ALBERT

Notes: The XVIIIth International Congress of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing was held in the Austria Center, Vienna from 9th to 19th July, 1996. Reports on the Technical Commission Activities, on the Congress Exhibition and on the General Assembly were given at a meeting of the Photogrammetric Society on 7th October, 1996. Papers from the Congress were published in the International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 31.

Notes: Low cost analytical plotters for use with 35 mm and 70 mm metric and non-metric photography are increasingly being considered as a means of introducing photogrammetry to non-photogrammetrists. One of these instruments, an Adam Technology MPS-2, recently formed the basis for a research project into the feasibility of such non-specialist use. During the project, an MPS-2 users' group was formed and many of the current users were asked to complete a questionnaire detailing their experiences with the instrument. Almost 40 users responded and their replies are given in this paper, which begins by outlining the project and goes on to discuss the comments received. The paper ends with an appraisal of the MPS-2 as seen through the eyes of its users and concludes that, considering its relatively low cost, it is definitely worthy of consideration by non-specialists. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé On considère actuellement de plus en plus que les appareils de réstitution analytiques bon marché, permettant ľemploi des photographies 35 mm et 70 mm, métriques et non-métriques, constituent un bon moyen ďinitiation des non-photogrammètres à la photogrammétrie. Ľun de ces instruments, le MPS-2 de la Société Adam Technology, a servi de base à une action de recherche sur lafaisabilitéďun tel emploi par des non-spécialistes. On a formé, dans le cadre de cette action de recherche, un groupe ďutilisateurs du MPS-2, à la plupart desquels on a adressé un questionnaire leur demandant de détailler leur expérience de cet appareil. On a reçu près de 40 réponses ďutilisateurs et ľon reproduit ces réponses dans cet article. Après avoir esquisé les grandes lignes de cette action de recherche, on commente les réponses reçues. On termine sur une appréciation du MPS-2 vu par les utilisateurs et on en conclut que, étant donné son coût relativement faible, cet appareil mérite absolument ďêtre pris en compte par les non-spécialistes. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Preiswerte analytische Auswertegeräte für die Auswertung von 35 mm-und 70 mm-Fotos, die mit Meβkammern und Nichtmeβkammern aufge-nommen wurden, werden zunehmend als Mittel zur Einführung der Phologrammetrie bei Nichtphotogrammetem angesehen. Eines dieser Geräte, ein MPS-2 von Adam Technology, bildete kürzlich die Grundlage für ein Forschungsprojekt zum Nutzen solcher Anwendungen für Nicht-spezialisten. Während des Projektes wurde eine MPS-2-Nutzergruppe gebildet und viele der gegenwärtigen Nutzer wurden gebeten, einen Fragebogen zu vervollständigen und ihre Erfahrungen mit dem Gerät mitzuteilen. Zunächst wird das Projekt skizziert, und dann werden die erhaltenen Kommentare diskutiert. Der Artikel schlieβt mit einer Bewertung des MPS-2, wie er mit den Augen seiner Nutzer gesehen wird und schluβfolgert, daβ er unter Beachtung seiner relativ geringen Kosten deutlich die Aufmerksamkeit der Nichtspezialisten verdient.

Notes: The paper outlines the author's background and continuing education in photogrammetry. The potential of low cost instruments for non-specialists is examined from her viewpoint as a research student and as an employee of Leica UK Ltd. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Ľarticle retrace les compétences acquises par ľauteur en photogrammétrie et lew prolongement en formation continue. Ľauteur présente également les possibilityé des appareils à bas prix pour les non-spécialistes en so plaçant à un double point de vue, en tant qu'tudiant faisant de la recherche et en tant qu'employee de la Société Leica Ltd. (RU). 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung In dem Artikel werden die Ausbildung und die fortwährende Weiter-bildung der Autorin in Photogrammetrie skizziert. Der Nutzen preiswerter Gerdte für Nichtspezialisten wird unter ihrem Blickwinkel als Forschungs-student und Mitarbeiterin der Leica UK Ltd. beleuchtet.

Notes: Three change-over experiments were conducted to determine the effect on ad libitum silage intake and milk production in dairy cows of treatment of barley supplements with an acid-formaldehyde reagent designed to reduce the rate of starch and protein digestion in the rumen. In Experiment 1 there were six dietary treatments consisting of silage with supplements of 4·0,6·5 and 9·0 kg d-1 of barley given untreated or treated with formaldehyde reagent (8·1 t-1). In Experiment 2 there were four dietary treatments consisting of silage with supplements of barley (7·0 kg d-1) or barley and fishmeal (6·0 kg d-1 plus 1·0 kg d-1), with the barley untreated or treated with formaldehyde reagent (15·1t-1). In Experiment 3 there were four dietary treatments consisting of silage given alone or with supplements of barley (9·0 kg d-1). Treated barley (15·1 t-1, 9·0 kg d-1) and barley plus sodium bicarbonate (9·0 kg d-1 plus 25·0 g d-1).Treatment of the barley supplement with formaldehyde reagent had no effect on silage intake or milk production in Experiment 1 where the rate of application of the reagent was low and the basal silage-barley diet was limiting in rumendegradable nitrogen. However, in Experiments 2 and 3 treated barley supplements were associated with improvements in silage intake and milk production. As compared with corresponding control diets containing untreated barley, increases in silage intake ranged from 0 to 0·16 of the control value, whilst associated increases in the yields of milk, milk fat, milk protein and lactose were 0·077–0·089, 0·016–0·026, 0·092–0·118 and 0·080–0·092 of the control value. These responses are discussed in relation to the increases in silage intake and milk production observed with fishmeal supplementation of the diet in Experiment 2 and inclusion of sodium bicarbonate in Experiment 3.

Notes: The main object of the experiment was to assess the effect of the relative proportion of non-protein nitrogen (NPN) to total nitrogen in silage on digestion in the sheep. Four unwilted perennial ryegrass silages were made with the addition of formic acid at 0, 2·2, 4·2 and 5·2 litres t-1 to provide foods with NPN proportions reducing from 0·26 to 0·20 of the total N. The digestion of the silages was studied in a 4 × 4 Latin Square experiment with sheep cannulated in the rumen, proximal duodenum and terminal ileum.Results for organic matter (OM), cellulose and N showed no major difference between silages in their digestion in the rumen, small intestine and caecum and colon, though small differences (P 〈0·25) in rumen fermentation pattern and in the proportion of digestible OM disappearing in the small intestine were observed. Concentrations of ammonia N in the rumen and rates of rumen bacterial protein synthesis did not differ significantly between silages and there were no treatment effects on the passage of individual amino acids to the small intestine. The results indicate that the proportions of NPN to total N in the silages examined had little influence on the efficiency of silage N utilization in the rumen or on the passage of undegraded dietary protein to the small intestine.

Notes: In two 4 × 4 Latin Square experiments, one with dry cows and one with sheep, animals were given ad libitum early-cut ryegrass silages prepared using formic acid (2.31 t−1) as an additive. The silages were offered either untreated or partially neutralized with either a low (8 g kg−1 fresh weight) or high (16 g kg−1) level of sodium bicarbonate or with sodium bicarbonate solution (50 g kg−1) given as an intraruminal infusion at a rate sufficient to provide bicarbonate at a rate similar to that provided by the high level of dietary addition.In cows the bicarbonate treatments were associated with a depression in the intake of organic matter which at the high level of addition of bicarbonate was statistically significant (P 〈 0.05). In sheep the bicarbonate treatments were associated with a slight increase in the intake of organic matter but the efFects were non-significant (P 〉 0.05). In both species water intake increased directly with the quantity of bicarbonate ingested.In both experiments the bicarbonate treatments increased rumen pH but there were no significant treatment effects on the concentration of ammonia or of total or individual short-chain fatty acids in the rumen fluid. In sheep, bicarbonate addition or infusion had no effect on the digestibility of organic matter but at the high levels of bicarbonate supplementation there was a tendency for the digestibility of nitrogen to be depressed.In two further experiments each with two dry cows determinations were made of the effects on food intake of (a) the insertion of water-filled bags into the rumen and (b) the removal of digesta from the rumen. Treatment (a) produced consistent and significant (P 〈 0.05) depressions in dry matter intake and treatment (b) increased (P 〈 0.05) dry matter intake in one cow but not in the other.The lack of significant improvement in silage intake through the addition of sodium bicarbonate to the diet indicated that the acidity of the silage was not a major factor limiting appetite. On the other hand, the effects of the insertion of water-filled bags into the rumen and of the removal of digesta from the rumen on feed intake were consistent with appetite being controlled through a rumen-fill mechanism.

Notes: Three castrated male sheep fitted with rumen and duodenal re-entrant cannulae were used in a 3×3 Latin Square experiment to investigate the digestion of three diets of red clover silage with supplementary concentrates containing barley or barley and groundnut meal or barley and urea. The supplements were designed to be isocaloric and the groundnut meal and barley-urea mixtures to be isonitrogenous.There were no significant (P 〉0.05) differences between treatments in the digestibility of organic matter (mean value 71.2%) or in the percentage of dietary organic matter digested in the stomach (mean value 53.6%) and diiferences between treatments in the concentrations of total and individual short-chain fatty acids in the rumen were small. The nitrogen intake for the barley treatment was 19.41 g/d and that for the groundnut meal and barley-urea treatments were 23.36 g/d and 23.05 g/d respectively. Corresponding figures for the duodenal flows of nitrogen were 21.97 g/d, 21.48 g/d and 21.14 g/d and for the faecal losses of nitrogen were 7.09 g/d, 6.98 g/d and 6.92 g/d. As a consequence, although the diets supplied quite different amounts of digestible crude protein they supplied similar amounts of crude protein digested in the intestines.

Notes: Six castrated male sheep were used in a two-period crossover experiment to investigate the effect of mincing on the voluntary intake and digestibility of a silage. The silage was a high-quality material, containing 68 % digestihle organic matter in the dry matter, prepared from S24 perennial ryegrass cut with a precision chop forage harvester and ensiled with the addition of 2.3 1 t−1 formic acid as preser vative. The median size of particles in the unprocessed silage was 10–20 mm and in the minced silage 2–3 mm.The intakes of dry matter, organic matter and nitrogen for the minced silage were greater than for the unminced material, and for dry matter and organic matter intakes the differences were signi ficant (P〈0.01). Mincing was associated, however, with a depression in the digestibility of all three constituents which offset the increase in intake. The intakes of digestible organic matter were 817 g d-1 for the minced silage and 729 g d−1 for the unminced material (P〉0.05). Corresponding figures for digestible nitrogen intakes were 208 gd−1and23.0 gd−1 (P〉005).It is concluded that with high-quality silage diets there is a physical component in the mechanism for the control of voluntary food intake. It is suggested that for sheep, depressions in the digestibility of dietary constituents are unlikely to occur until silages are chopped to a median particle size of 5–10 mm.

Notes: The effect of intravenous supplements of L-methionine on the voluntary intake of a ryegrass silage, prepared using formic acid as an additive, was determined in a 4×4 Latin Square experiment with 4 sheep. Animals receiving no methionine consumed 1061 g DM/day; those receiving 0.8, 1.2 and 2.0 g methionine/day consumed 1015, 1012 and 1078 g DM/day. The concentration of methionine in blood plasma (Y; (imoles/I) increased with the dose rate of methionine infused (X; g/day) such that Y=36.7 + 38.3X (r=0.80; P〈0.001). It is concluded that with a diet of this type methionine may be limiting for protein synthesis in the tissues but is not involved in the control of food intake.