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  • 1
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    Respiratory Toxicity of Lunar Highland Dust (2009)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: Lunar dust exposures occurred during the Apollo missions while the crew was on the lunar surface and especially when microgravity conditions were attained during rendezvous in lunar orbit. Crews reported that the dust was irritating to the eyes and in some cases respiratory symptoms were elicited. NASA s vision for lunar exploration includes stays of 6 months on the lunar surface hence the health effects of periodic exposure to lunar dust need to be assessed. NASA has performed this assessment with a series of in vitro and in vivo tests on authentic lunar dust. Our approach is to "calibrate" the intrinsic toxicity of lunar dust by comparison to a nontoxic dust (TiO2) and a highly toxic dust (quartz) using intratrachael instillation of the dusts in mice. A battery of indices of toxicity is assessed at various time points after the instillations. Cultures of selected cells are exposed to test dusts to assess the adverse effects on the cells. Finally, chemical systems are used to assess the nature of the reactivity of various dusts and to determine the persistence of reactivity under various environmental conditions that are relevant to a space habitat. Similar systems are used to assess the dissolution of the dust. From these studies we will be able to set a defensible inhalation exposure standard for aged dust and predict whether we need a separate standard for reactive dust. Presently-available data suggest that aged lunar highland dust is slightly toxic, that it can adversely affect cultured cells, and that the surface reactivity induced by grinding the dust persists for a few hours after activation.
    Keywords: Aerospace Medicine
    Type: International Conference on Environmental Systems of Materials in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres; Jul 13, 2009 - Jul 16, 2009; Savannah, GA; United States
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 2
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    Effect of Lunar Dust Simulant on Human Epithelial Cell Lines (2009)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The purpose of this project is to assess the potential toxicity of lunar dust to cause the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines by human lung cells. Some of this dust is on the scale of 1-2 micrometers and could enter the lungs when astronauts track dust into the habitat and inhale it. This could be a serious problem as NASA plans on going back to the moon for an extended period of time. Literature shows that quartz, which has a known cytoxicity, can cause acute cases of silicosis within 6 months, and in most cases cause silicosis after 3 years. The activation of lunar dust through impacts creates surface based radicals which, upon contact with water create hydroxl radicals and peroxyl radicals which are very reactive and potentially might even be as cytotoxic as quartz. These radicals could then react with lung cells to produce pro-inflammatory mediators such as interleukin-6 and interleukin-8, and TNF-alpha.
    Keywords: Aerospace Medicine
    Type: JSC-CN-18618 , JSc-CN-18790 , SF Student Presentation; Jul 22, 2009; Houston, TX; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    Luna: What Did We Learn and What Should We Expect? (2009)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: This presentation presents a look at the space program's background prior to lunar exploration and highlights the Apollo program and lessons learned from lunar exploration. The possibilities of exposures and difficulties attributed to lunar dust are described, including obscured vision, clogged equipment, coated surfaces, and inhalation, among others. A lunar dust simulant is proposed to support preliminary studies. Lunar dust is constantly activated by meteorite lunar dust, UV radiation and elements of solar wind - this active dust could produce reactive species. Methods of deactivation must be determined before new lunar missions, but first we must understand how to reactivate dust on Earth. Activation methods tested and described here include crushing/grinding or UV activation. Grinding time has a direct effect on amount of hydroxyl radicals produced upon addition of ground quartz to a solution. An increase in hydroxyl production was also seen for a lunar simulant with increased grinding.
    Keywords: Aerospace Medicine
    Type: JSC-18203 , UTMB National Student Research Forum; Apr 23, 2009 - Apr 25, 2009; Galveston, TX; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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