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  • 1
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    Neutral composition measurements by the Pioneer Venus Neutral Mass Spectrometer during orbiter re-entry (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Measurements by the Pioneer Venus Orbiter Neutral Mass Spectrometer (ONMS) instrument during Orbiter re-entry have been made from 18-24 hours local solar time, above 170 km, of He, and from midnight to 4.5 hours below 200 km of He, N, O, CO, N2, and CO2. Preliminary results indicate that in the post-midnight sector He is the dominant species above 170 km, O the dominant species from 140-170 km and CO2 the dominant species below 140 km. Estimated scale height temperatures for He, O, and CO2 of about 105-120 K are similar to those observed in 1978-1980 at higher solar activity. The densities at 1 am local solar time and at 150 km are within 35% of those measured earlier. The He bulge is also similar to that observed in 1978-1980 confirming that thermosphere superrotation is still present. Comparison with the results of a Venus Thermosphere General Circulation Model suggests the nightside is not sensitive to changes in solar activity due to the isolation of the day and night thermospheres. apparently, the relatively small changes in the dayside thermosphere with solar activity have little impact on the nightside thermosphere.
    Keywords: SPACE BIOLOGY
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 20; 23; p. 2747-2750
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  • 2
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    The Galileo probe mass spectrometer: composition of Jupiter's atmosphere (1996)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The composition of the jovian atmosphere from 0.5 to 21 bars along the descent trajectory was determined by a quadrupole mass spectrometer on the Galileo probe. The mixing ratio of He (helium) to H2 (hydrogen), 0.156, is close to the solar ratio. The abundances of methane, water, argon, neon, and hydrogen sulfide were measured; krypton and xenon were detected. As measured in the jovian atmosphere, the amount of carbon is 2.9 times the solar abundance relative to H2, the amount of sulfur is greater than the solar abundance, and the amount of oxygen is much less than the solar abundance. The neon abundance compared with that of hydrogen is about an order of magnitude less than the solar abundance. Isotopic ratios of carbon and the noble gases are consistent with solar values. The measured ratio of deuterium to hydrogen (D/H) of (5 +/- 2) x 10(-5) indicates that this ratio is greater in solar-system hydrogen than in local interstellar hydrogen, and the 3He/4He ratio of (1.1 +/- 0.2) x 10(-4) provides a new value for protosolar (solar nebula) helium isotopes. Together, the D/H and 3He/4He ratios are consistent with conversion in the sun of protosolar deuterium to present-day 3He.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); Volume 272; 5263; 846-9
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  • 3
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    CO2 bands and the Martian surface pressure (1966)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-10-26
    Description: Spectroscopic measurement of carbon dioxide in Mars atmosphere for surface pressure and atmospheric composition
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
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  • 4
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    Studies of extended planetary atmospheres (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Telescopic observations were made of gases and plasmas in the Jupiter system, and related phenomena such as the recently-discovered sodium atmosphere of Mercury. Sodium absorption in Io's atmosphere was observed to distances as large as 5 Io radii during the mutual-eclipse season of the Jovian satellites. Analysis of Jovian disk spectra has proceeded, as planned, from an emphasis on the H2 ortho-para ratio to analysis of methane absorptions and determination of cloud structure. Several 2-channel photometers were constructed in 1978 for the Uranus event at which the rings were discovered and a smaller, single-channel unit was built more recently. Although the photometers themselves are still fully usable, the data-acquisition systems have major deficiencies.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA, Washington Reports of Planetary Astronomy, 1985; p 34-35
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  • 5
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    Chemical composition measurements of the atmosphere of Jupiter with the Galileo Probe mass spectrometer (1998)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The Galileo Probe entered the atmosphere of Jupiter on December 7, 1995. Measurements of the chemical and isotopic composition of the Jovian atmosphere were obtained by the mass spectrometer during the descent over the 0.5 to 21 bar pressure region over a time period of approximately 1 hour. The sampling was either of atmospheric gases directly introduced into the ion source of the mass spectrometer through capillary leaks or of gas, which had been chemically processed to enhance the sensitivity of the measurement to trace species or noble gases. The analysis of this data set continues to be refined based on supporting laboratory studies on an engineering unit. The mixing ratios of the major constituents of the atmosphere hydrogen and helium have been determined as well as mixing ratios or upper limits for several less abundant species including: methane, water, ammonia, ethane, ethylene, propane, hydrogen sulfide, neon, argon, krypton, and xenon. Analysis also suggests the presence of trace levels of other 3 and 4 carbon hydrocarbons, or carbon and nitrogen containing species, phosphine, hydrogen chloride, and of benzene. The data set also allows upper limits to be set for many species of interest which were not detected. Isotope ratios were measured for 3He/4He, D/H, 13C/12C, 20Ne/22Ne, 38Ar/36Ar and for isotopes of both Kr and Xe.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: Advances in space research : the official journal of the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR); Volume 21; 11; 1455-61
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  • 6
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    Galileo Ultraviolet Spectrometer experiment (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The Galileo ultraviolet spectrometer experiment uses data obtained by the Ultraviolet Spectrometer (UVS) mounted on the pointed orbiter scan platform and from the Extreme Ultraviolet Spectrometer (EUVS) mounted on the spinning part of the orbiter with the field of view perpendicular to the spin axis. The UVS is a Ebert-Fastie design that covers the range 113-432 nm with a wavelength resolution of 0.7 nm below 190 and 1.3 nm at longer wavelengths. The UVS spatial resolution is 0.4 deg x 0.1 deg for illuminated disk observations and 1 deg x 0.1 deg for limb geometries. The EUVS is a Voyager design objective grating spectrometer, modified to cover the wavelength range from 54 to 128 nm with wavelength resolution 3.5 nm for extended sources and 1.5 nm for point sources and spatial resolution of 0.87 deg x 0.17 deg. The EUVS instrument will follow up on the many Voyager UVS discoveries, particularly the sulfur and oxygen ion emissions in the Io torus and molecular and atomic hydrogen auroral and airglow emissions from Jupiter. The UVS will obtain spectra of emission, absorption, and scattering features in the unexplored, by spacecraft, 170-432 nm wavelength region. The UVS and EUVS instruments will provide a powerful instrument complement to investigate volatile escape and surface composition of the Galilean satellites, the Io plasma torus, micro- and macro-properties of the Jupiter clouds, and the composition structure and evolution of the Jupiter upper atmosphere.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT INSTRUMENTATION
    Type: Space Science Reviews (ISSN 0038-6308); 60; 1-4,
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  • 7
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    Galileo Probe Mass Spectrometer experiment (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The chemical and isotopic composition of the Jupiter atmosphere's constituents, including their vertical variations, will be measured by the Galileo Probe Mass Spectrometer instrument through in situ sampling; batch sampling will also be undertaken for noble gas composition and isotopic ratio determinations. The instrument's gas-sampling system is connected to a quadrupole mass analyzer for molecular weight analysis. Threshold values are lowered through sample enrichment by a factor of 100-500 for stable hydrocarbons and by a factor of 10 for noble gases. The instrument follows a sampling sequence of 8192 steps, at a rate of 2 steps/sec.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT INSTRUMENTATION
    Type: Space Science Reviews (ISSN 0038-6308); 60; 1-4,
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  • 8
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    Meridional Martian water abundance profiles during the 1988-1989 season (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The Martian southern hemisphere atmospheric water vapor column abundance measurements reported agree with Viking Orbiter atmospheric water detectors during early southern spring and southern autumnal equinox; profiles obtained in southern mid- and late summer, however, indicate the presence of twice as much water both in the southern hemisphere and planetwide. This discrepancy is accounted for by the high optical depths created by two global dust storms during the Viking year, while the present observations were obtained in the case of the relatively dust-free atmosphere of the 1988-1989 opposition.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 90; 205-213
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  • 9
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    Atmospheric science on the Galileo mission (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The atmospheric science goals of the Galileo mission, and instruments of the probe and orbiter are described. The current data available, and the goals of the Galileo mission concerning the chemical composition of the Jovian atmosphere; the thermal structure of the atmosphere; the nature of cloud particles and cloud layering; the radiative energy balance; atmospheric dynamics; and the upper atmosphere are discussed. The objectives and operations of the atmospheric structure instrument, neutral mass spectrometer, helium abundance interferometer, nephelometer, net flux radiometer, lightning and radio emission detector, solid state imaging system, NIR mapping spectrometer, photopolarimeter radiometer, and UV spectrometer are examined.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Space Science Reviews (ISSN 0038-6308); 44; 3-4,
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  • 10
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    Results for Titan's atmosphere from its occultation of 28 Sagittarii (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The occultation of the bright K giant star 28 Sgr by Titan was observed from three stations in the Mediterranean area, and the resulting data set is examined here. Average mesospheric temperatures of about 180 K are derived, with evidence for lateral and vertical atmospheric inhomogeneities on scales ranging from about 10-1000 km. The results are consistent with published models of Titan's atmosphere.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 343; 353-355
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