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  • 2015-2019  (12)
  • 1
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Reservoir Quality of Clastic and Carbonate Rocks : Analysis, Modelling and Prediction (2018)
    London : The Geological Society
    Associated volumes
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    Call number: 9/M 07.0421(435)
    In: Geological Society Special Publication
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Reservoir quality is studied using a wide range of similar techniques in both sandstones and carbonates. Sandstone and carbonate reservoir quality both benefit from the study of modern analogues and experiments, but modelling approaches are currently quite different for these two types of reservoirs. There are many common controls on sandstone and carbonate reservoir quality, but also distinct differences due primarily to mineralogy. Numerous controversies remain including the question of oil inhibition, the key control on pressure solution and geochemical flux of material to or from reservoirs. This collection of papers contains case-study-based examples of sandstone and carbonate reservoir quality prediction as well as modern analogue, outcrop analogue, modelling and advanced analytical approaches.
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 453 Seiten , farbige Abbildungen, Tabellen, Grafiken
    ISBN: 978-1-78620-139-3
    Series Statement: Geological Society Special Publication 435
    URL: http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/435/1
    URL: http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/specpubgsl/435/1.toc.pdf
    Language: English
    Location: Reading room
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 2
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    Comparing clay mineral diagenesis in interbedded sandstones and mudstones, Vienna Basin, Austria (2015)
    Geological Society (of London)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-11-22
    Description: There is no consensus about the rate and style of clay mineral diagenesis in progressively buried sandstones v. interbedded mudstones. The diagenetic evolution of interbedded Miocene sandstones and mudstones from the Vienna Basin (Austria) has therefore been compared using core-based studies, petrography, X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence. There was a common provenance for the coarse- and fine-grained sediments, and the primary depositional environment of the host sediment had no direct effect on illitization. The sandstones are mostly lithic arkoses dominated by framework grains of quartz, altered feldspars and carbonate rock fragments. Sandstone porosity has been reduced by quartz overgrowths and calcite cement; their pore-filling authigenic clay minerals consist of mixed-layer illite–smectite, illite, kaolinite and chlorite. In sandstones, smectite illitization progresses with depth; at 2150 m there is a transition from randomly interstratified to regular interstratified illite–smectite. The overall mineralogy of mudstones is surprisingly similar to the sandstones. However, for a given depth, feldspars are more altered to kaolinite, and smectite illitization is more advanced in sandstones than in mudstones. The higher permeability of sandstones allowed faster movement of material and pore fluid necessary for illitization and feldspar alteration than in mudstones. The significance of this work is that it has shown that open-system diagenesis is important for some clay mineral diagenetic reactions in sandstones, while closed-system diagenesis seems to operate for clay mineral diagenesis in mudstones.
    Print ISSN: 0305-8719
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4927
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society (of London)
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  • 3
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    Deformation band development as a function of intrinsic host-rock properties in Triassic Sherwood Sandstone (2016)
    Geological Society (of London)
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-21
    Description: Deformation bands significantly alter the local petrophysical properties of sandstone reservoirs, although it is not known how the intrinsically variable characteristics of sandstones (e.g. grain size, sorting and mineralogy) influence the nature and distribution of deformation bands. To address this, cataclastic deformation bands within fine- and coarse-grained Triassic Sherwood Sandstone at Thurstaston, UK were analysed, for the first time, using a suite of petrographical techniques, outcrop studies, helium porosimetry and image analysis. Deformation bands are more abundant in the coarse-grained sandstone than in the underlying fine-grained sandstone. North- and south-dipping conjugate sets of cataclastic bands in the coarse-grained sandstone broadly increase in density (defined by number/m 2 ) when approaching faults. Microstructural analysis revealed that primary grain size controls deformation band density. Deformation bands in both coarse and fine sandstones led to significantly reduced porosity, and so can represent barriers or baffles to lateral fluid flow. Microstructural data show preferential cataclasis of K-feldspar grains within the host rock and deformation band. The study is of direct relevance to the prediction of reservoir quality in several petroleum-bearing Lower Triassic reservoirs in the near offshore, as deformation band development occurred prior to Carboniferous source-rock maturation and petroleum migration.
    Print ISSN: 0305-8719
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4927
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 4
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    Improved imaging and analysis of chlorite in reservoirs and modern day analogues: new insights for reservoir quality and provenance (2018)
    Geological Society of London
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈p〉Chlorite is a key mineral in the control of reservoir quality in many siliciclastic rocks. In deeply buried reservoirs, chlorite coats on sand grains prevent the growth of quartz cements and lead to anomalously good reservoir quality. By contrast, an excess of chlorite – for example, in clay-rich siltstone and sandstone – leads to blocked pore throats and very low permeability. Determining which compositional type is present, how it occurs spatially, and quantifying the many and varied habits of chlorite that are of commercial importance remains a challenge. With the advent of automated techniques based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM), it is possible to provide instant phase identification and mapping of entire thin sections of rock. The resulting quantitative mineralogy and rock fabric data can be compared with well logs and core analysis data. We present here a completely novel Quantitative Evaluation of Minerals by SCANning electron microscopy (QEMSCAN®) SEM–energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS) methodology to differentiate, quantify and image 11 different compositional types of chlorite based on Fe : Mg ratios using thin sections of rocks and grain mounts of cuttings or loose sediment. No other analytical technique, or combination of techniques, is capable of easily quantifying and imaging different compositional types of chlorite. Here we present examples of chlorite from seven different geological settings analysed using QEMSCAN® SEM–EDS. By illustrating the reliability of identification under automated analysis, and the ability to capture realistic textures in a fully digital format, we can clearly visualize the various forms of chlorite. This new approach has led to the creation of a digital chlorite library, in which we have co-registered optical and SEM-based images, and validated the mineral identification with complimentary techniques such as X-ray diffraction. This new methodology will be of interest and use to all those concerned with the identification and formation of chlorite in sandstones and the effects that diagenetic chlorite growth may have had on reservoir quality. The same approach may be adopted for other minerals (e.g. carbonates) with major element compositional variability that may influence the porosity and permeability of sandstone reservoirs.〈/p〉
    Print ISSN: 0375-6440
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4927
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 5
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    Improved imaging and analysis of chlorite in reservoirs and modern day analogues: new insights for reservoir quality and provenance (2018)
    Geological Society (of London)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-12-21
    Description: Chlorite is a key mineral in the control of reservoir quality in many siliciclastic rocks. In deeply buried reservoirs, chlorite coats on sand grains prevent the growth of quartz cements and lead to anomalously good reservoir quality. By contrast, an excess of chlorite – for example, in clay-rich siltstone and sandstone – leads to blocked pore throats and very low permeability. Determining which compositional type is present, how it occurs spatially, and quantifying the many and varied habits of chlorite that are of commercial importance remains a challenge. With the advent of automated techniques based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM), it is possible to provide instant phase identification and mapping of entire thin sections of rock. The resulting quantitative mineralogy and rock fabric data can be compared with well logs and core analysis data. We present here a completely novel Quantitative Evaluation of Minerals by SCANning electron microscopy (QEMSCAN®) SEM–energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS) methodology to differentiate, quantify and image 11 different compositional types of chlorite based on Fe : Mg ratios using thin sections of rocks and grain mounts of cuttings or loose sediment. No other analytical technique, or combination of techniques, is capable of easily quantifying and imaging different compositional types of chlorite. Here we present examples of chlorite from seven different geological settings analysed using QEMSCAN® SEM–EDS. By illustrating the reliability of identification under automated analysis, and the ability to capture realistic textures in a fully digital format, we can clearly visualize the various forms of chlorite. This new approach has led to the creation of a digital chlorite library, in which we have co-registered optical and SEM-based images, and validated the mineral identification with complimentary techniques such as X-ray diffraction. This new methodology will be of interest and use to all those concerned with the identification and formation of chlorite in sandstones and the effects that diagenetic chlorite growth may have had on reservoir quality. The same approach may be adopted for other minerals (e.g. carbonates) with major element compositional variability that may influence the porosity and permeability of sandstone reservoirs.
    Print ISSN: 0305-8719
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4927
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 6
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    A renewed look at calcite cement in marine-deltaic sandstones: the Brent Reservoir, Heather Field, Northern North Sea, UK (2019)
    Geological Society of London
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Calcite cement is a major diagenetic phase in the marine sections of the Brent Group of the UKCS Heather oil field but is of negligible importance in the non-marine parts of the Brent succession. Calcite cement occurs as massive, stratabound horizons in excess of 3 m thick. Seismic attribute and wireline log analyses show that crestal areas of the reservoir seem to be largely free of carbonate cement, whereas downdip areas are locally heavily cemented. Early marine carbonate cement and bioclasts were probably the primary sources of the calcium in the calcite although dissolution, re-distribution via diffusion or flow and re-precipitation had major impacts on cement distribution. Poikilotopic calcite cement locally occludes all porosity. However, calcite cement locally surrounds late diagenetic quartz cement, and the presence of primary oil inclusions and high temperature primary aqueous fluid inclusions prove that some calcite grew late during burial. The occurrence of negative carbon stable isotope data reveal that calcite grew in the presence of CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 derived from biogenic sources. Input of CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 into the Brent reservoir facilitated dissolution and re-precipitation of carbonate minerals and permitted redistribution from dispersed early cement and bioclasts in the primary marine Brent sandstones into cemented horizons and nodules.〈/p〉
    Print ISSN: 0375-6440
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4927
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 7
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    Petroleum reservoir quality prediction: overview and contrasting approaches from sandstone and carbonate communities (2018)
    Geological Society (of London)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-05-03
    Description: The porosity and permeability of sandstone and carbonate reservoirs (known as reservoir quality) are essential inputs for successful oil and gas resource exploration and exploitation. This chapter introduces basic concepts, analytical and modelling techniques and some of the key controversies to be discussed in 20 research papers that were initially presented at a Geological Society conference in 2014 titled ‘Reservoir Quality of Clastic and Carbonate Rocks: Analysis, Modelling and Prediction’. Reservoir quality in both sandstones and carbonates is studied using a wide range of techniques: log analysis and petrophysical core analysis, core description, routine petrographic tools and, ideally, less routine techniques such as stable isotope analysis, fluid inclusion analysis and other geochemical approaches. Sandstone and carbonate reservoirs both benefit from the study of modern analogues to constrain the primary character of sediment before they become a hydrocarbon reservoir. Prediction of sandstone and carbonate reservoir properties also benefits from running constrained experiments to simulate diagenetic processes during burial, compaction and heating. There are many common controls on sandstone and carbonate reservoir quality, including environment of deposition, rate of deposition and rate and magnitude of sea-level change, and many eogenetic processes. Compactional and mesogenetic processes tend to affect sandstone and carbonate somewhat differently but are both influenced by rate of burial, and the thermal and pressure history of a basin. Key differences in sandstone and carbonate reservoir quality include the specific influence of stratigraphic age on seawater composition (calcite v. aragonite oceans), the greater role of compaction in sandstones and the greater reactivity and geochemical openness of carbonate systems. Some of the key controversies in sandstone and carbonate reservoir quality focus on the role of petroleum emplacement on diagenesis and porosity loss, the role of effective stress in chemical compaction (pressure solution) and the degree of geochemical openness of reservoirs during diagenesis and cementation. This collection of papers contains case study-based examples of sandstone and carbonate reservoir quality prediction as well as modern analogue, outcrop analogue, modelling and advanced analytical approaches.
    Print ISSN: 0305-8719
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4927
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 8
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    Feldspar alteration and Fe minerals: origin, distribution and implications for sandstone reservoir quality in estuarine sediments (2017)
    Geological Society (of London)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-15
    Description: The occurrence and distribution of minerals in modern sedimentary systems hold many clues to help unravel the origin and distribution of reservoir quality-controlling minerals in ancient and deeply buried sandstones, but few quantitative studies have been undertaken. Here we have used a range of techniques including X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and fully automated mineralogical QEMSCAN analysis to provide a comprehensive understanding of mineral composition and distribution within the post-glacial, clastic sediments of the Ravenglass Estuary, NW England. The Ravenglass Estuary is fed by two main rivers: one drains a granite-dominated hinterland, the other drains a hinterland that contains andesite and Triassic red bed sandstones. The granite-supplied arm has slightly more quartz-rich and Fe mineral-poor sediment than the andesite- and red bed-supplied sediment. The provenance signals are muted for feldspar and mica minerals heavy-mineral garnet populations seem to be sensitive to provenance. Detrital K-feldspar grains are preferentially associated with illite-dominated clay mineral coats, whereas all plagioclase mineral grains are preferentially associated with kaolinite-dominated clay mineral coats. This can be explained by rapid early diagenesis in the sediment with K-feldspar grain surfaces replaced by illite and plagioclase grain surfaces replaced by kaolinite. The andesite- and red bed-supplied sediment contains twice the amount of Fe minerals, which are dominated by chlorite, than the granite-supplied sediment. Chlorite rarely is associated with grain coatings on feldspar grains, possibly because it is predominantly a detrital mineral. Detrital Fe minerals seem to be locally replaced by pyrite due to bacterial sulphate reduction, suggesting that some early diagenetic processes may serve to lock away iron and prevent it from creating Fe-rich clay minerals.
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    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4927
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 9
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    Improved imaging and analysis of chlorite in reservoirs and modern day analogues: new insights for reservoir quality and provenance (2018)
    Geological Society of London
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-12-19
    Description: Chlorite is a key mineral in the control of reservoir quality in many siliciclastic rocks. In deeply buried reservoirs, chlorite coats on sand grains prevent the growth of quartz cements and lead to anomalously good reservoir quality. By contrast, an excess of chlorite – for example, in clay-rich siltstone and sandstone – leads to blocked pore throats and very low permeability. Determining which compositional type is present, how it occurs spatially, and quantifying the many and varied habits of chlorite that are of commercial importance remains a challenge. With the advent of automated techniques based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM), it is possible to provide instant phase identification and mapping of entire thin sections of rock. The resulting quantitative mineralogy and rock fabric data can be compared with well logs and core analysis data. We present here a completely novel Quantitative Evaluation of Minerals by SCANning electron microscopy (QEMSCAN®) SEM–energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS) methodology to differentiate, quantify and image 11 different compositional types of chlorite based on Fe : Mg ratios using thin sections of rocks and grain mounts of cuttings or loose sediment. No other analytical technique, or combination of techniques, is capable of easily quantifying and imaging different compositional types of chlorite. Here we present examples of chlorite from seven different geological settings analysed using QEMSCAN® SEM–EDS. By illustrating the reliability of identification under automated analysis, and the ability to capture realistic textures in a fully digital format, we can clearly visualize the various forms of chlorite. This new approach has led to the creation of a digital chlorite library, in which we have co-registered optical and SEM-based images, and validated the mineral identification with complimentary techniques such as X-ray diffraction. This new methodology will be of interest and use to all those concerned with the identification and formation of chlorite in sandstones and the effects that diagenetic chlorite growth may have had on reservoir quality. The same approach may be adopted for other minerals (e.g. carbonates) with major element compositional variability that may influence the porosity and permeability of sandstone reservoirs.
    Print ISSN: 0305-8719
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4927
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 10
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    Petroleum reservoir quality prediction: overview and contrasting approaches from sandstone and carbonate communities (2018)
    Geological Society of London
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0305-8719
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    Topics: Geosciences
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