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  • 1
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    Synthetic aperture radar observation of ocean roughness from rolls in an unstable marine boundary layer (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Simultaneous synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and cloud photographic observations of the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Florida were made from a high-altitude aircraft when there was an unstable marine boundary layer. The synthetic aperture radar images show unusual kilometer-sized features on the ocean surface which are related to clouds. The ocean near shore was cloud-free and had no radar features, while from 30 to 330 km offshore there were clouds and prominent kilometer-sized features in the SAR image. These radar features are most prominent when the radar was looking upwind, are less prominent when the radar was looking downwind, and disappear entirely when the radar was looking crosswind. Since ocean radar echo strengths are believed to be controlled primarily by ocean waves satisfying the Bragg relation, these radar features most likely resulted from local enhancements of short gravity waves with 17- to 34-cm wavelengths, which in turn are surface expressions of roll convections in a kilometer-thick unstable marine boundary layer.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 10; 1172-117
    Format: text
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  • 2
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    L band radar backscatter dependence upon surface wind stress - A summary of new Seasat-1 and aircraft observations (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The wind-scale relationships for L band radar wavelengths near 25 cm and 20 deg angle of incidence and HH polarization are reviewed using a number of aircraft and Seasat-1 SAR observations. The dependence of the L band backscatter coefficient from the ocean upon surface wind speed and direction is stated. The wind speed coefficient is 0.5 + or - 0.1 for a wide range of wind speeds. The wind direction coefficient is near zero for lower winds and stable marine boundary layers, but may be 0.20 + or - 0.05 for moderate wind speeds and an unstable marine boundary layer. These results are interpreted in terms of existing theoretical models for radar scattering from the ocean.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 88; Feb. 28
    Format: text
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  • 3
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    Modulation of sea surface radar cross section by surface stress - Wind speed and temperature effects across the Gulf Stream (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Sept. 20
    Format: text
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  • 4
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    Radar imaging of ocean surface patterns (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The paper presents some examples of imaging radar oceanographic observations and discusses physical phenomena on the surface that may cause the radar image. The different ocean scattering theories are briefly discussed, including the tangent plane model, the Bragg-Rice model, and the Rayleigh scattering model. All but one of the images presented were obtained with an L-band HH-polarized radar; they include deep-ocean swells, coastal swells, wave refractions, internal waves, ship wakes, abrupt transitions in open-ocean surface roughness, surface slicks, island wind shadowing, and currents. Analyses are shown to suggest that the primary source of the L-band imagery of ocean surface patterns is the variation of small-scale surface roughness and local tilt angle. It is also noted that surface irregularities behave as isotropic scatterers for a radar wavelength of 25 cm.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; May 20
    Format: text
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  • 5
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    Detection and interpretation of ocean roughness variations across the Gulf Stream inferred from radar cross section observations (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Radar cross section data shows that the Gulf Stream has a higher cross section per unit area (interpreted here as a greater roughness) than the water on the continental shelf. A steep gradient in cross section was often seen at the expected location of the western boundary. There were also longer-scale (10-20 km) gradual fluctuations within the stream of significant magnitude. These roughness variations are correlated with the surface shear stress that the local wind imposes on the sea. Using the available surface-truth information concerning the wind speed and direction, an assumed Gulf Stream velocity profile, and high-resolution ocean-surface temperature data obtained by the VHRR onboard a NOAA-NESS polar-orbiting satellite, the present study demonstrates that the computed surface stress variation bears a striking resemblance to the measured radar cross-section variations.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: Oceans ''77; Annual Combined Conference; Oct 17, 1977 - Oct 19, 1977; Los Angeles, CA
    Format: text
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  • 6
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    Nimbus-7 SMMR evaluation performed during the Norwegian remote sensing experiment /NORSEX/ (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: In September and October 1979, surface-based meteorological, oceanographic, and microwave observations were made in the marginal ice zone (MIZ) from an icebreaker. Two synthetic aperture radar images of the ice edge region were obtained. In addition, a C-130 aircraft took aerial photographs and made active and passive microwave measurements and associated environmental measurements. The ship-based microwave observations gave values of the emissivity and backscatter of the different ice types in the MIZ over the spectral range covered by SMMR and at varying angles of incidence. In conjunction with the backscatter measurements, the ship and aircraft radiometry indicated the potential of a combined active/passive system for ice type determination. It was found that the ice edge could be located with an accuracy limited primarily by the geographical location of the SMMR fields of view. Ice concentration changes as deduced from the movement of buoys in the 200 x 200 km area with corresponding values for the SMMR ice concentration algorithm were found to be of the same order of magnitude
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium; Jun 08, 1981 - Jun 10, 1981; Washington, DC
    Format: text
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  • 7
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    Ocean wave patterns under Hurricane Gloria - Observation with an airborne synthetic-aperture radar (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Surface imagery of ocean waves under Hurricane Gloria (September 1976) has been obtained with an airborne synthetic-aperture imaging radar. Observations were obtained over most of the area within a radius of 150 kilometers around the center of the eye. These direct observations made it possible to derive the wave patterns in the region around a hurricane eye.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: Science; 198; Nov. 11
    Format: text
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