ALBERT

Beschreibung: On 4 November 2021, during the rising phase of solar cycle 25, an intense geomagnetic storm (Kp=8-) occurred. This work is focused on the analysis of the solar wind conditions before and during the geomagnetic storm, the high latitude electrodynamics conditions, estimated through empirical models, and the response of the atmosphere in both hemispheres, based on parameters from the ERA-5 dataset. Our investigations are also supported by confutation and Monte Carlo tests. We find a significant, within 1 day, correspondence between high latitude electrodynamics variations and changes in the temperature, specific humidity, and meridional and zonal wind, in both the troposphere and stratosphere. The results indicate that, in the complex solar wind-atmosphere relationship, a significant role might be played by the intensification of the polar cap potential.

Beschreibung: De Santis et al. (EPSL 2017) detected that for the first time in Swarm satellite data some magnetic field anomalies associated with the 2015 Nepal M7.8 earthquake, with similar S-shapes for the cumulative number of satellite anomalies and earthquakes, providing an empirical proof on the lithospheric origin of the anomalies. Following the same approach, De Santis et al. (Atmosph. 2019) obtained other promising results for 12 earthquakes in the range M6.1-8.3, in the framework of the ESA funded SAFE (SwArm For Earthquake study) Project. Then, almost five years of Swarm magnetic field and electron density data were analysed with a Superposed Epoch and Space approach finding a robust correlation with major worldwide M5.5+ earthquakes (De Santis et al. Sc.Rep. 2019). The work also confirmed the Rikitake (1987) law, initially proposed for ground data: the larger the magnitude of the impending earthquake, the longer the precursory time of anomaly occurrences. An analogous analysis was also applied in the framework of the ASI funded Limadou-Science Project to the Chinese Seismo-Electromagnetic satellite (CSES) electron density providing similar results (De Santis et al. N.Cim. 2021). Marchetti et al. (Rem.Sens. 2022) confirmed the same result over a longer time series , i.e. 8 years, of Swarm satellite data. Furthermore, we demonstrated in several case studies (e.g. Marchetti et al. JAES 2019, Akhoondzadeh et al. Adv.S.R. 2019; De Santis et al. Fr.E.Sc. 2020) that the integration of CSES and Swarm data with other measurements from ground an atmosphere reveals a chain of processes before many mainshocks.