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  • 1
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    Multifarious temporal variations of low-energy relativistic cosmic-ray electrons. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Detailed examination of the intensity variations of 3- to 12-MeV interplanetary electrons. The data are from the Goddard cosmic-ray experiment on the Imp satellites and cover the period from just before the last solar minimum through the onset of the present solar maximum (i.e., from December 1963 through August 1969). A morphology for the intensity changes is tentatively proposed that includes solar-flare-associated events, solar co-rotating increases, Forbush decreases, quiet-time increases, and the long-term 11-year variation. It is contended that the electron components observed both during quiescent times and during quiet-time increases are galactic in origin. The quiet-time increases represent a completely new phenomenon that appears to be unique to the low-energy electron population. During a quiet-time increase the electron intensity is enhanced by a factor of 3 to 5 over a period of days, and, in general, these periods anticorrelate with low-energy solar particle events. Qualitatively, their amplitude diminishes with increasing solar activity.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; May 1
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  • 2
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    Time variations of the 4 to 12 MeV interplanetary electron intensity between 1963 and 1968 (1969)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Time variation of 4 to 12 MeV interplanetary electron density in cosmic radiation
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: COSMIC RAYS SEP. 1969; P 51-66
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  • 3
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    Observations of cosmic-ray electrons between 2.7 and 21.5 Mev. (1969)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-12
    Description: IMP 4 satellite measurements of cosmic ray electrons in interplanetary space compared to predictions of electron intensity from interstellar proton-electron collisions
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ; STITUTION OF ENGINEE
    Format: text
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  • 4
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    The nature of relativistic electron intensity changes during solar flare quiet times between 1963 and 1969 (1971)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Time variations of the 3-12 MeV interplanetary electron intensity, observed by the Explorer-18, -28, and -33 spacecrafts, have been studied in detail. Apart from solar flare effects, there are five distinct periods when the electron intensity has undergone a series of increases, and these are strongly correlated with solar rotation. The intensity increases are separate phenomena, and are strikingly anticorrelated with increases in the low energy solar proton intensity. The electron energy spectrum during those quiet-time increases is typically represented by dJ/dE = k E/2.0 + or - 0.25 similar to the galactic electron spectrum. There are, in addition, Forbush decreases in the electron intensity frequently coincident with those in the neutron monitor. It is concluded that these characteristics all support the hypothesis of a galactic origin for the electrons observed during quiet-time increases.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Goddard Space Flight Center Contrib. to the Twelfth Intern. Conf. on Cosmic Rays; p 71-76
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 5
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    Electronics implementation of the solar neutron experiment (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The electronic equipment design and function are discussed for the solar neutron counter experiment. Circuit diagrams are included.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-126393
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 6
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    Relativistic electrons from the sun observed by IMP-4. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Evaluation of data obtained from the IMP-4 satellite concerning 0.3- to 12-MeV electrons from the sun between May 24, 1967, and May 2, 1969. Correlations with contemporary proton intensity increases at energies above 1 MeV are studied. The results of this study are the following: (1) the differential electron energy spectrum (0.3 to 12 keV) from solar flares appears to be a constant of the flare process, with the spectral index gamma = (-) 3.0 plus or minus 0.2; (2) particle emission from solar flares contains a prompt component, which is injected into the interplanetary medium beyond the sun and which is responsible for the diffusion characteristics of solar particle events, and a delayed component which is effectively contained in the lower solar atmosphere where it diffuses typically less than or equal to plus or minus 100 deg in longitude and gradually escapes into interplanetary space; the delayed component gives rise to the corotating features commonly observed after the impulsive and diffusive onset from the prompt component; (3) storage of electrons greater than 300 keV and protons greater than 1 MeV is essential to explain emission and propagation characteristics of solar particle events; and (4) the events with low proton/electron ratios all occur at least three weeks after the previous relativistic electron producing flare.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics; 22; Jan. 197
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  • 7
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    Earth albedo neutrons from 10 to 100 MeV. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: We report the measurement of the energy and angular distributions of earth albedo neutrons from 10 to 100 MeV at 40 deg N geomagnetic latitude from a balloon at 120,000 ft, below 4.65 g/sq cm. The albedo-neutron omnidirectional energy distribution is flat to 50 MeV, then decreases with energy. The absolute neutron energy distribution is of the correct strength and shape for the albedo neutrons to be the source of the protons trapped in earth's inner radiation belt.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physical Review Letters; 28; Apr. 10
    Format: text
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  • 8
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    The release of energetic particles from the sun. (1971)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Development of a model to account for the release of solar cosmic rays from the sun. The solar atmosphere out to 3 to 5 solar radii above the photosphere is permeated with magnetic field lines which trap low-rigidity (less than or equal to 50 MV) flare particles. Plasma heated by the flare process disturbs the trapping field, and not until the disturbance reaches 3 to 5 solar radii can the low-rigidity flare particles have access to interplanetary space. If the plasma is not heated sufficiently to overcome the coronal field, flare particles are trapped efficiently. Subsequent leakage of these particles into interplanetary space forms corotating streams. Reference is made to satellite observations of solar electromagnetic radiation and charged particles.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics; 20; Nov. 197
    Format: text
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  • 9
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    Relativistic electron events in interplanetary space (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Review of relativistic electron events observed in interplanetary space. The different types of event are identified and illustrated. The relationships between solar X-ray and radio emissions and relativistic electrons are examined, and the relevance of the observations to solar flare acceleration models is discussed. A statistical analysis of electron spectra, the electron/proton ratio and propagation from the flare site to the earth is presented. A model is outlined which can account for the release of electrons from the sun in a manner consistent with observations of energetic solar particles and electromagnetic solar radiation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Space Science Reviews; 16; June-Jul
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  • 10
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    A burst of energetic gamma rays (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A burst of gamma rays with energies greater than 1 MeV occurring on May 14, 1972, at 201247 UT (151247 local time) was detected during a balloon flight from Palestine, Texas, at a float altitude of 4g/sq cm residual atmosphere. The detector was a tank of liquid scintillator 1m x 0.5 m x 15 cm surrounded by a 0.6 cm plastic scintillator in anticoincidence. The signal was 60 standard deviations above a steady background of 600 counts/sec. The flux was 0.12 (+0.07 or -0.04) gamma/sq cm, and the time integrated flux 20(+11 or -7) gamma/sq cm. Only one such event was seen during the 8 hours of observation in the daytime on May 14 and 15. Two sub-flares in H alpha occurred during the burst, but not coincident with the start time. A detector on the Solrad satellite observed X-rays on all channels 2 minutes after the gamma ray start time. This event is similar to three earlier reported events.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ESRO The Context and Status of Gamma Ray Astronomy; p 31-36
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