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  • 1
    Unknown
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Keywords: Biochemistry ; Chemistry ; Chemistry, Organic ; Chemistry, inorganic
    ISBN: 9783540314448
    Language: English
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0941-1216
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Synthesis and Conformational Analysis of Pyranophanones and Pyrylophanium Compounds with Intraannular SubstituentsThe synthesis of [3.3]dithiapyranophanone 6 and 11 is accomplished by use of the two-components-dilution-principle. Pyrolysis of their bis(sulfones) 7 and 12 gives the [2.2]pyranophanones 8, 9 and 13. Under preservation of conformation the intraannular carbonyl-function is used for the synthesis of methylpyranophanoles 14, 16 and 17. The synthesis of pyrylophanium compounds 15 and 18 is possible by elimination in trifluoroacetic acid.6 exhibits anti-conformation within its crystal-structure and like 7 reveals temperature-dependent behavior in solution. Using 6 as an example, a combination of 13C-NMR-spectroscopy, forcefield-calculation and computer-simulation is applied for the first time to give evidence for molecular-dynamic processes of cyclophanes.8 and 9 are the syn- and anti-conformers of the desired product, as shown by X-ray structural analysis. 13 reveals anti-conformation within its crystal structure as well as in solution. The conformational analysis of other new phanes described here is based on the 1H-NMR-spectra of these pyrolysis products.As expected the intraannular substituents of Pyrylophanium-lons 15 and 18 show the characteristic upfield-shift within their 1H-NMR-spectra.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 2 (1996), S. 869-876 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: ab initio calculations ; silaguanidinium cations ; silylium cations ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Quantium mechanical calculations at the MP2/6-31 G(d) level are reported for the silaguanidinium cation Si(NH2)3+ (1) and derivatives thereof. The equilibrium structure 1a has D3 symmetry with planar amino groups rotated out of the SiN3 plane by 19.60. The Si-N bond length of 1 a (1.658 Å) is intermediate between a single and a double bond. Isodesmic reactions show that the stabilization of the silylium cation 1 a by the amino groups (63.5 kcal mol-1) is about 40% of the resonance stabilization of the guanidinium cation (159.3 kcal mol-1), but 1 a is clearly better stabilized than alkyl-substituted silylium cations. The electronic stabilization of 1 a by the amino groups is also made obvious by the calculated complexation energy with one molecule of water. The calculated stabilization through complexation of water at HF/6- 31 G(d) is markedly lower for Si(NH2)3-(H2O)+ (6) (28.8 kcal mol-1) than for SiMe3(H2O)+ (40.6 kcal mol-1). The tris(dimethylamino) silylium cation Si(N-Me2)3+ (8) is even more stable than 1 a. The complexation energy of Si(NMe2)3-(H2O)+ (10) is only 17.3 kcal mol-1. IGLO calculations of the 29Si N M R chemical shifts predict that 1 a and 8 should not show the same extremely low shielding that is calculated for alkyl-sub-stituted silylium ions. The calculated 29Si resonances for 8 are in reasonable agreement with the experimental N M R spectrum of (Me2N)3 SiB(C6F5)4. AM 1 calculations predict that the substituted tripyrrolidino silylium cation 12 would be an even better candidate for a stable tricoordinate silylium cation in condensed phases. One of the pyrrolidine rings of 12 has tert-butyl groups in the 2 and 5 positions, which serve as a steric fence around the silicon atom.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: ab initio calculations ; crystal structure ; halogen compounds ; nitrides ; selenium compounds ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Se2NBr3, a planar molecule shaped liked dividers, was formed by the reaction of SeBr4 with N(SiMe3)3, which reduced the selenium to the trivalent state. Under the same conditions, Se2NCl5 was obtained by the reaction of SeCl4 with N(SiMe3)3, retaining the tetravalent state of selenium. The molecule is formed by two edge-sharing pseudotrigonal bipyramids with selenium as their central atoms. Se2NCl5 reacts with PPh4Cl to form the Se2NCl-6 ion by the addition of a Cl- ion to only one of the two selenium atoms, resulting in pseudooctahedral coordination of this atom. Ab initio calculations for all the compounds reported confirm the experimentally determined structures.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 2826-2835 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactivity of 1-Cyclopropene-1-carboxylic Acid Lactones Dependent on the Size of the Lactone RingThe reaction of the bicyclic γ-lactone 1 with KOtBu leads to lactone 3 by addition of tert-butoxide at the 1-position of the intermediate cyclopropene lactone 2 and subsequent exo-protonation. In contrast, the δ-lactone 13, readily available from cinnamyl bromide 4 in five steps, gives the tert-butoxylactones 15a and b, formed by addition to the nonisolable lactone 17 in 2-position. The ε-lactone 14 reacts analogously to give 16a and b, however, in that case also the strained cyclopropene lactone 18 can be isolated. MINDO/3 calculations show that mainly steric rather than electronic effects are responsible for this different behavior.
    Notes: Während bei der Reaktion des bicyclischen γ-Lactons 1 mit KOtBu durch Addition an das intermediäre Cyclopropenlacton 2 in der 1-Stellung und anschließende exo-Protonierung das Lacton 3 entsteht, ergibt das aus dem Cinnamylbromid 4 leicht in fünf Stufen erhältliche δ-Lacton 13 die tert-Butoxylactone 15a und b, die durch Addition an das nicht faßbare Lacton 17 in 2-Stellung gebildet werden. Das ε-Lacton 14 reagiert analog zu 16a und b, jedoch ist daneben auch das gespannte Cyclopropenlacton 18 isolierbar. MINDO/3-Rechnungen zeigen, daß dieses unterschiedliche Verhalten überwiegend auf sterische und weniger auf elektronische Gründe zurückzuführen ist.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Dissociative Ring Opening of Halogen Substituted Methylcyclopropane Cation Radicals in the Gas PhaseThe unimolecular gas phase reactions of several C4H7Br+· isomers are investigated. Rearrangement of the incipient C4H7+ ion is observed prior to Br· loss from all C4H7Br+· isomers except ionised 2- (9) and 3-methylallyl- (10) and cyclobutylbromides (6). This is evidenced by the increased average kinetic energy release associated with Br· elimination. In addition, the structure of the C4H7+ ions may be established using collisional activation spectroscopy. Ionised 1- and 2-methylcyclopropylbromides both yield 1-methylallyl cation rather than 2-methylallyl cation. MNDO calculations on the analogous C4H7Cl+· isomers lead to similar conclusions; moreover, these calculations shed light on the probable mechanism for both isomerization and decomposition of the molecular ions.
    Notes: Die unimolekularen Zerfälle einiger isomerer C4H7Br+·-Verbindungen werden in der Gasphase studiert. Die Br·-Abspaltung aus ionisiertem Cyclobutylbromid (6) und 2- bzw. 3-Methylallylbromid (9 bzw. 10) erfolgt ohne Isomerisierung des entstehenden C4H7+-Ions. Bei allen übrigen Verbindungen ist die dissoziative Ionisation mit einer Isomerisierung des Kations verbunden. Diese Umlagerung, die vor der eigentlichen Br·-Eliminierung eintritt, manifestiert sich in einer Linienverbreiterung der Übergangssignale („kinetic energy release“). Die resultierenden C4H7+-Kationen lassen sich anhand ihrer Stoßaktivierungsspektren charakterisieren. Aus den Radikalkationen der 1- und 2-Methylbromcyclopropane entsteht bei der Br·-Abspaltung das 1-Methylallylkation und nicht das 2-Methylallylkation. MNDO-Rechnungen für die analogen C4H7Cl+·-Radikalkationen unterstützen die bei den Bromiden gemachten experimentellen Befunde; außerdem enthüllen diese Rechnungen mechanistische Details der unimolekularen Reaktionen.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 3878-3895 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On the Carbon Equilibration of Cyclic C6H11+ Cations in the Gas Phase and the Mechanism of Unimolecular Ethylene EliminationThe investigation of six 13C2-labelled (6a-9) and one [D4]-labelled (18) precursors unambiguously demonstrates, that unimolecular ethylene elimination from the metastable gaseous C6H11+ cations generated from the above mentioned compounds by dissociative ionization is preceded by both complete carbon and hydrogen scrambling. Whereas the scrambling can involve various intermediates, e. g. 3, 4, and 5, MNDO calculations indicate that the minimal energy reaction path (MERP) for loss of C2H4 from C6H11+ proceeds via the transition state 15, which is 11 kcal · mol-1 lower in energy than the isomeric structure 16. 15, which can be viewed as a partially opened cyclopropyl cation “solvated” by interaction with C2H4, decomposes to C2H4and C4H7+ which in agreement with experimental results has the structure of 1-methylallyl cation (11) and not that of the isomeric 2-methylallyl cation (10). A brief comparison is made for the MINDO/3 and MNDO procedures in computing both structural and energetic features of pyramidal carbocations. The results indicate that MNDO overestimates substantially the heats of formations of such non-classical cations, whereas MINDO/3 considerably overestimates the cyclopropyl cation “Character” of the structures investigated. The syntheses of the 13C2-labelled compounds are described.
    Notes: Die Untersuchung von sechs doppelt 13C-markierten C6H11X-Derivaten, 6a-9, (X = CO2H, Br) und einer [D4]-markierten Verbindung, 18, belegt zweifelsfrei, daß die hieraus durch dissoziative Ionisierung in der Gasphase erzeugten metastabilen C6H11+-Kationen vor ihrem Zerfall zu C2H4 und C4H7+ ein vollständiges Kohlenstoff- und Wasserstoff-Scrambling erfahren. Während diese Isomerisierungen über verschiedene Zwischenstufen, wie z. B. 3, 4 und 5, ablaufen können, zei-gen MNDO-Rechnungen, daß der energetisch günstigste Reaktionspfad des Prozesses C6H11+ → C4H7+ + C2H4 über den Übergangszustand 15 verläuft. Dieser ist nach den Berechnungen 11 kcal · mol-1 stabiler als 16. 15 kann als ein partiell geöffnetes Cyclopropyl-Kation angesehen werden, das durch Ethylen „solvatisiert“ wird. In Übereinstimmung mit experimentellen Befunden besitzt das durch C2H4-Abspaltung erzeugte C4H7+-Kation die Struktur eines 1-Methylallyl-Kations (11) und nicht die von 10. Ein Vergleich der MNDO- und MINDO/3-Rechenverfahren ergibt im Hinblick auf einige relevante strukturelle und energetische Aspekte von pyramidalen kationen, daß MNDO generell die Bildungsenthalpie solcher nicht-klassischer Ionen zu hoch berechnet. während MINDO/3 den Cyclopropyl-Kation-Charakter dieser Ionen entschieden zu stark bewertet. Die Synthesen der 13C2-markierten Verbindungen werden beschrieben.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 17 (1996), S. 781-789 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Theoretical, Physical and Computational Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: The equilibrium geometries and transition states for interconversion of the CSiH2 isomers in the singlet electronic ground state are optimized at the MP2 and CCSD(T) levels of theory using a TZ2P basis set. The heats of formation, vibrational frequencies, infrared intensities, and rotational constants are also predicted. There are three energy minima on the CSiH2 potential energy surface. Energy calculations at CCSD(T)/TZ2P(fd) + ZPE predict that the global energy minimum is silavinylidene (1), which is 34.1 kcal mol-1 lower in energy than trans-bent silaacetylene (2) and 84.1 kcal mol-1 more stable than the vinylidene isomer (3). The barrier for rearrangement 2→1 is calculated at the same level of theory to be 5.1 kcal mol-1, while for the rearrangement 3→2 a barrier of 2.7 kcal mol-1 is predicted. The natural bond orbital (NBO) population scheme indicates a clear polarization of the C(SINGLE BOND)Si bonds toward the carbon end. A significant ionic contribution to the C(SINGLE BOND)Si bonds of 1 and 2 is suggested by the NBO analysis. The C(SINGLE BOND)Si bond length of trans-bent silaacetylene (2) is longer than previously calculated [1.665 Å at CCSD(T)/TZ2P)]. The calculated carbon-silicon bond length of 2 is in the middle between the C(SINGLE BOND)Si double bond length of 1 (1.721 Å) and the C(SINGLE BOND)Si triple bond of the linear form HCSiH (4), which is 1.604 Å. Structure 4 is a higher-order saddle point on the potential energy surface. © 1996 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 18 (1997), S. 416-429 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Theoretical, Physical and Computational Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: Theoretical studies of the electron density topology at the bond critical point for some small molecules, Ti, and Mo organometallic complexes were undertaken in order to understand the reason for the failure of the topological analysis of the coreless electron densities obtained from a pseudopotential calculation. We show that the absence of the core electron density is the main reason for such behavior. The erratic behavior of the effective core potentials electron densities can be corrected by adding atomic electron core density obtained from a single-atom Hartree-Fock calculation. The effect of orthogonalization of the core orbital with the valence orbitals was also investigated. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Diaminocarbenes ; Lewis basicity ; Ab initio calculations ; Donor-acceptor complexes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Quantum chemical calculations at the MP2 level using large valence basis sets up to TZ+2P quality have been carried out in order to predict the geometries and bond energies of the title compounds. The nature of the donor-acceptor bond has also been investigated. The calculations show clearly that diaminocarbenes are much stronger Lewis bases than amines. The complexation energies of C(NH2)2 have been calculated to be 14-27 kcal/mol higher than those of NH3. The most strongly bonded complex is Cl3Al-C(NH2)2, which has a theoretically predicted Al-C bond energy Do = 59.1 kcal/mol. In all the complexes, the strength of the Lewis bases is C(NH2)2 〉 NH3 〉 CO, but the ordering of Lewis acid strength of EX3 depends on the coordinated Lewis base. TiF4 and TiCl4 have similar Lewis acidities as BF3, but the titanium tetrahalides may bind one or two donor molecules with almost the same bond strength. The investigated donor-acceptor bonds have a high degree of ionic character. The largest covalent contributions are found for the diaminocarbene complexes. The covalent character of the X3E-CO bond increases on going from E = boron to the heavier Group 13 elements, while the opposite order is found for the X3E-NH3 and X3E-C(NH2)2 bonds.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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