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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 217-222 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Polybutene-1 ; fibrillar crystals ; lamellar crystals ; morphology transition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Electron-transmissible polybutene-1 films were produced by drawing from an already thin molten film on a microscope slide. The films exhibitab initio a microstructure composed of fine fibrils of the stable (hexagonal) phase. Films from various stages of heat-treatment in air were examined in the transmission electron microscope. Two types of microstructural charge were seen. In one, crystallites appearing within the fibrils gradually order themselves to lie in rows normal to the chain (fiber) axis. The laterally aligned crystallites do not merge to form crystallographically homogeneous lamellae. In the other observed process, patches of fully lamellar metastable phase crystals form. These lamellae are oriented normal to the surface and grow both parallel and normal to the surface. These crystals grow by the incorporation of relaxed chains and require substantial molecular diffusion. It is suggested that entanglements or other physical pinning of the long molecules used here inhibit the full lamellarization of the intrafibrillar crystallites and cause the system to transform by means which utilize the chains which are most easily disengaged and transported.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Polypropylene ; Fibrillar Crystals ; Lamellar Crystals ; Morphology ; Transition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The transformation during heat treatment from a fibrillar to a lamellar morphology in highly oriented polypropylene is followed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and small angle electron scattering (SAES). While the as drawn films exhibit long (up to 1μm) continuous fibrillar crystals, those crystals disintegrate into short crystalline blocks which finally aggregate into a lamellar morphology during the heat treatment. After even longer heat treatment the lamellar crystals start to thicken.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 251 (1973), S. 193-214 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine experimentelle Apparatur sowie ein Verfahren wurden entwickelt zur Untersuchung der Kristallisation von Polyäthylen aus Lösungen, welche oszillatorischen Dehnströmungen mit konstanten Dehngeschwindigkeiten unterworfen waren. Untersuchungen der resultierenden Fasermorphologie, die aus Versuchen mit unterschiedlichen Temperaturen und Dehngeschwindigkeiten resultierten, ergeben ein perlen- und kettenförmiges Erscheinungsbild der Faser. Prüfung des Schmelzverhaltens, der Säure-Ätzbarkeit und der selektiven Löslichkeit der Faser erlauben den Schluß, daß das Faserwachstum in einer Art und Weise vonstatten geht, die sofort zur perlen- und kettenförmigen Morphologie führt, und daß diese Morphologie nicht durch sekundäres, epitaxiales Kristallwachstum entsteht, wie man bisher annahm. Auf der Grundlage der experimentellen Ergebnisse wurde ein Modell für den Wachstumsprozeß vorgeschlagen. Fernerhin wird der Beweis erbracht, daß in gewissen Temperatur- und Deformationsgeschwindigkeits-Bereichen eine trikline Phasentransformation während des Fließprozesses vonstatten geht. Zwei unterschiedliche Schmelzeinheiten werden erzeugt, welche von der Dehngeschwindigkeit abhängig sind, ein Ergebnis, das in Einvernehmen mit früher veröffentlichten Untersuchungen über den Einfluß von Dehnbeanspruchungen auf das Verhalten von festen Polymeren ist.
    Notes: Summary An experimental apparatus and technique were developed for studying the crystallization of polyethylene from solutions undergoing an oscillatory, constant stretch rate, extensional flow. Investigation of the resulting fiber morphology, obtained at various temperatures and stretch rates, shows that the fibers exhibit a bead and stringlike appearance. Study of the melting, acid etching, and selective dissolution behavior of the fibers leads to the conclusion that fiber growth occurs in a fashion which directly results in the bead and string morphology and that the morphology is not a result of secondary, epitaxial crystal growth as previously believed. A model for the growth process, as suggested by the data, is presented. Evidence is also presented to suggest that at certain temperatures and stretch rates, a triclinic phase transformation occurs during the flow process. The effect is to produce two separate melting entities which appear to be stretch rate sensitive, in line with previously published studies on the effects of stretching on the behavior of bulk polymer.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 4 (1985), S. 1244-1248 
    ISSN: 1573-4811
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 4 (1985), S. 575-579 
    ISSN: 1573-4811
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 13 (1978), S. 2188-2196 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Isotactic polypropylene tensile bars were cold-drawn at room temperature and subsequently annealed for various times at temperatures ranging from 50 to 155° C. The material was examined at room temperature in the as-drawn state at several stages of annealing. SAXS, density and mechanical loss data were obtained. Furthermore, thin films were cast. These films were drawn at −196° C and subsequently examined in the electron microscope at −120° C and at higher annealing temperatures. SAXS results for lower temperature annealing showed increases in the intensity of the small-angle Bragg hump with no change in position. High temperature annealing produced a very large intensity increase. In no case did the density of the material show a large increase. Electron microscopy indicated a microstructureless material in the as-drawn state. Annealing at low temperatures produced a fibrous morphology with no observable density modulation in the draw direction. High temperature annealing produced a lamellar microstructure with “normal”, stepwise density modulation. Dynamical mechanical loss curves exhibited no or little β relaxation, except after high temperature annealing. On the basis of these observations, a microstructural model is proposed. The model suggests a very highly defective crystal or paracrystal in the as-drawn state. Low temperature annealing promotes a fibrillar, fringed micellar morphology, in which “crystalline” and “amorphous” regions are not clearly delineated. At higher annealing temperatures, a lamellar, two-phase microstructure is produced.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 25 (1990), S. 4427-4439 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Microstructure and fracture mechanical behaviour of injection-moulded, longer glass fibrereinforced polypropylene (Verton* aspect ratio ≈ 320) were studied as a function of fibre volume fraction and compared to that of shorter fibre-filled polypropylene (aspect ratio ≈ 70). Toughness was measured using instrumented notched lzod and falling weight impact tests, as well as compact tension specimens. It was found that the addition of longer fibres generally increased the toughness of the material, although more significant increases were seen in the impact tests than were seen in the compact tension test. For the latter results, a correlation between toughness improvement and microstructural details was performed on the basis of the microstructural efficiency concept, a semi-empirical approach of the formK c,C = (a* +nR)K c,M, where,K c,C andK c,M are the fracture toughnesses of the composite and the matrix, respectively,a* is a matrix stress correction factor,n is a scaling parameter andR is a fibre reinforcement effectiveness factor. The latter corrects for differences in the composite microstructures, and incorporates effective fibre orientation factors, layering of injection moulded parts, and fibre volumes in the different layers.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 25 (1990), S. 2421-2427 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Isotactic polypropylene (PP) with different concentrations of mica (20, 40 and 60% by weight) were prepared by injection moulding under identical conditions. The influence of mica concentration on the microstructure and fracture propagation in the composites was investigated. Microstructural studies revealed that mica concentration influences the flake orientation and alters the skin-core zone thicknesses. Virgin PP and its composites with mica exhibited brittle failure at −30° C. At 25° C, all the composites showed stable crack growth, even with 60% mica loading. At 80° C the composites exhibited stable crack growth but the ductility decreased with increasing mica concentration. The influence of mica content, as well as temperature, on normalized modulus and the fracture toughness (K c) of the composites were studied. This study attempts to correlate mica concentration and polymer morphology with fracture propagation.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 19 (1984), S. 2246-2258 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Constant strain-rate mechanical testing and surface fractography were used to characterize the failure behaviour of a PET/glass injection-moulding compound and of its unfilled matrix material. Parameters for this investigation were temperature and strain rate. The matrix material exhibited a viscous-brittle transition between room temperature and 60° C. Low temperature failure occurred by craze growth, followed by slow and rapid crack propagation. The composite material likewise behaved as a viscous solid at superambient temperatures. Failure at low temperatures and/or high deformation rates occurred by brittle matrix fracture and fibre pull-out. Under these conditions, mechanical properties improved, relative to those at room temperatures. At intermediate temperatures and/or low strain rates, failure occurred via matrix crazing and crack propagation near the fibre ends. An observed serration of the fracture path at high strain rates is suggested to be due to the need for high shear stresses at the fibre-matrix interface.
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