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  • 1
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    Dynamic fracture of tantalum under extreme tensile stress (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-06-03
    Description: The understanding of fracture phenomena of a material at extremely high strain rates is a key issue for a wide variety of scientific research ranging from applied science and technological developments to fundamental science such as laser-matter interaction and geology. Despite its interest, its study relies on a fine multiscale description, in between the atomic scale and macroscopic processes, so far only achievable by large-scale atomic simulations. Direct ultrafast real-time monitoring of dynamic fracture (spallation) at the atomic lattice scale with picosecond time resolution was beyond the reach of experimental techniques. We show that the coupling between a high-power optical laser pump pulse and a femtosecond x-ray probe pulse generated by an x-ray free electron laser allows detection of the lattice dynamics in a tantalum foil at an ultrahigh strain rate of . ~2 x 10 8 to 3.5 x 10 8 s –1 . A maximal density drop of 8 to 10%, associated with the onset of spallation at a spall strength of ~17 GPa, was directly measured using x-ray diffraction. The experimental results of density evolution agree well with large-scale atomistic simulations of shock wave propagation and fracture of the sample. Our experimental technique opens a new pathway to the investigation of ultrahigh strain-rate phenomena in materials at the atomic scale, including high-speed crack dynamics and stress-induced solid-solid phase transitions.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    "Newton's cradle" proton relay with amide-imidic acid tautomerization in inverting cellulase visualized by neutron crystallography (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-23
    Description: Hydrolysis of carbohydrates is a major bioreaction in nature, catalyzed by glycoside hydrolases (GHs). We used neutron diffraction and high-resolution x-ray diffraction analyses to investigate the hydrogen bond network in inverting cellulase Pc Cel45A, which is an endoglucanase belonging to subfamily C of GH family 45, isolated from the basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium . Examination of the enzyme and enzyme-ligand structures indicates a key role of multiple tautomerizations of asparagine residues and peptide bonds, which are finally connected to the other catalytic residue via typical side-chain hydrogen bonds, in forming the "Newton’s cradle"–like proton relay pathway of the catalytic cycle. Amide–imidic acid tautomerization of asparagine has not been taken into account in recent molecular dynamics simulations of not only cellulases but also general enzyme catalysis, and it may be necessary to reconsider our interpretation of many enzymatic reactions.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Reversible molecular adsorption based on multiple-point interaction by shrinkable gels (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1999-11-24
    Description: A general approach is presented for creating polymer gels that can recognize and capture a target molecule by multiple-point interaction and that can reversibly change their affinity to the target by more than one order of magnitude. The polymers consist of majority monomers that make the gel reversibly swell and shrink and minority monomers that constitute multiple-point adsorption centers for the target molecule. Multiple-point interaction is experimentally proven by power laws found between the affinity and the concentration of the adsorbing monomers within the gels.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Oya, T -- Enoki, T -- Grosberg, A Y -- Masamune, S -- Sakiyama, T -- Takeoka, Y -- Tanaka, K -- Wang, G -- Yilmaz, Y -- Feld, M S -- Dasari, R -- Tanaka, T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Nov 19;286(5444):1543-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physics and Center for Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, George R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. toyo@mit.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10567256" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adsorption ; Ammonium Chloride/*chemistry ; Arylsulfonates/*chemistry ; Chlorides/chemistry ; Gels/*chemistry ; Methacrylates/*chemistry ; Polymers/*chemistry ; Spectrometry, Fluorescence ; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Spontaneous bubble domain formation in a layered ferromagnetic crystal (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-06-18
    Description: Magnetic domain structure on the surface of the layer-structured ferromagnet La1.4Sr1.6Mn2O7 was observed in the temperature range from 37 to 97 kelvin with a scanning Hall probe microscope. The sensitivity to temperature of the domain structure changes was large relative to that in conventional ferromagnets. The stable and spontaneous appearance of magnetic bubble domains without an external magnetic field was observed in the neighborhood of 70 kelvin. The phenomenon observed could provide a potential route toward magnetic bubble memory.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fukumura -- Sugawara -- Hasegawa -- Tanaka -- Sakaki -- Kimura -- Tokura -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jun 18;284(5422):1969-71.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan. Materials and Structures Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan. Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, T.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10373110" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Epilepsy and exacerbation of brain injury in mice lacking the glutamate transporter GLT-1 (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-06-13
    Description: Extracellular levels of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate in the nervous system are maintained by transporters that actively remove glutamate from the extracellular space. Homozygous mice deficient in GLT-1, a widely distributed astrocytic glutamate transporter, show lethal spontaneous seizures and increased susceptibility to acute cortical injury. These effects can be attributed to elevated levels of residual glutamate in the brains of these mice.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tanaka, K -- Watase, K -- Manabe, T -- Yamada, K -- Watanabe, M -- Takahashi, K -- Iwama, H -- Nishikawa, T -- Ichihara, N -- Kikuchi, T -- Okuyama, S -- Kawashima, N -- Hori, S -- Takimoto, M -- Wada, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jun 13;276(5319):1699-702.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, Kodaira, Tokyo 187, Japan. tanaka@ncnaxp.ncap.go.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9180080" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics/*metabolism ; Amino Acid Transport System X-AG ; Animals ; Biological Transport ; Brain/*metabolism/pathology ; Brain Injuries/*metabolism/pathology ; Electroencephalography ; Epilepsy/*metabolism/pathology ; Gene Targeting ; Glutamic Acid/*metabolism ; Hippocampus/metabolism/pathology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Nerve Degeneration ; Pyramidal Cells/pathology/physiology ; Synapses/metabolism ; Synaptic Transmission
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Distinct Fermi-momentum-dependent energy gaps in deeply underdoped Bi2212 (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2006-11-23
    Description: We used angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy applied to deeply underdoped cuprate superconductors Bi2Sr2Ca(1-x)YxCu2O8 (Bi2212) to reveal the presence of two distinct energy gaps exhibiting different doping dependence. One gap, associated with the antinodal region where no coherent peak is observed, increased with underdoping, a behavior known for more than a decade and considered as the general gap behavior in the underdoped regime. The other gap, associated with the near-nodal regime where a coherent peak in the spectrum can be observed, did not increase with less doping, a behavior not previously observed in the single particle spectra. We propose a two-gap scenario in momentum space that is consistent with other experiments and may contain important information on the mechanism of high-transition temperature superconductivity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tanaka, Kiyohisa -- Lee, W S -- Lu, D H -- Fujimori, A -- Fujii, T -- Risdiana -- Terasaki, I -- Scalapino, D J -- Devereaux, T P -- Hussain, Z -- Shen, Z-X -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 22;314(5807):1910-3. Epub 2006 Nov 16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physics, Department of Applied Physics, and Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17114172" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Mnemonic function of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in conflict-induced behavioral adjustment (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-10-27
    Description: Our cognitive abilities in performing tasks are influenced by experienced competition/conflict between behavioral choices. To determine the role of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in the conflict detection-resolution process, we conducted complementary lesion and single-cell recording studies in monkeys that were resolving a conflict between two rules. We observed conflict-induced behavioral adjustment that persisted after lesions within the ACC but disappeared after lesions within the DLPFC. In the DLPFC, activity was modulated in some cells by the current conflict level and in other cells by the conflict experienced in the previous trial. These results show that the DLPFC, but not the ACC, is essential for the conflict-induced behavioral adjustment and suggest that encoding and maintenance of information about experienced conflict is mediated by the DLPFC.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mansouri, Farshad A -- Buckley, Mark J -- Tanaka, Keiji -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Nov 9;318(5852):987-90. Epub 2007 Oct 25.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cognitive Brain Mapping Laboratory, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan. farshad@postman.riken.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17962523" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Brain Mapping ; *Conflict (Psychology) ; Electrophysiology ; Gyrus Cinguli/*physiology/physiopathology/surgery ; Macaca ; Macaca mulatta ; Memory/*physiology ; Neurons/physiology ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Prefrontal Cortex/*physiology/physiopathology/surgery ; Psychomotor Performance ; Reaction Time
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
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  • 8
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    A planar rhombic charge-separated tetrasilacyclobutadiene (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-03-12
    Description: The cyclobutadiene (CBD) molecule C(4)H(4) deviates from a high-symmetry square geometry to compensate for its antiaromatic electronic structure. Here, we report a CBD silicon analog, Si(4)(EMind)(4) (1), stabilized by the bulky 1,1,7,7-tetraethyl-3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-s-hydrindacen-4-yl (EMind) groups, obtained as air- and moisture-sensitive orange crystals by the reduction of (EMind)SiBr(3) with three equivalents of lithium naphthalenide. X-ray crystallography reveals a planar and rhombic structure of the Si(4) four-membered ring, with alternating pyramidal and planar configurations at the silicon atoms. The large (29)Si chemical shift differences (Deltadelta 〉 350 parts per million) in the solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectra suggest a contribution of an alternately charge-separated structure. The rhombic-shaped charge-separated singlet state of compound 1 thus stabilizes its cyclic 4pi-electron antiaromaticity in a manner that contrasts sharply with the bond-length alternation, characterizing the rectangular distortion of carbon-based CBD.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Suzuki, Katsunori -- Matsuo, Tsukasa -- Hashizume, Daisuke -- Fueno, Hiroyuki -- Tanaka, Kazuyoshi -- Tamao, Kohei -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Mar 11;331(6022):1306-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1199906.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Functional Elemento-Organic Chemistry Unit, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21393541" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 9
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    Attention but not awareness modulates the BOLD signal in the human V1 during binocular suppression (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-15
    Description: Although recent psychophysical studies indicate that visual awareness and top-down attention are two distinct processes, it is not clear how they are neurally dissociated in the visual system. Using a two-by-two factorial functional magnetic resonance imaging design with binocular suppression, we found that the visibility or invisibility of a visual target led to only nonsignificant blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) effects in the human primary visual cortex (V1). Directing attention toward and away from the target had much larger and robust effects across all study participants. The difference in the lower-level limit of BOLD activation between attention and awareness illustrates dissociated neural correlates of the two processes. Our results agree with previously reported V1 BOLD effects on attention, while they invite a reconsideration of the functional role of V1 in visual awareness.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Watanabe, Masataka -- Cheng, Kang -- Murayama, Yusuke -- Ueno, Kenichi -- Asamizuya, Takeshi -- Tanaka, Keiji -- Logothetis, Nikos -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Nov 11;334(6057):829-31. doi: 10.1126/science.1203161.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. watanabe@tuebingen.mpg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22076381" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; *Attention ; *Awareness ; Brain Mapping ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Oxygen/blood ; Photic Stimulation ; Vision, Ocular ; Visual Cortex/*physiology ; Visual Perception/*physiology ; Young Adult
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  • 10
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    A discrete self-assembled metal array in artificial DNA (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2003-02-22
    Description: DNA has a structural basis to array functionalized building blocks. Here we report the synthesis of a series of artificial oligonucleotides, d(5'-GH(n)C-3') (n = 1 to 5), with hydroxypyridone nucleobases (H) as flat bidentate ligands. Right-handed double helices of the oligonucleotides, nCu2+.d(5'-GH(n)C-3')2 (n = 1 to 5), were quantitatively formed through copper ion (Cu2+)-mediated alternative base pairing (H-Cu2+-H), where the Cu2+ ions incorporated into each complex were aligned along the helix axes inside the duplexes with the Cu2+-Cu2+ distance of 3.7 +/- 0.1 angstroms. The Cu2+ ions were coupled ferromagnetically with one another through unpaired d electrons to form magnetic chains.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tanaka, Kentaro -- Tengeiji, Atsushi -- Kato, Tatsuhisa -- Toyama, Namiki -- Shionoya, Mitsuhiko -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Feb 21;299(5610):1212-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12595687" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Pairing ; Circular Dichroism ; Copper/*chemistry ; DNA/*chemical synthesis/*chemistry ; Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy ; Electrons ; Ligands ; Magnetics ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/*chemical synthesis/*chemistry ; Pyridones/chemistry ; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet ; Thermodynamics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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