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Biological aspects of terrestrial oil spills : USA CRREL oil research in Alaska, 1970-1974 ; [Final Report] (1975)
Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
Details Availability
Call number: ZSP-202-346
In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 346
Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Abstract. - Preface. - USA CRREL project and personnel involvement. - Part I. Introduction. - Background. - Literature review. - Part II. CRREL investigations from 1970 - 1974. - Initial literature survey (1970). - Oil detection kit development. - Survey of Cape Simpson, Alaska, natural crude oil seepages (1970). - Haines-Fairbanks military pipeline investigations (1971-1973). - Barrow investigations (1970-1974). - Fairbanks and Fox investigations. - Germination studies. - Physiological studies. - Dispersant studies. - Microbiological investigations. - Field investigations of accidental petroleum losses. - Part III. Recent related literature. - Part IV. Conclusions and recommendations. - USA CRREL reports, publications and presentations on Alaska oil spill research. - Literature cited.
Description / Table of Contents: Knowledge concerning the biological effects of oil pollution on arctic and subarctic terrestrial ecosystems is limited. USA CRREL research personnel conducted investigations from 1970 through 1974 to expand information in this field. Objectives were to: 1) define the ecosystems most sensitive to the presence of crude oil or its refined products, 2) quantify and understand the injury response, and 3) establish time frames for manifestation of damage and natural restorative processes in arctic and subarctic regions. This was accomplished through: 1) surveys of natural oil seepages and past accidential spills in the Arctic and Subarctic, 2) initiation of controlled oil spills and 3) detailed laboratory investigations. Results demonstrated that terrestrial oil spills will to some degree be detrimental to both arctic and subarctic plant communities. Degree and longevity of damage will be influenced primarily by the magnitude of the spill, season of occurrence and existing soil moisture content. Rapid recovery of plant communities subjected to spills will occur only if root systems remain relatively unaffected. Damage will be more extensive and long-term when root systems are saturated with oil. Effects of damage will be manifested gradually over several seasons being influenced by winter stresses. Variation does exist in plant species susceptibility. Carex aquatilis, a predominant sedge of the arctic, is markedly resistant to crude oil damage. In the taiga Picea mariana is very susceptible. Plant recovery can be enhanced through the application of fertilizer. Fertilization, in addition to its direct effect on plant nutrition, will stimulate microbial decomposition of crude oil.
Type of Medium: Series available for loan
Pages: vii, 66 Seiten , Illustrationen
Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 346
URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA047365
Language: English
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  • 2
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    A sea ice terrain model and its application to surface vehicle trafficability (1973)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Details Availability
    Call number: ZSP-202-314
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Introduction. - Previous work. - Sea ice terrain model. - Traffic ability model. - Analytic calculation of DT/DSL. - Monte Carlo calculation. - Results of traffic ability computations. - Experimental traffic ability ratios using ridge overlays. - Regional variations in ridging intensity. - Additional traffic ability aspects of sea ice. - Shear zone and rubble fields. - Linear lead systems. - Conclusions. - Literature cited. - Appendix A. Distribution of the lateral extent of ridges. - Abstract.
    Description / Table of Contents: A sea ice terrain model, based upon previously tested height and spacing distributions for sea ice pressure ridging, is developed. Using this model, and additional information on pressure ridge extents, a trafficability model for vehicles traversing the pack ice is developed. Both analytic and Monte Carlo calculations of vehicle trafficability, measured in terms of the average ratio of the total distance traveled over a straight-line distance, are performed. The calculations include cul-de-sacs due to ridge intersections. The trafficability ratio is given as a function of ridge-height-clearance ability of the vehicle and of ridging parameters which may be obtained from laser profiles of the arctic pack ice. Results are in good agreement with simulated routes through sea ice terrain taken from aerial photo mosaics. Contour plots of ridging parameters taken from laser profilometry are also supplied. These plots, together with the trafficability model, supply mobility information for the whole of the western portion of the Arctic Basin.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 21 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 314
    URL: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1014552
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Theory of metamorphism of wet snow (1973)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-313
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Preface. - Nomenclature. - Introduction. - Funicular regime. - Grain growth. - Grain contacts. - Densification. - Pendular regime. - Discussion and conclusions. - Literature cited. - Abstract.
    Description / Table of Contents: Grain growth, bond growth and densification of wet snow are described in terms of the distribution of equilibrium temperature in the snow matrix. At high water saturations the equilibrium temperature increases with grain size; hence, small particles melt away as large particles grow. Melting also occurs at the intergrain bonds, causing a low strength and rapid densification. At low saturations the equilibrium temperature is determined by the capillary pressure and the particle sizes have only a second order effect. Therefore, grain growth proceeds slowly and, even at large overburden pressures, no intergrain melting occurs. At low saturations the water "tension" acts through a finite area, thus large attractive forces exist between the grains, and the strength of the snow matrix is large.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 13 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 313
    URL: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1035634713
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    Seasonal variations of chemical constituents in annual layers of Greenland deep ice deposits (1975)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Details Availability
    Call number: ZSP-202-347
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 347
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Abstract. - Preface. - Introduction. - Experimental. - Results and discussion. - Applications. - Literature cited.
    Description / Table of Contents: Chemical analysis of century-old ice from continuous 5 to 7 year intervals of three ice cores from south and central Greenland (Dye 3, Milcent and Crete) show maximum concentrations of Na, Mg,Ca, K, and Al during early spring and minimum concentrations during late summer and early fall. Peak spring values are as much as 10 times greater than fall values. Because of the large seasonal chemical variations, samples used for depth-age or annual deposition rate studies must represent accumulation from exactly one year or whole multiples of a year. The seasonal chemical variations seem promising as a new method of defining annual layers and thus dating old ice cores.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 5 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 347
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA021319
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    Strength and deformability of rocks at low temperatures (1971)
    Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Details Availability
    Call number: ZSP-202-294
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Introduction. - Test materials. - Testing programs. - Test equipment. - Loading machine. - Environmental chamber. - Platen arrangements. - Stress/strain measurements. - Test procedures. - General. - Uniaxial compressive strength. - Diametral compression tests. - Stress/strain tests. - Test results. - Uniaxial compressive strength. - Brazil tensile strength. - Ring tensile strength. - Stress/strain characteristics. - Discussion. - Strength as a function of water content at room temperature. - Strength as a function of water content at -25°C. - Effect of temperature on the strength of nominally dry rocks. - Effect of low temperature on the strength of water-saturated rocks. - Effect of water on deformability at room temperature. - Deformability of air-dry rock as a function of temperature. - Effect of low temperature on the deformability of water-saturated rocks. - Conclusions and recommendations. - Literature cited. - Appendix A.Test materials for low temperature studies in rock mechanics. - Abstract.
    Description / Table of Contents: Strength tests were made on three types of rock, both "air-dry" and water-saturated, at temperatures from +25° to -195°C, and stress/strain tests were made down to -60°C. Strength of air-dry specimens increased with decreasing temperature at an average rate of approximately 2 x 10^-3 °C^-1, and quasi-elastic moduli increased at comparable rates. Static fatigue mechanisms in air-dry rock were apparently influenced by temperature-modification of adsorbed water. Strength of water-saturated specimens increased dramatically as pore water froze, and continued to increase down to -120°C, where compressive and tensile strengths were greater than room temperature values by factors of 5, 4 and 2 for sandstone, limestone and granite respectively. Compressive stress/strain curves for saturated rocks became steeper after freezing, and initial tangent moduli for saturated high porosity rocks increased by well over an order of magnitude.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 75 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 294
    URL: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5861472
    Language: English
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  • 6
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    Attenuation of visible light by falling snow (1969)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Materiel Command, Terrestrial Sciences Center, Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory
    Details Availability
    Call number: ZSP-202-242
    In: Research report, 242
    Description / Table of Contents: The attenuation of visible light by falling snow was studied by making simultaneous attenuation measurements and snow concentration measurements. The attenuation coefficient was calculated from photometric measurements and from visual observations. Snow concentration in the air was evaluated by two methods: from Formvar replicas collected during the snowfall, and by mass accumulation of snow in collecting pans. The snowflakes were arbitrarily classified by crystal types according to their estimated fall velocity. It was found that the correlation between extinction coefficient (attenuation) and snow concentration was generally much higher by types than when all snowflakes were considered together regardless of crystal components and degree of riming. Two types, apparently improperly classified, displayed lower correlations than the overall group. When no fog is present during the snowfall, the experimental results coincide well with attenuation theory if a reasonable correction is applied to the values obtained in the measurement of snowflake diameters. Measurements of mass flux indicate that for a given intensity the attenuation caused by snow is an order of magnitude greater than that caused by the same mass flux of rain.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 27 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 242
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5949
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS: Preface. - Abstract. - Introduction. - Initial theoretical considerations. - Light attenuation by particles. - Basis of attenuation meter measurements. - Contrast reduction and visual range. - Transmissometer theory, Pritchard photometric method. - Terminal velocity of snowflakes. - Methods of measurement: Light attenuation. - Duntley (Scripps Institution) attenuation meter. - "Meteorological range" observations. - Pritchard photometric method. - Methods of measurement: Atmospheric concentration of snowflakes. - Replication method. - Mass accumulation method. - Analysis of snow samples. - Terminal velocity of snowflakes. - Flux density and atmospheric concentration. - Mass accumulation rate. - Concurrent attenuation due to fog. - Discussion of results. - Computational methods. - Correlations: Attenuation coefficient vs area concentration. - Correlations: Attenuation coefficient vs are a flux. - Correlations: Attenuation coefficient vs mass concentration and mass flux. - Comparison of sampling methods for mass flux. - Attenuation of visible light by snow compared to rain. - Literature cited. - Appendix A.
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  • 7
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    Measurements of the dielectric properties of wet snow using a microwave technique (1974)
    Hanover, NH : Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command
    Details Availability
    Call number: ZSP-202-325
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Preface. - Symbols. - Introduction. - Physical properties of ice, water and snow. - Electrical relations affecting the problem. - The dielectric constant. - Deloor's theory. - Wet snow application. - Experimental procedure. - Measurement technique. - Sample preparation. - Glass bead preparation. - Experimental results. - Wet snow results. - Glass bead results. - Experimental error. - Discussion. - Conclusions. - Recommendations. - Literature cited. - Selected bibliography. - Appendix A. The measurement of the complex dielectric constant in a shorted wave guide. - Appendix B. Evaluation of the effective particle shape factor and the effective dielectric properties in the immediate vicinity of average liquid and solid particles. - Appendix C. Experimental data. - Abstract.
    Description / Table of Contents: An accurate method of measuring liquid water in snow covers is required to determine the properties of wet snow. The dielectric properties of wet snow must be utilized to adequately measure its liquid water content. In this study the effect of liquid water on the complex dielectric constant of natural snow is determined in the microwave frequency range. Deloor's method for calculating the dielectric constant for mixtures and the results of waveguide experiments on samples of wet snow and glass beads are used to construct a calibration curve relating the measured dielectric loss factor directly to the water content of wet snow. The results are independent of porosity, past history and chemical impurities. A relation between the effective dielectric constant and the porosity and water content is proposed and tested, experimentally. The general nature of this relation is described and suggestions are made for the development of a more precise relation. It is concluded that the dielectric constant is a function of porosity and water content only.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 33 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 325
    URL: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/227365734
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  • 8
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    Analysis of the freezeback of water in a cylindrical borehole drilled in an ice sheet (1974)
    Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-323
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Introduction. - The problem. - Reduction to ordinary differential equations. - General solution. - The first solution. - The second solution. - The third solution. - Determination of h(t). - Numerical computation. - Abstract.
    Description / Table of Contents: Herewith presented is the rigorous solution of the freezeback of water in a cylindrical borehole drilled in an ice sheet floating on water, based on the assumption that the temperature distribution does not depend on the vertical direction and the temperature of the water in the borehole is the freezing temperature. The solution is found by using the thickness of the newborn ice in place of time. Because of the complexity of the analysis, the solution can be found only for the first few terms of the series solution. Numerical computation of the solution thus found by use of the first few terms of the series solution yields the growth curve of the newborn ice that reaches maximum at a certain time. The solution ceases to be valid before the time of maximum is reached.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 13 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 323
    URL: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5965637
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  • 9
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    Degradation of polymers at low temperatures by NO2, O3 and near-uv radiation (1974)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-321
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Introduction. - Tensile strength apparatus. - Synthesis of linear polyurethane. - Tensile strength of polyurethane films. - Preparation of films and technique of measuring tensile strength. - Results. - Effect of N02 on polyurethane films. - Stiffness testers. - Static apparatus. - Experimental results. - Dynamic "stiffness" tester. - Summary. - Conclusion. - Literature cited. - Abstract.
    Description / Table of Contents: A tensile strength, a static and a dynamic stiffness tester have been constructed for measuring appropriate mechanical properties of polymers as a function of temperature, environmental conditions (i.e. air plus NO2, O3, etc. or of the pollutants alone), exposure time and pollutant concentration. The apparatus were found to perform satisfactorily. The dynamic stiffness tester is particularly sensitive to the onset of cracking in polymeric materials due to ozone. The tensile strength of linear polyurethane was affected appreciably by NO2 alone and also by NO2 in presence of air. Chain scission cross-linking, evolution of CO2 and other small molecular weight compounds, and formation of nitro and nitroso groups along the polymer backbone are reactions underlying the observed changes in mechanical properties of the polymer. The static "stiffness" tester allows one to measure "stiffness" (Young's modulus) of polymers (especially elastomers) as a function of the above-mentioned parameters. A preliminary selection of polymeric skirting materials for SEV's can be made on the basis of results obtained as functions of temperature. Two industrial samples appeared to be suitable for this purpose on the basis of results obtained. "Stiffness" of these samples started to increase rapidly only at -40°C and -30°C whereas others became brittle at higher temperatures. The dynamic stiffness tester was tested with a natural rubber compound because of its susceptibility to ozone. Onset of cracking was accurately and clearly indicated by this instrument. An EPM compound proved quite resistant to ozone over prolonged periods of time. Time did not allow tests to be comipleted on all the compounds supplied by industry.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 26 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 321
    URL: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/227595043
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  • 10
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    Adhesion of ice frozen from dilute electrolyte solutions (1974)
    Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-317
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: Experiments by Smith-Johannsen on the adhesion of ice frozen from a number of 1 x 10^-3 ? electrolyte solutions to a wax-treated aluminum surface at -10°C are discussed. It is concluded that the adhesive strength measured by the force per square centimeter needed to shear the ice off the substrate surface is mainly due to a liquid interfacial solution layer between the ice and the substrate surface. The thickness of such a layer is largely determined by the same considerations as the thickness of grain boundary layers in ice obtained from dilute electrolyte solutions.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: ii, 9 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 317
    URL: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5968382
    Language: English
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