Oligocene evolution of a wide sector of the North Adriatic indenter border and nearby areas is re-examined in an extensive regional context by means of structural, geochronological and seismotectonic data. The Adria northern edge roughly corresponds to the Periadriatic lineament which is characterized in the central--eastern Alps by an abrupt change of orientation from east--west to NNE--SSW at the North Giudicarie line. Several strike-slip fault linkages have developed along the northern and southern sections of this major fault since the Miocene. In the Alpine domain, fault connections facilitated tectonic unroofing of the deeper nappes (Penninic units) in the Tauern window and a westward crustal stretching of the upper nappes (Austroalpine units) in the Brenner detachment hanging wall. In the Southern Alps, several fault linkages are observed, which are related to reactivation of inherited faults by the indentation process. These processes began during the early Miocene, were fully developed in the latest Miocene--early Pliocene, and are very probably still continuing. The final result is a complex shear zone of 250 km length, that in the southern part is considered as an incipient divide between the nearly stationary westernmost part of the North Adriatic indenter and the still northward-pushing main body of the Adria plate.
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  • 4
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    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 290: 351-366.
    Publication Date: 2007-12-19
    Description: In the eastern Southern Alps (NE Italy), Liassic northsouth extensional structures are prominent. The southern Trento Platform also experienced extension during the Palaeogene, when reactivation of some pre-existing faults occurred, coupled with nucleation of new faults. During Neogene shortening, these structures were reactivated once again, but with strike-slip kinematics. In this framework, the GamondaTormeno restraining stepover represents the final result of an overlap zone which evolved through time. In the first stage (Lias to Early Cretaceous) a prominent splay developed at the tip of the Gamonda Fault by lateral propagation and breaching of independent segments. At the same time, there was kinematic interaction between the antithetic Gamonda and Tormeno faults, followed by diachronous motion on crossing faults and the development of a narrow graben. During the second stage of extensional tectonics (Palaeocene to Early Oligocene), the reactivation and propagation of the overlapping faults along with the generation of new faults led to deepening of the graben. In the third stage (Miocene to present), the final structure of a strike-slip restraining stepover was accomplished. Due to the mechanical stratigraphy and complex inherited architecture of the relay zone where stratigraphic sequences with different rheological properties are juxtaposed, the style of shortening is different in the western and eastern sides of the stepover. The GamondaTormeno structure represents a unique example of how a relay zone may change through time.
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2014-02-23
    Description: On Earth, most tectonic plates are regenerated and recycled through convection. However, the Nubian and Antarctic plates could be considered as poorly mobile surfaces of various thicknesses that are acting as conductive lids on top of Earth's deeper convective system. Here, volcanoes do not show any linear age progression, at least not for the last 30 myr, but constitute the sites of persistent, focused, long-term magmatic activity rather than a chain of volcanoes, as observed in fast-moving plate plume environments. The melt products vertically accrete into huge accumulations. The residual depleted roots left behind by melting processes cannot be dragged away from the melting loci underlying the volcanoes, which may contribute to producing an unusually shallow depth of oceanic swells. The persistence of a stationary thick depleted lid slows down the efficiency of melting processes at shallow depths. Numerous characteristics of these volcanoes located on motionless plates may be shared by those of the giant volcanoes of the Tharsis province, as Mars is a one-plate planet. The aim of this chapter is to undertake a first inventory of these common features, in order to improve our knowledge of the construction processes of Martian volcanoes.
    Print ISSN: 0305-8719
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4927
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2014-03-27
    Description: The occurrence and distribution of monogenic eruptive features in volcanic areas testify to the presence of deep-crustal or subcrustal magma reservoirs hydraulically connected to the surface via a fracture network. The spatial distribution of vents can be studied in terms of self-similar (fractal) clustering, described by a fractal exponent D and defined over a range of lengths ( l ) between a lower and upper cutoff, L co and U co , respectively. The computed U co values for several volcanic fields on Earth match the thickness of the crust between vents and magma reservoirs at depth. This analysis can thus be extended to other volcanic fields and volcanoes on rocky planets in the solar system where features such as vents and dykes occur, and for where complementary geophysical data are currently lacking. We applied this method to the Ascraeus Mons volcano on Mars, which presents hundreds of collapse pits similar to those observed on Earth volcanoes that are most likely related to feeder dykes. Based on structural mapping with High Resolution Stereo Camera data at 12 m/px and Context Camera data at 6 m/px mosaics, more than 2300 collapse pits and dyke traces were analysed, revealing two distinct fractal clustered populations. The obtained U co values reveal the presence and likely depth of both a deep magma reservoir ( c. 60 km deep) and a small shallower chamber ( c. 11 km deep). This analysis can help to better constrain the depth and time evolution of volcanic processes on Tharsis, and on terrestrial planets’ volcanoes in general.
    Print ISSN: 0305-8719
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4927
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2014-04-02
    Description: This work was carried out within the framework of the European Space Agency and Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency BepiColombo space mission to Mercury and intends to provide valid tools for the interpretation of spectra acquired by the MErcury Radiometer and Thermal Infrared Spectrometer (MERTIS) on board of BepiColombo. Two C 2/ c augitic pyroxenes, with different Mg/Fe ratios and constant Ca contents, were investigated by in situ high-temperature thermal infrared spectroscopy and in situ high-temperature single-crystal X-ray diffraction up to temperatures of about 750 and 770 K, respectively. The emissivity spectra of the two samples show similar band center shifts of the main three bands toward lower wavenumbers with increasing temperature. In detail, with increasing temperature bands 1 and 2 of both samples show a much stronger shift with respect to band 3, which remains almost unchanged. Our results indicate that the center positions of bands 1 and 2 are strong functions of the temperature, whereas the center position of band 3 is a strong function of the Mg# [with Mg# = Mg/(Mg + Fe 2+ ) atomic ratio]. The analysis of the thermal behavior gives similar thermal expansion volume coefficients, α V , for the Mg-rich and Fe-rich samples, with α V = 2.72(8) and 2.72(7) x 10 –5 K –1 , respectively, using the Berman (1988) equation. This correspondence totally explains the band center shifts similarity between the two samples. Our data suggest that MERTIS spectra will be able to provide indications of C 2/ c augitic pyroxene Mg# and will allow a correct interpretation that is independent on the spectra acquisition temperature.
    Print ISSN: 0003-004X
    Electronic ISSN: 1945-3027
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2014-09-19
    Description: Volcanism and tectonism are the dominant endogenic means by which planetary surfaces change. This book, in general, and this overview, in particular, aim to encompass the broad range in character of volcanism, tectonism, faulting and associated interactions observed on planetary bodies across the inner solar system – a region that includes Mercury, Venus, Earth, the Moon, Mars and asteroids. The diversity and breadth of landforms produced by volcanic and tectonic processes are enormous, and vary across the inventory of inner solar system bodies. As a result, the selection of prevailing landforms and their underlying formational processes that are described and highlighted in this review are but a primer to the expansive field of planetary volcanism and tectonism. In addition to this extended introductory contribution, this Special Publication features 21 dedicated research articles about volcanic and tectonic processes manifest across the inner solar system. Those articles are summarized at the end of this review.
    Print ISSN: 0305-8719
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4927
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2014-08-15
    Description: The tectonic evolution of Mercury is dominated at a global scale by contractional features such as lobate scarps that are widely distributed across the planet. These structures are thought to be the consequence of the secular cooling of Mercury. Therefore, dating these features is essential to place constraints on the timing of planetary cooling, which is important for understanding the thermal evolution of Mercury. In this work, we date an extended thrust system, which we term the Blossom Thrust System, located between 80°E and 100°E, and 30°N and 15°S, and which consists of several individual lobate scarps exhibiting a north–south orientation and a westward vergence. The age of the system was determined using several different methods. Traditional stratigraphic analysis was accompanied by crater counting of units that overlap the thrust system and by using the buffered crater-counting technique, allowing us to determine an absolute model age for the tectonic feature. These complementary methods give consistent results, implying that activity on the thrust ended between 3.5 and 3.7 Ga, depending on the adopted absolute-age model. These data provide an important insight into this portion of Mercury's crust, which may have implications for models of the thermal evolution of the planet as a whole.
    Print ISSN: 0305-8719
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4927
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2014-07-31
    Description: The Rembrandt basin is the largest well-preserved impact feature in the southern hemisphere of Mercury. Its smooth volcanic infill hosts wrinkle ridges and graben, and the entire basin is cross-cut by the Enterprise Rupes scarp system. On the basis of the Model Production Function crater chronology, our analysis shows that the formation of the Rembrandt basin occurred at 3.8±0.1 Ga during the Late Heavy Bombardment, consistent with previous studies. We also find that the smooth plains interior to the basin were emplaced between 3.7 and 3.6±0.1 Ga, indicative of a resurfacing event within the Rembrandt basin that is consistent with the presence of partially buried craters. These youngest plains appear temporally unrelated to basin formation, and so we regard their origin as likely to be due to volcanism. We identify the same chronological relationship for the terrain cross-cut by Enterprise Rupes to the west of the basin. Therefore, volcanic activity affected both the basin and its surroundings, but ended prior to the majority of basin- and regional-scale tectonic deformation. If Enterprise Rupes formed prior to the Rembrandt basin, then regional-scale tectonic activity along this structure might have lasted at least 200 myr.
    Print ISSN: 0305-8719
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4927
    Topics: Geosciences
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