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  • 1
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Oxford : Oxford University Press
    Call number: AWI G2-14-0056
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1 An introduction to Antarctic lakes. - 1.1 Introduction. - 1.2 History of Antarctic limnology and logistics. - 1.3 Climatic conditions in Antarctica. - 1.4 Glaciological history of Antarctica. - 1.5 Diversity of lakes. - 1.6 Lake types and geochemical conditions. - 1.6.1 Salinity. - 1.6.2 Redox conditions. - 1.6.3 Nutrient and organic carbon supply. - 1.6.4 Geochemical indicators of lake history. - 1.7 Geomorphology of Antarctic lakes. - 1.8 Antarctic lake biota. - 1.8.1 Archaea and Bacteria. - 1.8.2 Viruses. - 1.8.3 Protozoa. - 1.8.4 Algae. - 1.8.5 Rotifers. - 1.8.6 Crustaceans. - 1.8.7 Other invertebrates. - 1.9 Habitats in Antarctic lakes. - 2 Freshwater lakes. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 Formation of freshwater lakes. - 2.3 Temperature and stratification. - 2.4 Water chernistry. - 2.5 The planktonic biota of freshwater lakes. - 2.5.1 Heterotrophic bacteria. - 2.5.2 Viruses. - 2.5.3 Protozoa. - 2.5.4 The phytoplankton. - 2.5.5 The zooplankton. - 2.6 Carbon cycling in the planktonic environment. - 2.6.1 Primary production. - 2.6.2 Bacterial production. - 2.6.3 Heterotrophic grazing. - 2.7 The benthic communities. - 2.7.1 Phototrophic benthic communities. - 2.7.2 Heterotrophic benthic communities. - 2.7.3 Carbon cycling in the benthos. - 3 Saline lakes. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 Distribution of saline lakes in Antarctica. - 3.3 Formation of saline lakes. - 3.4 Patterns of stratification and temperature. - 3.5 Water chemistry. - 3.6 The planktonic biota of saline lakes. - 3.6.1 Heterotrophic Bacteria and Archaea. - 3.6.2 Photosynthetic bacteria. - 3.6.3 Viruses. - 3.6.4 Protozoa. - 3.6.5 Algae. - 3.6.6 Zooplankton. - 3.7 Carbon cycling in the plankton. - 3.7.1 Primary production. - 3.7.2 Bacterial production. - 3.7.3 Heterotrophic grazing and carbon cycling. - 3.8 The biota of saline Iake ice covers. - 3.9 The benthic community. - 3.10 Carbon cycling in the benthos. - 3.11 A unique Antarctic Iake - Lake Vida. - 4 Epishelf lakes. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Formation and physico/chemical characteristics of epishelf lakes. - 4.2.1 Geomorphology. - 4.2.2 Physico/chemical characteristics. - 4.3 The planktonic biota of epishelf lakes. - 4.4 Carbon cycling in the plankton of epishelf lakes. - 4.5 The benthic communities of epishelf lakes. - 5 Lakes and ponds on glaciers and ice shelves. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 Supraglacial lakes. - 5.2.1 Types of cryolakes. - 5.2.2 The physical/chemical environment and biology of cryolakes. - 5.3 Ice shelf ponds and lakes. - 6 Subglacial lakes. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 Distribution and physiographic characteristics of subglacial lakes in Antarctica. - 6.3 Detailed studies of subglacial lakes. - 6.3.1 Lake Vostok. - 6.3.2 Lake Ellsworth. - 6.3.3 Lake Whillans. - 6.3.4 Hodgson Lake. - 6.4 Formation of subglacial lakes and hydrological conditions. - 6.5 Geochemical conditions in subglacial lakes. - 6.6 The biota of subglacial lakes. - 7 Conclusions and future directions. - 7.1 Antarctic lakes in a global context. - 7.2 Inter-annual variations and Ionger-term trends. - 7.3 The gaps in the data - the way forward. - 7.4 Future directions. - Glossary. - References. - Index.
    Description / Table of Contents: The Antarctic continent carries the greatest diversity of Iake environments on the planet: freshwater and saline lakes, tidal freshwater epishelf lakes, lakes on ice shelves and glacier surfaces, and over three hundred subglacial lakes; extraordinary ecosystems that have been separated from the atmosphere for up to millions of years. This book provides a unique and cutting edge synthesis of Antarctic limnology, drawing together current knowledge on geomorphology, morphometry, chemistry, community structure and function. lt emphasises throughout the value of these near-pristine ecosystems as barometers of climate change, showing how responsive and vulnerable they are to the indirect impacts of anthropogenic activity. Antarctic Lakes begins with an introduction to their physical, chemical, and biological characteristics, providing a basis for understanding the subsequent detailed chapters on different Iake types, and ends with a chapter considering the application of new technologies to polar limnology as well as identifying future research directions. This accessible text is suitable for both senior undergraduate and graduate students taking courses in Antarctic and polar limnology, and will also be of broad interest to researchers working in the areas of polar science, microbial ecology (and extremophiles), climatology, glaciology, and astrobiology.
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: ix, 215 S. : Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.
    Edition: 1st ed.
    Branch Library: AWI Library
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Environmental Microbiology 17 (2015): 1510–1519, doi:10.1111/1462-2920.12571.
    Description: Here we investigated whether there is evidence of local adaptation in strains of an ancestrally marine dinoflagellate to the lacustrine environment they now inhabit (optimal genotypes) and/or if they have evolved phenotypic plasticity (a range of phenotypes). Eleven strains of Polarella glacialis were isolated and cultured from three different environments: the polar seas, a hyposaline and a hypersaline Antarctic lake. Local adaptation was tested by comparing growth rates of lacustrine and marine strains at their own and reciprocal site conditions. To determine phenotypic plasticity, we measured the reaction norm for salinity. We found evidence of both, limited local adaptation and higher phenotypic plasticity in lacustrine strains when compared with marine ancestors. At extreme high salinities, local lake strains outperformed other strains, and at extreme low salinities, strains from the hyposaline lake outperformed all other strains. The data suggest that lake populations may have evolved higher phenotypic plasticity in the lake habitats compared with the sea, presumably due to the high temporal variability in salinity in the lacustrine systems. Moreover, the interval of salinity tolerance differed between strains from the hyposaline and hypersaline lakes, indicating local adaptation promoted by different salinity.
    Description: This work was supported by a grant from the Australian Antarctic Research Assessment Committee to J.L-P and KR and by The Swedish Research Council (621-2009-5324) to KR. RL has been financed by a Marie Curie Intra-European Fellowship (PIEF-GA-2009–235365, EU) and a Juan de la Cierva fellowship (JCI-2010–06594, Ministry of Science and Innovation, Spain).
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 245 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In cold climates, some plants and bacteria that cannot avoid freezing use antifreeze proteins (AFPs) to lessen the destructive effects of ice recrystallization. These AFPs have weak freezing point depression activity, perhaps to avoid sudden, uncontrolled growth of ice. Here, we report on an uncharacteristically powerful bacterial AFP found in an Antarctic strain of the bacterium, Marinomonas primoryensis. It is Ca2+-dependent, shows evidence of cooperativity, and can produce over 2 °C of freezing point depression. Unlike most AFPs, it does not produce obvious crystal faceting during thermal hysteresis. This AFP might be capable of imparting freezing avoidance to M. primoryensis in ice-covered Antarctic lakes. A hyperactive bacterial AFP has not previously been reported.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Freshwater biology 49 (2004), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: 1. Bacterioplankton production was measured in the water columns of two ultra-oligotrophic, freshwater Antarctic lakes (Crooked Lake and Lake Druzhby) during an annual cycle. In both lakes bacterial production, measured by the incorporation of [3H] thymidine, continued in winter and showed a cycle over the year. The range of production was between 0 and 479 ng C L−1 h−1 in Crooked Lake and 0–354 ng L−1 h−1 in Lake Druzhby.2. Abundance and mean cell volume both varied, producing marked changes in biomass during the year, with highest biomass occurring in the winter and early spring. Biomass showed similar seasonal trends in both lakes.3. For most of the year inorganic forms of nitrogen and phosphorus were detectable in the water columns of the lakes and were unlikely to have limited bacterial production. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was below 3000 μg L−1. Dissolved amino acids and carbohydrates contributed 5–25% of the DOC pool in Crooked Lake and 5–64% in Lake Druzhby. Dissolved carbohydrates were consistently low, suggesting that this may have been the preferred carbon substrate for bacterioplankton.4. Aggregate associated bacteria had higher mean cell volume, abundances and production than freely suspended bacteria in Lake Druzhby, while in Crooked Lake aggregate associated bacteria consistently had higher mean cell volumes than free bacteria, but abundance and production were on occasion higher in free bacteria compared with aggregate associated communities.5. The data indicated that production is limited by continuous low temperatures and the limited availability of suitable DOC substrate. However, the bacterioplankton functions year round, responding to factors other than temperature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Freshwater biology 50 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: 1. Viral and microbial loop dynamics were investigated over an annual cycle in three contrasting saline Antarctic lakes – Highway Lake (salinity 4‰), Pendant Lake (salinity 19‰) and Ace Lake, a meromictic system (with a mixolimnion salinity of 18‰) in order to assess the importance of viruses in extreme, microbially dominated systems.2. Virus like particles (VLP) showed no clear seasonal pattern, with high concentrations occurring in both winter and summer (range 0.89 × 107 ± 0.038 to 12.017 × 107 ± 1.28 mL−1). VLP abundances reflected lake productivity based on chlorophyll a concentrations. Bacterial abundances and biomass did not correlate with VLP numbers except in Pendant Lake, the most productive of the three lakes studied.3. Pendant Lake supported the highest bacterial biomass (range Highway: 18.44 ± 1.35 to 59.43 ± 2.80 ng C mL−1; Ace: 14.42 ± 2.69 to 68.39 ± 2.95 ng C mL−1; Pendant: 31.36 ± 3.94 to 115.95 ± 4.49 ng C mL−1) so that virus to bacteria ratios (VBR) (range 30.48 ± 7.96 to 96.67 ± 8.21) were higher in Ace Lake (range 30.58 ± 3.98 to 80.037 ± 1.60) and Highway Lake (range 18.63 ± 3.12 to 126.74 ± 6.50).4. Negative correlations occurred between VLP and cryptophytes (dominant phototrophic nanoflagellates), suggesting that they were not hosts to lytic viruses. Among the other protists only the heterotrophic nanoflagellates of Highway Lake (dominated by the marine choanoflagellate Diaphanoeca grandis) showed a positive correlation with VLP.5. The VLP was negatively correlated with photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and temperature, both of which increased with ice thinning and breakout, increasing viral decay. In winter VLP probably persisted in cold, dark water.6. High VLP concentrations and high VBR (values at the upper end of those reported for marine and lacustrine systems) indicated that viruses, most of which were probably bacteriophage, are a major element within the microbial communities in extreme, saline lakes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Freshwater biology 50 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: 1. Seasonal patterns of grazing and photosynthesis were investigated in two saline Antarctic lakes (Highway and Ace) in the Vestfold Hills (68°S). The phototrophic nanoflagellate (PNAN) community was dominated by Pyramimonas gelidicola and two morphological forms of a cryptophyte species that occurred throughout the year. Both species were mixotrophic on bacteria, and in Highway Lake they also exploited dissolved organic carbon as determined by the uptake of fluorescently labelled dextrans.2. Clearance rates ranged between 0.02 and 0.21 nL h−1 cell−1 in Ace Lake and 0.004–1.05 nL h−1 cell−1 in Highway Lake. On occasion cryptophyte grazing equalled that of the heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNAN).3. Photosynthetic rates showed similar trends in both lakes, but there were differences in chlorophyll a specific rates and photosynthetic efficiency, probably related to the meromictic characteristic of Ace Lake. Primary production was measurable in winter and peaked in summer following the maxima of mixotroph grazing.4. The HNAN community of Highway Lake achieved clearance rates of 0.02–1.80 nL h−1 cell−1 and removing between 50 and 693 ng bacterial carbon L−1 day−1, with highest impact in winter when HNAN were most abundant. The HNAN also ingested fluorescently labelled dextrans showing a preference for 4 and 500 kDa molecules. The more diverse HNAN community of Ace Lake had lower clearance rates (0.04–0.37 nL h−1 cell−1) and exerted a lower grazing pressure on bacterioplankton. In Highway Lake, where the HNAN community was dominated by the choanoflagellate Diaphanoeca grandis, there was a significant correlation between mean cell volume and clearance rate.5. The major feature was that the microbial plankton functioned throughout the year by employing nutritional versatility.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Freshwater biology 35 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: 1. The temporal abundance and composition of the plankton of a continental Antarctic lake (Lake Druzhby) situated in the Vestfold Hills, Eastern Antarctica was investigated from December 1992 to December 1993. The system was dominated by microbial plankton (cyanobacteria, heterotrophic bacteria and protozoans) with few metazoans.2. Chlorophyll a concentrations ranged between 0.15 and 1.1 μg l–1 and showed highest levels from late winter to spring.3. Heterotrophic bacteria ranged between 75 and 250 × 106 l–1 with highest abundances in late winter/spring. Mean bacterial biovolumes showed considerable seasonal variation (0.05–0.31 μm3). Largest biovolumes occurred in summer and this was the time of highest community biomass.4. Heterotrophic nanoflagellates reached highest abundances in late summer (maximum 14 × 105 l–1). Their mean biovolume also exhibited considerable seasonal variation, ranging between 1.77 and 27.0 μm3, with largest size resulting in community biomass peaking in early summer. Ciliated protozoa were poorly represented and sparse. Phototrophic nanoflagellates were sparse in this lake; instead the phototrophic plankton was dominated by a small rod-shaped cyanobacterium which constituted the largest carbon pool in the system. It was common throughout the year, its biomass peaking in autumn. Its presence is discussed in relation to lake morphometry and light climate.5. Heterotrophic flagellate grazing rates ranged from 6.78 bacteria cell–1 day–1 at 2 °C to 11.8 bacteria cell–1 day–1 at 4 °C. They remove around 2% of the bacterial carbon pool per day during summer and winter.6. Nutrient levels were low and recorded in pulses. Dissolved and particulate organic carbon were also low, usually less than 3 mg l–1 and 600 μg l–1, respectively. The carbon pools were derived from autochthonous sources. This lake system is driven by bottom-up forces and lacks top-down control, which fits into the picture currently seen for continental Antarctic lakes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Freshwater biology 47 (2002), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SUMMARY 1. Grazing and photosynthetic contributions to the carbon balance of planktonic, mixotrophic cryptophytes in Lakes Fryxell and Hoare in the Taylor Valley, Antarctica were measured during November and December 2000.2. The cryptophytes never became entirely photosynthetic, although carbon derived from grazing decreased in December. Individual grazing rates ranged between 5.28 and 10.08 bacteria cell−1 day−1 in Lake Fryxell and 0.36–11.76 bacteria cell−1 day−1 in Lake Hoare. Grazing rates varied temporally and with depth in the water column. In Lake Fryxell, which is a meromictic lake, highest grazing occurred just above the chemocline. Individual photosynthetic rates ranged from 0.23 to 1.35 pg C cell−1 h−1 in Lake Fryxell and 0.074 to 1.08 pg C cell−1 h−1 in Lake Hoare.3. Carbon acquisition by the cryptophyte community gained through grazing ranged between 8 and 31% during November in Lake Fryxell, dropping to between 2 and 24% in December. In Lake Hoare grazing contributed 12–21% of the community carbon budget in November and 1–28% in December. Around 4% of the carbon acquired from grazing and photosynthesis was remineralised through respiration.4. Mixotrophy is probably a major survival strategy for cryptophytes in the extreme lakes of the Dry Valleys, because perennial ice-cover severely limits light penetration to the water column, whereas these phytoflagellates are not normally mixotrophic in lower latitude lakes. The evidence suggests that mixotrophy may be a mechanism for supplementing the carbon budget, as well as a means of acquiring nutrients for growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Freshwater biology 49 (2004), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: 1. Temporal and spatial variation in planktonic abundance, biomass and composition were determined in Lake Hoare (McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica) over two summer seasons (1996–97 and 1997–98).2. Phototrophic nanoflagellates (PNAN) dominated planktonic biomass, with a mean monthly biomass ranging between 27.3 and 40.4 μg C L−1. The deep chlorophyll maximum was mainly composed of cryptophytes (〉87% of total PNAN biomass) and varied in depth between 6 and 12 m.3. Maximum bacterial concentration was 11.8 × 105 cells mL−1. Bacterial abundance showed relatively little temporal variation, with the exception of a drop in numbers that occurred in late November of both years studied.4. Ciliates were the most successful heterotrophic protozoan group, with a mean monthly biomass (1.2–3.2 μg C L−1) being typically at least double that of heterotrophic nanoflagellate (HNAN) biomass (0.1–0.7 μg C L−1).5. Microbial processes within this lake appear to be dominated by bottom up control. The relative importance of allochthonous inputs into the lake (from the ice-cover and stream flow) and autochthonous recycling (by microzooplankton regeneration) are considered.6. Results from a horizontal transect indicate that the permanence of the main sample hole may have enhanced planktonic biomass over a relatively small spatial scale.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: 1. Beaver Lake, a large epishelf lake in eastern Antarctica was sampled on two occasions during the austral summer of 2000. Two sites, one 1 km offshore and another 6 km offshore were sampled at intervals to depths of 40 and 110 m, respectively.2. The lake is an end member of ultra-oligotrophic lake systems with a very low carbon pool. Dissolved organic carbon concentrations ranged between 95 and 652 μg L–1. Nutrient levels were generally low with soluble reactive phosphorus ranging from undetectable to 8.4 μg L–1, ammonium ranged between 1.8 and 5.0 μg L–1, nitrate from undetectable to 161 μg L–1 and nitrite 1.1–5.3 μg L–1.3. Chlorophyll a concentrations (0.39–4.38 μg L–1) showed an unusual distribution with the highest levels close to the lake bottom at the offshore site (110 m) where the phototrophic nanoflagellates (PNAN) displayed strong autofluorescence.4. Bacterial concentrations were low, with a maximum of 7.60 × 107 L–1, as were the concentrations of heterotrophic nanoflagellates that exploit them.5. Primary production ranged between 19.7 and 25.49 μg C L–1 day–1 and bacterial production from 0.32 to 1.15 μg C L–1 day–1.6. In common with other continental Antarctic lakes, the system was dominated by a microbial plankton. However, a dwarf variety of the calanoid copepod, Boeckella poppei, occurred below 25 m at concentrations of 3–5 L–1.7. The data suggest that primary production and bacterial production were not limited by nutrient availability, but by other factors, e.g. in the case of bacterial production by organic carbon concentrations and primary production by low temperatures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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