ALBERT

Description: We present sea ice temperature and salinity data from first-year ice (FYI) and second-year ice (SYI) relevant to the temporal development of sea ice permeability and brine drainage efficiency from the early growth phase in October 2019 to the onset of spring warming in May 2020. Our dataset was collected in the central Arctic Ocean during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) Expedition in 2019 to 2020. MOSAiC was an international transpolar drift expedition in which the German icebreaker RV Polarstern anchored into an ice floe to gain new insights into Arctic climate over a full annual cycle. In October 2019, RV Polarstern moored to an ice floe in the Siberian sector of the Arctic at 85 degrees north and 137 degrees east to begin the drift towards the North Pole and the Fram Strait via the Transpolar Drift Stream. The data presented here were collected during the first three legs of the expedition, so all the coring activities took place on the same floe. The end dates of legs 1, 2, and 3 were 13 December, 24 February, and 4 June, respectively. The dataset contributed to a baseline study entitled, Deciphering the properties of different Arctic ice types during the growth phase of the MOSAiC floes: Implications for future studies. The study highlights downward directed gas pathways in FYI and SYI by inferring sea ice permeability and potential brine release from several time series of temperature and salinity measurements. The physical properties presented in this paper lay the foundation for subsequent analyses on actual gas contents measured in the ice cores, as well as air-ice and ice-ocean gas fluxes. Sea ice cores were collected with a Kovacs Mark II 9 cm diameter corer. To measure ice temperatures, about 4.5 cm deep holes were drilled into the core (intervals varied by site and leg) . The temperatures were measured by a digital thermometer within minutes after the cores were retrieved. The ice cores were placed into pre-labelled plastic sleeves sealed at the bottom end. The ice cores were transported to RV Polarstern and stored in a -20 degrees Celsius freezer. Each of the cores was sub-sampled, melted at room temperature, and processed for salinity within one or two days. The practical salinity was estimated by measuring the electrical conductivity and temperature of the melted samples using a WTW Cond 3151 salinometer equipped with a Tetra-Con 325 four-electrode conductivity cell. The practical salinity represents the the salinity estimated from the electrical conductivity of the solution. The dataset also contains derived variables, including sea ice density, brine volume fraction, and the Rayleigh number.

Description: First-year sea-ice thickness, draft, salinity, temperature, and density were measured during near-weekly surveys at the main first-year ice coring site (MCS-FYI) during the MOSAiC expedition (legs 1 to 4). The ice cores were extracted either with a 9-cm (Mark II) or 7.25-cm (Mark III) internal diameter ice corers (Kovacs Enterprise, US). This data set includes data from 23 coring site visits and were performed from 28 October 2019 to 29 July 2020 at coring locations within 130 m to each other in the MOSAiC Central Observatory. During each coring event, ice temperature was measured in situ from a separate temperature core, using Testo 720 thermometers in drill holes with a length of half-core-diameter at 5-cm vertical resolution. Ice bulk practical salinity was measured from melted core sections at 5-cm resolution using a YSI 30 conductivity meter. Ice density was measured using the hydrostatic weighing method (Pustogvar and Kulyakhtin, 2016) from a density core in the freezer laboratory onboard Polarstern at the temperature of –15°C. Relative volumes of brine and gas were estimated from ice salinity, temperature and density using Cox and Weeks (1983) for cold ice and Leppäranta and Manninen (1988) for ice warmer than –2°C. The data contains the event label (1), time (2), and global coordinates (3,4) of each coring measurement and sample IDs (13, 15). Each salinity core has its manually measured ice thickness (5), ice draft (6), core length (7), and mean snow height (22). Each core section has the total length of its top (8) and bottom (9) measured in situ, as well estimated depth of section top (10), bottom (11), and middle (12). The depth estimates assume that the total length of all core sections is equal to the measured ice thickness. Each core section has the value of its practical salinity (14), isotopic values (16, 17, 18) (Meyer et al., 2000), as well as sea ice temperature (19) and ice density (20) interpolated to the depth of salinity measurements. The global coordinates of coring sites were measured directly. When it was not possible, coordinates of the nearby temperature buoy 2019T66 were used. Ice mass balance buoy 2019T66 installation is described in doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.938134. Brine volume (21) fraction estimates are presented only for fraction values from 0 to 30%. Each core section also has comments (23) describing if the sample is from a false bottom, from rafted ice or has any other special characteristics. Macronutrients from the salinity core, and more isotope data will be published in a subsequent version of this data set.

Description: Temperature and heating-induced temperature were measured along a chain of thermistors. Digital Thermistor Chains (DTCs) are autonomous instruments that were installed on drifting sea ice in the Arctic Ocean from November 5, 2019, to September 5, 2020, during the MOSAiC expedition. The thermistor chains had various lengths of 2.56 m, 4.16 m, 5.12 m, 7.36 m and included sensors with a regular spacing of 2 cm. The resulting time series describes the evolution of temperature during the heating cycle of 20 s and after the heating cycle during the following 40 s as a function of geographic position (GPS), depth, and time in sample intervals of 6 hours. The DTCs were installed in various ice types including undeformed and deformed first- and second year ice and pressure ridges. The dataset also includes positions of air-snow, snow-ice, and ice-water interfaces, estimated from temperature data with and without heating. A total of 23 DTCs were processed. The dataset includes time and temperature after 20 s of heating and 40 s of cooling. Snow surface and bottom interfaces were estimated from the vertical temperature gradient, ice bottom interface was estimated from the difference between in situ temperature and temperature after the heating cycle. The main sites include Fort Ridge (co-located with SIMBA buoy), remote sensing sites (RS1, RS2, RS4), FYI and SYI dark sites (co-located with SIMBA buoys), Transect North, and leg 5 Central Observatory (CO3).

Description: Temperature and heating-induced temperature were measured along a chain of thermistors. Digital Thermistor Chain DTC31 is an autonomous instrument that was installed on drifting sea ice in the Arctic Ocean during the MOSAiC expedition on 22 November 2020. The thermistor chain was 5.12 m long and included sensors with a regular spacing of 2 cm. The resulting time series describes the evolution of temperature during the heating cycle of 20 s and after the heating cycle during the following 40 s as a function of geographic position (GPS), depth, and time between 22 November 2019 and 15 July 2020 in sample intervals of 6 hours. It also contains manually estimated positions of air-snow, snow-ice, and ice-water interfaces. The DTC was installed in deformed second-year ice at Transect North. Radiation station 2020R14 was installed next to the DTC31: doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.948572.

Description: Temperature and heating-induced temperature were measured along a chain of thermistors. Digital Thermistor Chain DTC33 is an autonomous instrument that was installed on drifting sea ice in the Arctic Ocean during the MOSAiC expedition on 22 November 2020. The thermistor chain was 5.12 m long and included sensors with a regular spacing of 2 cm. The resulting time series describes the evolution of temperature during the heating cycle of 20 s and after the heating cycle during the following 40 s as a function of geographic position (GPS), depth, and time between 22 November 2019 and 15 July 2020 in sample intervals of 6 hours. It also contains manually estimated positions of air-snow, snow-ice, and ice-water interfaces. The DTC was installed in undeformed second-year ice at Transect North: https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2022.00048. Radiation station 2020R14 was installed next to the DTC33: doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.948572.

Description: Temperature and heating-induced temperature were measured along a chain of thermistors. Digital Thermistor Chain DTC33 is an autonomous instrument that was installed on drifting sea ice in the Arctic Ocean during the MOSAiC expedition on 22 November 2020. The thermistor chain was 5.12 m long and included sensors with a regular spacing of 2 cm. The resulting time series describes the evolution of temperature during the heating cycle of 20 s and after the heating cycle during the following 40 s as a function of geographic position (GPS), depth, and time between 22 November 2019 and 15 July 2020 in sample intervals of 6 hours. It also contains manually estimated positions of air-snow, snow-ice, and ice-water interfaces. The DTC was installed in undeformed second-year ice at Transect North: https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2022.00048. Radiation station 2020R14 was installed next to the DTC33: doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.948572.

Description: Temperature and heating-induced temperature were measured along a chain of thermistors. Digital Thermistor Chain DTC33 is an autonomous instrument that was installed on drifting sea ice in the Arctic Ocean during the MOSAiC expedition on 22 November 2020. The thermistor chain was 5.12 m long and included sensors with a regular spacing of 2 cm. The resulting time series describes the evolution of temperature during the heating cycle of 20 s and after the heating cycle during the following 40 s as a function of geographic position (GPS), depth, and time between 22 November 2019 and 15 July 2020 in sample intervals of 6 hours. It also contains manually estimated positions of air-snow, snow-ice, and ice-water interfaces. The DTC was installed in undeformed second-year ice at Transect North: https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2022.00048. Radiation station 2020R14 was installed next to the DTC33: doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.948572.

Description: Temperature and heating-induced temperature were measured along a chain of thermistors. Digital Thermistor Chain DTC33 is an autonomous instrument that was installed on drifting sea ice in the Arctic Ocean during the MOSAiC expedition on 22 November 2020. The thermistor chain was 5.12 m long and included sensors with a regular spacing of 2 cm. The resulting time series describes the evolution of temperature during the heating cycle of 20 s and after the heating cycle during the following 40 s as a function of geographic position (GPS), depth, and time between 22 November 2019 and 15 July 2020 in sample intervals of 6 hours. It also contains manually estimated positions of air-snow, snow-ice, and ice-water interfaces. The DTC was installed in undeformed second-year ice at Transect North: https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2022.00048. Radiation station 2020R14 was installed next to the DTC33: doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.948572.

Description: Temperature and heating-induced temperature were measured along a chain of thermistors. Digital Thermistor Chain DTC32 is an autonomous instrument that was installed on drifting sea ice in the Arctic Ocean during the MOSAiC expedition on 22 November 2020. The thermistor chain was 5.12 m long and included sensors with a regular spacing of 2 cm. The resulting time series describes the evolution of temperature during the heating cycle of 20 s and after the heating cycle during the following 40 s as a function of geographic position (GPS), depth, and time between 22 November 2019 and 15 July 2020 in sample intervals of 6 hours. It also contains manually estimated positions of air-snow, snow-ice, and ice-water interfaces. The DTC was installed in deformed second-year ice at Transect North. Radiation station 2020R14 was installed next to the DTC32: doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.948572.

Description: Temperature and heating-induced temperature were measured along a chain of thermistors. Digital Thermistor Chain DTC31 is an autonomous instrument that was installed on drifting sea ice in the Arctic Ocean during the MOSAiC expedition on 22 November 2020. The thermistor chain was 5.12 m long and included sensors with a regular spacing of 2 cm. The resulting time series describes the evolution of temperature during the heating cycle of 20 s and after the heating cycle during the following 40 s as a function of geographic position (GPS), depth, and time between 22 November 2019 and 15 July 2020 in sample intervals of 6 hours. It also contains manually estimated positions of air-snow, snow-ice, and ice-water interfaces. The DTC was installed in deformed second-year ice at Transect North. Radiation station 2020R14 was installed next to the DTC31: doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.948572.