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  • 1
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    An algorithm for retrieval of ocean surface and atmospheric parameters from the observations of the scanning multichannel microwave radiometer (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The scanning multichannel microwave radiometer is a five-frequency (6.6, 10.7, 18, 21, and 37 GHz), dual-polarized microwave radiometer, which was launched in two separate satellites, Nimbus 7 and Seasat, in 1978. A formalism is developed which can be used to interpret the data in terms of sea surface temperature, sea surface wind speed, and the atmospheric content of water vapor and liquid water. It is shown with reasonable instrumental performance assumptions that these parameters can be derived to useful accuracies. Although the algorithms are not derived for use in rain, it is shown that at least token rain rates can be tolerated without invalidating the retrieved geophysical parameters.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Radio Science; 15; May-June
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 2
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    Microwave emission from polar firn (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The microwave emission from a half-space medium, characterized by coordinate dependent scattering and absorbing centers, was calculated by numerically solving the radiative transfer equation by the method of invariant imbedding. Rayleigh scattering phase functions and scattering induced polarization of the radiation were included in the calculation. Using the scattering and extinction data of polar firn the brightness temperature was calculated for the 1.55 cm wavelength. This study was the first quantitative comparison of the results of numerical calculation using the actual measured information of crystal size with the observed data.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TP-1212
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    Estimation of snow temperature and mean crystal radius from remote multispectral passive microwave measurements (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Variation in crystal size and physical temperature of snowfield observations from space give large variations in the microwave brightness temperature. Since the brightness temperature is a function of wavelength, the microwave brightness temperature can be used to extract the snow temperature and mean crystal radius profiles. The Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR), to be launched on board the Nimbus-G and Seasat-A spacecraft, will make observations in wavelengths of 0.8, 1.4, 1.7, 2.8, and 4.6 cm. A statistical retrieval method was developed to determine the snowfield temperature profile and mean crystal size by using the scanning multifrequency microwave radiometer on board a spacecraft. The estimated errors for retrieval are approximately 1.5 K for temperature and 0.001 for crystal radius in the presence of 1 K rms noise for each SMMR channel.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TP-1251
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
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    Preliminary results of SAR soil moisture experiment, November 1975 (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The experiment was performed using the Environmental Research Institute of Michigan's (ERIM) dual-frequency and dual-polarization side-looking SAR system on board a C-46 aircraft. For each frequency, horizontally polarized pulses were transmitted and both horizontally and vertically polarized return signals were recorded on the signal film simultaneously. The test sites were located in St. Charles, Missouri; Centralia, Missouri; and Lafayette, Indiana. Each test site was a 4.83 km by 8.05 km (3 mile by 5 mile) rectangular strip of terrain. Concurrent with SAR overflight, ground soil samples of 0-to-2.5 cm and 0-to-15 cm layers were collected for soil moisture estimation. The surface features were also noted. Hard-copy image films and the digital data produced via optical processing of the signal films are analyzed in this report to study the relationship of radar backscatter to the moisture content and the surface roughness. Many difficulties associated with processing and analysis of the SAR imagery are noted. In particular, major uncertainty in the quantitative analysis appeared due to the difficulty of quality reproduction of digital data from the signal films.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TP-1404 , G-7802-F21
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 5
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    Preliminary results of passive microwave snow experiment during February and March 1978 (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The purpose of the experiment was to determine if remote microwave sensing of snowpack data could be used to predict runoff, thereby allowing more efficient management of the water supply. A four-frequency microwave radiometer system was attached to a truck-mounted aerial lift and was used to gather data on snowpacks at three different sites in the Colorado Rocky Mountains. Ground truth data measurements (density, temperature, grain size, hardness, and free-liquid water content) were taken at each site corresponding to each microwave scan.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TP-1408 , REPT-7802-F22
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 6
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    Studies of snowpack properties by passive microwave radiometry (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Research involving the microwave characteristics of snow was undertaken in order to expand the information content currently available from remote sensing, namely the measurement of snowcovered area. Microwave radiation emitted from beneath the snow surface can be sensed and thus permits information on internal snowpack properties to be inferred. The intensity of radiation received is a function of the average temperature and emissivity of the snow layers and is commonly referred to as the brightness temperature (T sub b). The T sub b varies with snow grain and crystal sizes, liquid water content and snowpack temperature. The T sub b of the 0.8 cm wavelength channel was found to decrease moreso with increasing snow depth than the 1.4 cm channel. More scattering of the shorter wavelength radiation occurs thus resulting in a lower T sub b for shorter wavelengths in a dry snowpack. The longer 21.0 cm wavelength was used to assess the condition of the underlying ground. Ultimately it may be possible to estimate snow volume over large areas using calibrated brightness temperatures and consequently improve snowmelt runoff predictions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-79671
    Format: application/pdf
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