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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2015-11-26
    Description: RelB is activated by the non-canonical NF-B pathway, which is crucial for immunity by establishing lymphoid organogenesis and B-cell and dendritic cell (DC) maturation. To elucidate the mechanism of the RelB-mediated immune cell maturation, a precise understanding of the relationship between cell maturation and RelB expression and activation at the single-cell level is required. Therefore, we generated knock-in mice expressing a fusion protein between RelB and fluorescent protein (RelB-Venus) from the Relb locus. The Relb Venus / Venus mice developed without any abnormalities observed in the Relb –/– mice, allowing us to monitor RelB-Venus expression and nuclear localization as RelB expression and activation. Relb Venus / Venus DC analyses revealed that DCs consist of RelB – , RelB low and RelB high populations. The RelB high population, which included mature DCs with projections, displayed RelB nuclear localization, whereas RelB in the RelB low population was in the cytoplasm. Although both the RelB low and RelB – populations barely showed projections, MHC II and co-stimulatory molecule expression were higher in the RelB low than in the RelB – splenic conventional DCs. Taken together, our results identify the RelB low population as a possible novel intermediate maturation stage of cDCs and the Relb Venus / Venus mice as a useful tool to analyse the dynamic regulation of the non-canonical NF-B pathway.
    Print ISSN: 0021-924X
    Electronic ISSN: 1756-2651
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2016-07-31
    Description: We investigate the properties of z  = 2.23 Hα and [O iii ] 5007 emitters using the narrow-band-selected samples obtained from the High- z Emission Line Survey. We construct two samples of the Hα and [O iii ] emitters and compare their integrated physical properties. We find that the distribution of stellar masses, dust extinction, star formation rates (SFRs), and specific SFRs (sSFRs) is not statistically different between the two samples. When we separate the full galaxy sample into three subsamples according to the detections of the Hα and/or [O iii ] emission lines, most of the sources detected with both Hα and [O iii ] show log(sSFR UV ) –9.5. The comparison of the three subsamples suggests that sources with strong [O iii ] line emission tend to have the highest star-forming activity out all galaxies that we study. We argue that the [O iii ] emission line can be used as a tracer of star-forming galaxies at high redshift, and that it is especially useful to investigate star-forming galaxies at z  〉 3, for which Hα emission is no longer observable from the ground.
    Print ISSN: 0035-8711
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2966
    Topics: Physics
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2015-05-16
    Description: Offspring transmit signals to parents to communicate their resource demands. Parents interpret these signals and should adjust provisioning efforts to meet offspring demands but only to the point at which the benefits of enhanced offspring quality stops exceeding the increased costs to future reproduction. We investigated both proximate behavioral mechanisms in these interactions and ultimate-level decisions for total parental investment in streaked shearwaters Calonectris leucomelas by recording begging calls, monitoring parental attendance, and altering states of chicks by supplementing food. In our study, chicks seemed to honestly communicate satiety and body condition via begging. The parents, however, did not downwardly adjust feeding rates, meal sizes delivered to chicks, and total investment in nests in which chicks were regularly supplementary-fed partial meals. But on nights when both parents visited the nest, the second-arriving parents recognized that chicks had already received a full meal because they reduced the food they gave to chicks and also lengthened their subsequent foraging trip. Our findings therefore suggest that although chick begging appeared to reflect need, parents only responded to variation in begging that indicated that chicks had already received a full meal. In a simulation, we show that this strategy prevents parents from exceeding the optimal amount of parental investment. Their insensitivity to slightly reduced begging after partial meals caused them to exceed optimal investment in supplementary-fed nests, suggesting that parental investment is largely regulated by responses to feeding rate of the other parent rather than being fine-tuned to cues about body condition of chicks.
    Print ISSN: 1045-2249
    Electronic ISSN: 1465-7279
    Topics: Biology
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2015-06-07
    Description: In the redshift interval of 2 〈 z 〈 3, the physical conditions of the interstellar medium (ISM) in star-forming galaxies are likely to be different from those in the local Universe because of lower gaseous metallicities, higher gas fractions, and higher star formation activities. In fact, observations suggest that higher electron densities, higher ionization parameters, and harder UV radiation fields are common. In this paper, based on the spectra of H α-selected star-forming galaxies at z = 2.5 taken with Multi-Object Spectrometer for InfraRed Exploration on Keck-1 telescope, we measure electron densities ( n e ) using the oxygen line ratio ([O ii ] 3726,3729), and investigate the relationships between the electron density of ionized gas and other physical properties. As a result, we find that the specific star formation rate (sSFR) and the surface density of SFR ( SFR ) are correlated with the electron density at z = 2.5 for the first time. The SFR – n e relation is likely to be linked to the star formation law in H ii regions (where star formation activity is regulated by interstellar pressure). Moreover, we discuss the mode of star formation in those galaxies. The correlation between sSFR and SFR suggests that highly star-forming galaxies (with high sSFR) tend to be characterized by higher surface densities of star formation ( SFR ) and thus higher n e values as well.
    Print ISSN: 0035-8711
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2966
    Topics: Physics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2015-06-12
    Description: In the redshift interval of 2 〈 z 〈 3, the physical conditions of the interstellar medium (ISM) in star-forming galaxies are likely to be different from those in the local Universe because of lower gaseous metallicities, higher gas fractions, and higher star formation activities. In fact, observations suggest that higher electron densities, higher ionization parameters, and harder UV radiation fields are common. In this paper, based on the spectra of H α-selected star-forming galaxies at z = 2.5 taken with Multi-Object Spectrometer for InfraRed Exploration on Keck-1 telescope, we measure electron densities ( n e ) using the oxygen line ratio ([O ii ] 3726,3729), and investigate the relationships between the electron density of ionized gas and other physical properties. As a result, we find that the specific star formation rate (sSFR) and the surface density of SFR ( SFR ) are correlated with the electron density at z = 2.5 for the first time. The SFR – n e relation is likely to be linked to the star formation law in H ii regions (where star formation activity is regulated by interstellar pressure). Moreover, we discuss the mode of star formation in those galaxies. The correlation between sSFR and SFR suggests that highly star-forming galaxies (with high sSFR) tend to be characterized by higher surface densities of star formation ( SFR ) and thus higher n e values as well.
    Print ISSN: 0035-8711
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2966
    Topics: Physics
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2014-03-27
    Description: Myelin basic protein (MBP) isoforms in the myelin sheath are known to have distinct intracellular expression patterns, which are profoundly related to functional specificity. Determining the differential localization of MBP isoforms is therefore important for understanding their pathophysiological roles. In this study, we have developed a new method for phase separation of myelin. The non-ionic detergent Triton X-114 is used to solubilize myelin sheath which then undergoes phase separation to yield four fractions. The lipid raft-associated proteins and lipids in each fraction were analysed by immunoblotting and lipid analysis, respectively. The present method gives two lipid raft-enriched fractions, one of them was found to contain only lipid raft-associated galactocerebroside and cholesterol as the major lipids. The 21.5-kDa MBP isoforms (21.5 MBP), both unphosphorylated and phosphorylated, were exclusively contained in this fraction. Phosphorylated 21.5 MBP (21.5 pMBP) has been shown to specifically disappear from demyelinated loci. The present analytical method clearly indicated that disappearance of 21.5 pMBP corresponded to demyelination and its reappearance corresponded to prevention of demyelination. Demyelination was also associated with aging and was prevented by the myelin-protecting herbal medicine, Chinpi, a type of dried citrus peel.
    Print ISSN: 0021-924X
    Electronic ISSN: 1756-2651
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2014-12-24
    Description: Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is a neuromuscular disease caused by the expansion of a CAG repeat in the androgen receptor ( AR ) gene. Mutant AR has been postulated to alter the expression of genes important for mitochondrial function and induce mitochondrial dysfunction. Here, we show that the expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- (PPAR), a key regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, were decreased in mouse and cellular models of SBMA. Treatment with pioglitazone (PG), an activator of PPAR, improved the viability of the cellular model of SBMA. The oral administration of PG also improved the behavioral and histopathological phenotypes of the transgenic mice. Furthermore, immunohistochemical and biochemical analyses demonstrated that the administration of PG suppressed oxidative stress, nuclear factor-B (NFB) signal activation and inflammation both in the spinal cords and skeletal muscles of the SBMA mice. These findings suggest that PG is a promising candidate for the treatment of SBMA.
    Print ISSN: 0964-6906
    Electronic ISSN: 1460-2083
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2013-11-21
    Description: A number of meiosis-specific transcripts are selectively eliminated during the mitotic cell cycle in fission yeast. Mmi1, an RNA-binding protein, plays a crucial role in this selective elimination. Mmi1 recognizes a specific region, namely, the determinant of selective removal (DSR) on meiotic transcripts and induces nuclear exosome-mediated elimination. During meiosis, Mmi1 is sequestered by a chromosome-associated dot structure, Mei2 dot, allowing meiosis-specific transcripts to be stably expressed. Red1, a zinc-finger protein, is also known to participate in the Mmi1/DSR elimination system, although its molecular function has remained elusive. To uncover the detailed molecular mechanisms underlying the Mmi1/DSR elimination system, we sought to identify factors that interact genetically with Mmi1. Here, we show that one of the identified factors, Iss10, is involved in the Mmi1/DSR system by regulating the interaction between Mmi1 and Red1. In cells lacking Iss10, association of Red1 with Mmi1 is severely impaired, and target transcripts of Mmi1 are ectopically expressed in the mitotic cycle. During meiosis, Iss10 is downregulated, resulting in dissociation of Red1 from Mmi1 and subsequent suppression of Mmi1 activity.
    Print ISSN: 0305-1048
    Electronic ISSN: 1362-4962
    Topics: Biology
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2014-06-10
    Description: The accumulation of abnormal proteins is a common characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. This accumulation reflects a severe disturbance of cellular homeostasis in pathogenic protein clearance. Here, we demonstrated that the activation of the two major proteolytic machineries, the molecular chaperone–ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) and the autophagy system, were simultaneously enhanced by paeoniflorin (PF), a major component of Paeonia plants, and exerted therapeutic effects in models of spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA). PF significantly increased the expression of nuclear factor-YA (NF-YA), which strongly upregulated the molecules involved in the proteolytic machinery [molecular chaperones, carboxyl terminus of Hsc70-interacting protein and transcription factor EB], which thus mitigated the behavioral and pathological impairments in an SBMA mouse model through the upregulation of pathogenic androgen receptor protein clearance in motor neurons and muscles. These findings demonstrated that PF is able to enhance both the UPS and autophagy systems by upregulating the expression of NF-YA, which promotes therapeutic effects in an SBMA model.
    Print ISSN: 0964-6906
    Electronic ISSN: 1460-2083
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2012-12-20
    Description: This article introduces DoBISCUIT (Database of BIoSynthesis clusters CUrated and InTegrated, http://www.bio.nite.go.jp/pks/ ), a literature-based, manually curated database of gene clusters for secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Bacterial secondary metabolites often show pharmacologically important activities and can serve as lead compounds and/or candidates for drug development. Biosynthesis of each secondary metabolite is catalyzed by a number of enzymes, usually encoded by a gene cluster. Although many scientific papers describe such gene clusters, the gene information is not always described in a comprehensive manner and the related information is rarely integrated. DoBISCUIT integrates the latest literature information and provides standardized gene/module/domain descriptions related to the gene clusters.
    Print ISSN: 0305-1048
    Electronic ISSN: 1362-4962
    Topics: Biology
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