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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 24 (2001), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Three-dimensional, elastic–plastic finite element analyses for circumferential through-wall cracked pipes are performed using actual tensile data of stainless steels, for two purposes. The first one is to validate the recently proposed enhanced reference stress (ERS) method to estimate the J-integral and rack-opening displacement (COD) for circumferential through-wall cracked pipes. The second one is to compare the J and COD results from the ERS method with those based on the GE/EPRI method, together with the finite element results. It is found that the GE/EPRI method generally provides poor estimations of J and COD, and such poor estimation results from the Ramberg–Osgood (R–O) fit. Moreover, the GE/EPRI results can be very sensitive to how the stress–strain data are fitted using the R–O relation. The most appropriate fitting range for the R–O fit depends on the material, and thus no specific guideline can be given. On the contrary, the J and COD estimations based on the ERS method give more accurate and robust results than the GE/EPRI estimation. The present results, together with the experimental validation presented in the previous paper, provide sufficient confidence in using the proposed method in the leak-before-break analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 24 (2001), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: As a companion paper to our previous paper [Fatigue Fract. Engng Mater. Struct. 24, 243–254], this note provides further validation on the engineering crack opening displacement (COD) estimation equation based on the enhanced reference stress method against three-dimensional, elastic–plastic finite element (FE) results using actual tensile data of three typical ferritic steels exhibiting a wide range of Lüders strain. Furthermore, the resulting FE results are also compared with the GE/EPRI COD predictions. It is found that the proposed enhanced reference stress method gives overall more accurate and robust COD results than the GE/EPRI method, compared with the FE results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PO Box 1354, 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2XG, UK. : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 26 (2003), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Based on extensive two-dimensional (2D) finite element (FE) analyses, the present work provides the plastic η factor solutions for fracture toughness J-integral testing of heterogeneous specimens with weldments. Solutions cover practically interesting ranges of strength mismatch and relative weld width, and are given for three typical geometries for toughness testing: a middle cracked tension (M(T)) specimen, single edge cracked bend (SE(B)) specimen and (C(T)) specimen. For mismatched M(T) specimens, both plane strain and plane stress conditions are considered, whereas for SE(B) and C(T) specimens, only the plane strain condition is considered. For all cases, only deep cracks are considered, and an idealized butt weld configuration is considered, where the weld metal strip has a rectangular cross section. Based on the present solutions for the strength mismatch effect on plastic η factors, a window is provided, within which the homogeneous J estimation procedure can be used for weldment toughness testing. The effect of the weld groove configuration on the plastic η factor is briefly discussed, concluding the need for further systematic analysis to provide guidance to practical toughness testing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 26 (2003), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Two new cell cultures from flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck & Schlegel), flounder fin (FFN) cells from fin tissue and flounder spleen (FSP) cells from spleen tissue, were established and characterized. The cells multiplied well in Eagle's minimum essential medium, supplemented with 10% foetal bovine serum, and have been subcultured more than 100 times, becoming continuous cell lines. Modal diploid chromosome number of FFN and FSP cells was 64 and 62, respectively. Polymerase chain reaction products were obtained from FFN and FSP cells with primer sets of microsatellite markers of flounder. Optimal growth temperature was 20 °C and consisted of epithelioid cells. FFN and FSP cells showed cytopathic effects after inoculation of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus, marine birnavirus, chum salmon virus, infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus, spring viraemia of carp virus and hirame rhabdovirus. Thus these new cell lines may be useful for studying a wide range of fish viruses.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 24 (2001), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Based on slip line field analysis and finite element analysis of elastic-perfectly plastic materials, plastic η factor solutions for single edge-cracked specimens in tension (SE(T)) with a wide range of crack lengths are proposed, both for homogeneous specimens and for bi-material specimens with interface cracks. Moreover, two different plastic η factor solutions are given: one based on experimental load–load line displacement records, ηVLLp , and the other based on experimental load–crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) records, ηCMODp . Comparison with existing finite element results shows good agreement. For deep cracks (a/w 〉 ∼0.45), the ηVLLp solutions are insensitive to the strain hardening, to the specimen length and to the specimen thickness. However, for shallower cracks (a/w 〈 ∼0.45), the ηVLLp solutions are sensitive to the specimen thickness, to the strain hardening and to the specimen length, suggesting difficulties associated with a robust determination of J and C * integrals from experimental data. On the other hand, the ηCMODp solution is not sensitive to the crack length, to the specimen thickness, to strain hardening and to the specimen length, even for shallow cracked specimens. This suggests that the use of CMOD can provide robust J and C * estimation schemes even for shallow crack testing.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 22 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The prior assessment equations for Ct , which is a well-known fracture parameter for characterizing creep and creep–fatigue crack growth rates, have applicability to constant loading conditions only. However, crack growth due to creep can also occur under varying load conditions during a fatigue cycle when the loading (or unloading) rate is slow enough such that creep deformation can occur near the crack tip. Hence, the applicability of the Ct parameter should be extended to varying load conditions.In this study, a method of extending the use of the Ct parameter to increasing load conditions is proposed. Based on the concept of Irwin’s effective crack size, new equations for estimating Ct under increasing load conditions are derived and denoted as (Ct )r . Finite element analyses were also performed under various increasing load conditions. From the analysis, the variation of (Ct )r values during the load rise period is obtained and the difference between the (Ct )r value at the end of the load rise period and the Ct value at the beginning of the succeeding load hold period is discussed. A generalized creep–fatigue crack growth model which employs (Ct )r as a parameter characterizing crack growth rate during the rise time is also discussed.
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