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  • 1
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    Precipitable water and surface humidity over global oceans from special sensor microwave imager and European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-24
    Beschreibung: Global fields of precipitable water W from the special sensor microwave imager were compared with those from the European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) model. They agree over most ocean areas; both data sets capture the two annual cycles examined and the interannual anomalies during an ENSO episode. They show significant differences in the dry air masses over the eastern tropical-subtropical oceans, particularly in the Southern Hemisphere. In these regions, comparisons with radiosonde data indicate that overestimation by the ECMWF model accounts for a large part of the differences. As a check on the W differences, surface-level specific humidity Q derived from W, using a statistical relation, was compared with Q from the ECMWF model. The differences in Q were found to be consistent with the differences in W, indirectly validating the Q-W relation. In both W and Q, SSMI was able to discern clearly the equatorial extension of the tongues of dry air in the eastern tropical ocean, while both ECMWF and climatological fields have reduced spatial gradients and weaker intensity.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 97; 2251-226
    Format: text
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  • 2
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    Remote sensing of surface turbulence heat flux (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: The determination of latent heat-flux variability using spaceborne sensors is discussed. Particular attention is given to the microwave sensors which have all weather capability. The retrieval of surface layer humidity, of wind speed and interfacial humidity, and of sensible heat flux are discussed. Both the indirect retrieval and direct retrieval of latent heat flux are considered.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Format: text
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  • 3
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    Month-to-month variability of ocean-atmosphere latent heat flux as observed from the Nimbus microwave radiometer (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Comparison with in situ measurements shows that the Nimbus/Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer is useful in describing the month-to-month variability of the latent heat flux 'LE' and related parameters during the 1982-1983 El Nino event. The spaceborne measured monthly mean LE was found to be within 30 W/sq m of those derived from ship reports. Absolute accuracy could not be determined, though satellite measurements could extrapolate information on the LE both in space and in time.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
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    Statistical relation between monthly mean precipitable water and surface-level humidity over global oceans (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Monthly summaries of atmospheric soundings taken over 17 years from 49 midocean stations at small islands and weather ships distributed over major oceans are examined. Over tropical oceans, precipitable water is found to be a better predictor of surface-level humidity than surface-level air temperature. A statistical relation in the form of a polynomial is derived; from this relation, the monthly-mean, surface-level mixing ratio can be computed from monthly-mean precipitable water. The root-mean-square differences between the measured and derived values were found to be less than 8 x 10 to the -4th over most ocean areas. Such a relation is useful in deriving large-scale evaporation and latent heat flux data from the ocean, using spaceborne observations. The temporal and spatial variabilities of data deviations from this relation are examined. This relation is found to be applicable to all major ocean basins and can be used to monitor interannual variability. Boundary-layer thermodynamics of different air masses are suggested as an explanation of some characteristics of this relation.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 114; 1591-160
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
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    Remote sensing of the thermal forcing on the tropical Pacific (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Monthly fields of shortwave radiation (SR) and latent heat flux (LE) over the central and eastern tropical Pacific between 1980 and 1983 have been computed using satellite data. They are the dominant variable components of surface thermal forcing on the ocean in this time scale. During the 1982-1983 ENSO episode, surface-wind convergence and cloudiness associated with the displacement of equatorial organized convection caused a reduction in both the SR into the ocean and the LE out of the ocean. The lag-correlation coefficients between the forcing (SR-LE) and the sea surface temperature are found to be significantly high outside the equatorial region, showing that surface thermal forcing is the dominant factor in sea surface temperature change. In the narrow equatorial wave guide, ocean dynamics play a more important role, and surface heat flux is a consequence rather than the cause of sea surface temperature change.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
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    The variability of atmospheric equivalent temperature for radar altimeter range correction (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Two sets of data were used to test the validity of the presently used approximation for radar altimeter range correction due to atmospheric water vapor. The approximation includes an assumption of constant atmospheric equivalent temperature. The first data set includes monthly, three-dimensional, gridded temperature and humidity fields over global oceans for a 10-year period, and the second is comprised of daily or semidaily rawinsonde data at 17 island stations for a 7-year period. It is found that the standard method underestimates the variability of the equivalent temperature, and the approximation could introduce errors of 2 cm for monthly means. The equivalent temperature is found to have a strong meridional gradient, and the highest temporal variabilities are found over western boundary currents. The study affirms that the atmospheric water vapor is a good predictor for both the equivalent temperature and the range correction. A relation is proposed to reduce the error.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 95; 2933-293
    Format: text
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  • 7
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    Remote sensing of near surface humidity over north Pacific (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Humidity soundings at 12 midocean stations of small islands and weather ships in the north Pacific from 7 deg N to 57 deg N during a 9-year period from 1972 to 1980 were used to study the variation of columnar water vapor W (as measured by spaceborne sensors) in relation to the variation of surface level specific humidity Q (as required in the determination of air-sea moisture and latent heat exchanges). It was found that a simple regression can be used to specify monthly mean Q from W to an accuracy of about 0.0008, corresponding to about 20 W/sq m in latent heat flux. The regression accounts for both temporal and spatial variations of Q and W. Better accuracy can be achieved by using regional regressions. The study affirms the potential of spaceborne sensors in providing global monitoring of air-sea moisture and heat exchanges.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Format: text
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  • 8
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    Humidity profiles over the ocean (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-24
    Beschreibung: The variabilities of atmospheric humidity profile over oceans from daily to interannual time scales were examined using 9 years of daily and semidaily radiosonde soundings at island stations extending from the Arctic to the South Pacific. The relative humidity profiles were found to have considerable temporal and geographic variabilities, contrary to the prevalent assumption. Principal component analysis on the profiles of specific humidity were used to examine the applicability of a relation between the surface-level humidity and the integrated water vapor; this relation has been used to estimate large-scale evaporation from satellite data. The first principal component was found to correlate almost perfectly with the integrated water vapor. The fractional variance represented by this mode increases with increasing period. It reaches approximately 90 percent at two weeks and decreases sharply, below one week, down to approximately 60 percent at the daily period. At low frequencies, the integrated water vapor appeared to be an adequate estimator of the humidity profile and the surface-level humidity. At periods shorter than a week, more than one independent estimator is needed.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Journal of Climate (ISSN 0894-8755); 4; 1023-103
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
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    Observing ocean-atmosphere exchanges with space-borne sensors, appendix C (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-01-25
    Beschreibung: At present, space-borne sensors cannot give accurate measurements of net longwave radiation and sensible heat flux at ocean surface. The variability of ocean surface net insolation was successfully estimated from observations using geostationary satellites. Global coverages of the low frequency variation of major atmosphere-ocean exchanges, momentum, latent heat, and insolation are within reach. Data from research and defense satellites should be made available in useful form to the user community. High quality in-situ measurements are required to calibrate space-borne sensors and numerical models are needed to integrate satellite and in-situ data as well as interpolate both in space and time. Techniques that can resolve boundary layer parameters should be developed.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: WMO Rept. of the WMO(CAS Expert Meeting on Atmospheric Boundary Layer Parameterization Over the Oceans for Long Range Forecasting and Climate Models; 4 p
    Format: text
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  • 10
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    NASA Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM): Effects of tropical rainfall on upper ocean dynamics, air-sea coupling and hydrologic cycle (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: This was a Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) modeling, analysis and applications research project. Our broad scientific goals addressed three of the seven TRMM Priority Science Questions, specifically: What is the monthly average rainfall over the tropical ocean areas of about 10(exp 5) sq km, and how does this rain and its variability affect the structure and circulation of the tropical oceans? What is the relationship between precipitation and changes in the boundary conditions at the Earth's surface (e.g., sea surface temperature, soil properties, vegetation)? How can improved documentation of rainfall improve understanding of the hydrological cycle in the tropics?
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA-CR-189437 , NAS 1.26:189437
    Format: application/pdf
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