ALBERT

Notes: Abstract In order to confirm the structures of the autoxidation products of 2-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol (BHA), X-ray crystallographic analyses have been undertaken. One of the products was converted to a dibenzoate, which was subjected to the analysis to establish the structure as the O 6,O 7-dibenzoyl derivative of (1R*,2R*,6S*,7S*,9R*)-4,9-di-tert-butyl-6,7-dihydroxytricyclo[5.2.2.02, 6]undec-4-ene-3,8,10-trione. Crystallographic analysis of the major isomer of the two isomeric products gave its structure as (E)-4-tert-butyl-2-(3-tert-butyl-4-oxocyclopent-2-en-1-ylidene)cyclopent-4-ene-1,3-dione, which also established the structure of the minor isomer as the corresponding (Z)-isomer.

Notes: Abstract (25R)-2,3,25,27-Tetrahydrophysalin A dimethanol solvate, C30H42O12, a derivative of 13,14-seco-16,24-cyclosteroid physalin A, crystallizes in the orthorhombic space groupP212121, witha=15.486(5),b=14.794(4), 12.248(6) Å andZ=4. The crystal structure has been solved by direct methods, and refined to an R-value of 0.053 for 2345 observed reflections.1H NMR spectral data of physalin A and its hydrogenated derivatives measured in dimethylsulfoxide-d6 solutions have been elucidated, based on the crystal structure of the tetrahydrophysalin A, enabling the assignment of all the proton signals of physalin A. Theβ-proton of C(11)-methylene has been shown to resonate at remarkably higher field due to anisotropic shielding effect of carbonyl group at C(15).

Notes: Abstract The reproductive data for Japanese monkeys,Macaca fuscata fuscata, which had been recorded for the 34 years from 1952 to 1986 on Koshima, were analyzed in terms of the influence of changes in artificial food supplies, the differences in reproductive success between females, the timing of births, and the secondary sex ratio. Koshima monkeys increased in number until 1971 when the population density was still small and artificial provisioning was copious. As described byMori (1979b), the severe reduction in artificial food supplies, which began in 1972, had an enormous deleterious effect on reproduction: the birth ratio of adult females of 5 years of age or more fell from 57% to 25%; the rate of infant mortality within 1 year of birth rose from 19% to 45%; primiparous age rose from 6 to 9 years old on average; and there was an increased death rate among adult and juvenile females. The prolonged influence of “starvation” may be seen in the significantly delayed first births of those females that were born just before the change in food supplies. When reproductive parameters are compared between the females who belonged to six lineages in the group during these periods, they were found to be rather consistent, although some individual differences can be recognized among females and subgroups. The apparent trend was that some of the most dominant females retained superior reproductive success while that of the second-ranked females has tended to diminish over the years since 1972. Such opposing trends were seen only in the most dominant lineage group and such a difference was not recognized among the females of other lineages. The difference in reproductive success is discussed in relation to both the different situations that arise because of the artificial food supplies and differences in feeding strategies. Multiparous females, after a sterile year, gave birth somewhat earlier than those who reared infants in the preceding year and, when artificial provisioning was intense, they tended to give birth a little earlier than during other periods. There is some evidence that the mortality of later-born infants was higher than that of earlier-born infants after 1972. However, this difference may not be responsible for the differential reproductive success of females since the timing of births did not differ among lineages. Furthermore, during the time when many females gave birth continuously, prior to 1972, the infant mortality did not differ with respect to the timing of births. The differences in infant mortality were not correlated with the reproductive history, parity or age of the mother, or with the sex of the infant. The secondary sex ratio varied by only a small amount, from slightly male-biased ratio (114: 100) when correlated with reproductive history, parity, age of mother, sex and survival ratio for preceding infants, timing of birth, and lineage of the female. Furthermore, the change in artificial food supplies did not cause any modifications of the secondary sex ratios, despite its enormous deleterious effect on reproduction. The secondary sex ratio of Japanese monkeys may not be influenced by the social factors mentioned.

Notes: Abstract The anti-predator behavior of gelada baboons has been observed to consist of simple flight (i.e. they flee to cliffs after becoming alarmed by potential predators). However, active antipredator behavior was observed in a recently found gelada population in Arsi, Ethiopia. This population showed frequent active counter-attacks and severe mobbing at predators. Males fought domestic dogs on the plain and exhibited a systematic mobbing behavior towards a leopard on the cliff face to chase it off. These active anti-predator behaviors are the first confirmed reports on gelada baboons and may provide a useful insight for the understanding of the process of evolutionary adaptation to highland habitats by gelada baboons, as well as for the origin of this small southern population.

Notes: Abstract The social behavior pattern of a solitary male at Koshima was studied by means of radio-telemetry. The relationship between the solitary males and the troop was estimated from radio-tracking data of the former's location and movement, and by direct observation of the latter at each corresponding hour. For most of day, the solitary male stayed within a distance of about 20 to 150 m from the central part of the troop, occasionally approaching it. His movement also was synchronized with that of the troop. For two nights, the solitary male slept at places which were about 200 m from the sleeping sites of the troop and faced them across the beach. The relationship between the solitary male and the troop did not seem to be strongly antagonistic. It can be assumed that the solitary male was moving according to certain pre-determined relationships or social contacts with the troop. The example of this solitary male shows the existence of the solitary male that follows and maintains contact with the troop, even outside the copulatory season.

Notes: Summary Numerous papers have been published on the social rank in animal societies, in which the rank is usually attributed to the physical force such as manifested in the pecking order or to the influence of such physiological factors as the maturity, hormonal secretion, bodily weight, etc. In highly organized mammalian societies, however, the mechanism of the social order is hardly understood through such physiological aspect only. So far as the social rank is based on physiological factors alone, it should be a simple one and interpreted quite mechanically, and the mechanism and the meaning of the rank system as a social constitution must also be a simple one. In the society of Japanese monkeys, however, the factors which determine and support its rank system seem to be sought for not only in such physiological aspect but also in psycho-sociological dynamic factors which act in the social field. Thus the rank is to be studied not only as the dominancesubordination relationship between two individuals not interfered by the group to which they belong, but also in the field of social dynamics, where group and interpersonal effects are at work. The followings are some of the results of my study on the social rank of the Kō-Sima group illustrated in Fig. 1. 1.) The group of Japanese monkeys has a double system in its social rank, i. e, the basic one and the dependent one. The basic rank (Tab. 1) is observable when each combination of two monkeys is not interfered by other monkeys. In some cases the basic rank seems to be determined by phisiological factors just as many of the social ranks of lower mammals and other vertebrates have hitherto been dealt with by biologists. But in the social life of Japanese monkeys, where the organization of the society is more complicated and more symbolic behaviors are recognized, the basic rank is not confined to such simple cases. The dependent rank, however, is observable when each combination is interfered by surrounding monkeys or the group. This rank is not so stable as the basic rank, and it changes with regularity in accordance with the social situation. I have shown the dependent ranking according to the several dependent effects, namely, the kinship effects by mother (Tab. 2), by brother and sister (Tab. 3), by uncle and aunt (Tab. 4), etc., and other effects by leader males, by special intimate relationships, by the internal section of the group (Tab. 5), by the whole group, etc. But in some cases it is difficult for me to assume what kind of effect acts on them. 2.) From the developmental viewpoint, it is the dependent ranking that appears first. In the baby stage, these monkeys live in close association with their mothers, and are always under the protection of the latter. So they can behave after their mothers' superiority and gain dependent rank. On the other hand, they themselves are the lowest of the basic rank, or more precisely, they lack the basic rank. The basic rank becomes recognized when they have grown to be able to behave independently of its mother and claim to have their own living. But in the fixation of the basic rank, the dependent effect by mother seems to play an important role. As they grow older, more complexed their social relations become, and so they recieve more complexed dependent effects on their rank. Some of the dependent ranks, which persist steadily, may turn to the basic rank. 3.) Those depending ranks may be classified into two categories. i. The primary dependent rank: based on personal relationships, such as the special intimate relation and kinship relation. ii. The secondary dependent rank: based on social relationships higher than personal level, such as relation between a leader and an adult female. I will state here of two cases of the secondary dependent rank. One of which is observed between a young monkey and a solitary monkey; the former takes the higher dependent rank availing himself of the group to which he belongs. The rank in this case concerns with the social relation between two different social statuses. In another case, where a certain female assumes a high dependent rank by having a special intimacy with the leader male, the rank concerns with the leader status of the male, which allow the female in question to secure the acknowledgement by other members of her privilege behavior. The status of the chief female and the nucleus female of our term are due to the dependent rank of this sort. 4.) Although the rank system are apt to be considered as a mere pile of each dominant-subordinate-relation between animals in a group, it has close connection, as verified in this paper, with other social structures such as class, status kinship relation and other social segmentation of group. These structures, including the rank system, cannot be treated separately, and above all, the kinship or family relation is seems to be the most influential in the ranking of a monkey society.

Notes: Summary As I mentioned in the previous paper (I), the rank system of the Kō-Sima Group is constructed of the dependent and the basic rank. First I came to this conclusion after I used the method of studying the reactions by placing food between two individuals of each pair. But it did not by itself suffice to realize the concrete phase of social ranking in the group. So I took the second method of placing food among the whole group, and got these results reported in this paper. A test box, about 50 × 50 × 60cm, was placed on the beach of the Ōtomari Bay of the islet, with some wheat on it. I observed the feeding order of monkeys on this box, and the social relation between the individual mounted on the box and the others arround him. The sresults of the test are as follows; 1.) The order in which the monkeys feed wheat on the test box is fairly invariable in this condition. We called this order “the feeding rank”. Feeding on the test box must be acknowledged by all the other members of this group, and accordingly, the feeding rank is a social structure on group level (Tab. 1, 2). A. Effect of the leader In this group, two leaders, 1 ♂ and 2 ♂, have great influence on the social behaviors of all kind. The feeding rank is subjected to the situation whether the leaders are near or not at the test box. It does not always appear according to the basic ranking, but does to the dependent ranking influenced by the leaders. a. There is a female, we call her the chief female, having a special affinity with the predominant male (1 ♂). She acquires No. 2 feeding rank, a privilege through him. But when 1 ♂ is not in the test field, No. 2 leader (2 ♂) acquires the No. 1 feeding rank and the chief female looses her acquired privilege. b. Some females acquire a higher feeding rank by depending on 1 ♂ and 2 ♂, and those females are named “the nucleus females”. In this group, 5 females depend on 1 ♂ and 3 females on 2 ♂, in other words, the influence of 1 ♂ is greater than that of 2 ♂. c. When two leaders are absent, 3 ♂, the sub-leader, acquires the top rank, but he has no female that acquires a higher rank by him, that is, his social role is different from that of leaders. B. On the contrary, some are not influenced by the leaders and the subleaders in relation to the feeding rank, i. e., females, babies, infants and young males—all of them rank lower than the nucleus females. A well ordered feeding rank is observed among these monkeys. That the social structure is differenciated into the two segments, influenced and not influenced by the leaders, was found definite by this observation. 2.) There is another phenomena that shows intimate relation among them. When individual A mounts on the test box and eats wheat, the other B was allowed to mount and eat with A or allowed to come just near the box and wait his turn or eat scattered wheat around the box (Tab. 3). Such relation named “co-feeding relation” indicates tolerancy among them. The feeding rank and the co-feeding relation are quite different things and the tolerated individual does not always acquire the ranking next to the tolerater. The co-feeding relation caused by several torelation effects as follows. A. The cases in which they eat on the box side by side. a. They have kinship relation. b. They are the leader and the chief female. c. They are in special relation of high torelation. All of these caces are in stronger toleration relation. B. The cases in which some monkeys come near the box. a. By kinship relation. b. Between the males (1♂, 2♂, 3♂) and some females of higher rank. c. Between the young males and the females. d. Among the infants. All of these cases are in weaker toleration relation. 3.) Through the feeding rank and the co-feeding relation, which are two eminent factors that support the social organization of the group, a diagram of the structure of the Kō-Sima Group is gained as shown in Fig. 1. Some problems that are related to these two social relations are argued in the last chapter.

Notes: Abstract Twenty-four hours locomotive activity and posture of four formosan monkeys were recorded continuously by radio-telemetrical technique. (1) The movement activity were drawn; during day time the activity peak and valley come alternatively. They have three-five activity peak per day. (2) Average of time spent in movement is only 1 hour and 8 minutes however frequencies of movement are very high, average is 557.0 per day. (3) Measured the time spent in and the frequency of orthograde and pronograde posture; orthograde posture occupies 20 hours and 10 minutes. These results signify monkeys are sitting for 84% of the day. The frequency of change posture (moving, sitting, and lying) shows 1477.8 times a day on the average. (4) Observing the social interactions and self-directed responses, behavior pattern were analyzed. The fact that monkeys take the orthograde posture for 84% has a very important evolutionary meaning. Sitting posture (orthograde) is an adaptive behavior derived from arboreal life. The orthograde posture that put on a social basis of fundamental physical condition for bipedalism has already prepared in the forest life.