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  • 1
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    Coupled chemistry climate model simulations of the solar cycle in ozone and temperature (2008)
    AGU
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 113 (D11). pp. 1-20.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-24
    Description: The 11-year solar cycles in ozone and temperature are examined using new simulations of coupled chemistry climate models. The results show a secondary maximum in stratospheric tropical ozone, in agreement with satellite observations and in contrast with most previously published simulations. The mean model response varies by up to about 2.5% in ozone and 0.8 K in temperature during a typical solar cycle, at the lower end of the observed ranges of peak responses. Neither the upper atmospheric effects of energetic particles nor the presence of the quasi biennial oscillation is necessary to simulate the lower stratospheric response in the observed low latitude ozone concentration. Comparisons are also made between model simulations and observed total column ozone. As in previous studies, the model simulations agree well with observations. For those models which cover the full temporal range 1960–2005, the ozone solar signal below 50 hPa changes substantially from the first two solar cycles to the last two solar cycles. Further investigation suggests that this difference is due to an aliasing between the sea surface temperatures and the solar cycle during the first part of the period. The relationship between these results and the overall structure in the tropical solar ozone response is discussed. Further understanding of solar processes requires improvement in the observations of the vertically varying and column integrated ozone.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 2
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    Decadal-scale periodicities in the stratosphere associated with the solar cycle and the QBO (2008)
    AGU
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 113 (D5).
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-24
    Description: An interactive two-dimensional model is used to analyze the response of the stratosphere to the 11-year solar cycle in the presence of a quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO). The purpose of the paper is to demonstrate how the solar cycle response of stratospheric ozone and temperature diagnosed from model simulations depends on the QBO. The analyses show that (1) the simulated response to the solar flux when no QBO is imposed is very similar in different periods, despite differences in the magnitude and variability of the solar forcing; (2) the apparent solar response of temperature and ozone is modified by the presence of an imposed QBO; and (3) the impact of the QBO on the derived solar response is greatly reduced when the observed QBO forcing is replaced by an idealized sinusoidal forcing. The impact of the QBO on the solar cycle analysis is larger when only two solar cycles are analyzed but is not negligible even for analysis of four solar cycles. Differences in the QBO contribution account for most of the differences in analyses of separate 22-year periods. The statistical significance is not always a reliable indicator that the QBO effect has been separated.
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  • 3
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    Modeling the whole atmosphere response to solar cycle changes in radiative and geomagnetic forcing (2007)
    AGU
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 112 (D23).
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-23
    Description: The NCAR Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model, version 3 (WACCM3), is used to study the atmospheric response from the surface to the lower thermosphere to changes in solar and geomagnetic forcing over the 11-year solar cycle. WACCM3 is a general circulation model that incorporates interactive chemistry that solves for both neutral and ion species. Energy inputs include solar radiation and energetic particles, which vary significantly over the solar cycle. This paper presents a comparison of simulations for solar cycle maximum and solar cycle minimum conditions. Changes in composition and dynamical variables are clearly seen in the middle and upper atmosphere, and these in turn affect terms in the energy budget. Generally good agreement is found between the model response and that derived from satellite observations, although significant differences remain. A small but statistically significant response is predicted in tropospheric winds and temperatures which is consistent with signals observed in reanalysis data sets.
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  • 4
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    Dynamics of the middle atmosphere as simulated by the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model, version 3 (WACCM3) (2008)
    AGU
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 113 (D8).
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-24
    Description: The Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model, version 3 (WACCM3) is a state-of-the-art climate model extending from the Earth's surface to the lower thermosphere. In this paper we present a detailed climatology of the dynamics of the middle atmosphere as represented by WACCM3 at various horizontal resolutions and compare them to observations. In addition to the mean climatological fields, we examine in detail the middle atmospheric momentum budget as well as several lower and upper atmosphere coupling phenomena including stratospheric sudden warmings, the 2-day wave, and the migrating diurnal tide. We find that in large part, differences between WACCM3 and observations and the mean state of the model at various horizontal resolutions are related to gravity wave drag, which is parameterized in WACCM3 (and similar models). All three lower and upper atmosphere coupling processes examined show high sensitivity to the model's resolution.
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