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  • 1
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    Paleomagnetic dating of pre-historic lava flows from the urban district of Catania (Etna volcano, Italy) (2021)
    GSA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-16
    Description: Determining the ages of past eruptions of active volcanoes whose slopes were histori- cally inhabited is vitally important for inves- tigating the relationships between eruptive phenomena and human settlements. During its almost three-millennia-long history, Cata- nia—the biggest city lying at the toe of Etna volcano—was directly impacted only once by the huge lava flow emplaced during the A.D. 1669 Etna flank eruption. However, other lava flows reached the present-day Catania urban district in prehistoric ages before the founding of the city in Greek times (729/728 B.C., i.e., 2679/2678 yr B.P.). In this work, the Holocene lava flows of Barriera del Bosco, Larmisi, and San Giovanni Galermo, which are exposed in the Catania urban district, were paleomagnetically investigated at 12 sites (120 oriented cores). Paleomagnetic dat- ing was obtained by comparing flow-mean paleomagnetic directions to updated geo- magnetic reference models for the Holocene. The Barriera del Bosco flow turns out to rep- resent the oldest eruptive event and is paleo- magnetically dated to the 11,234–10,941 yr B.P. and 8395–8236 yr B.P. age intervals. The mean paleomagnetic directions from the San Giovanni Galermo and Larmisi flows overlap when statistical uncertainties are considered. This datum, along with geologic, geochemi- cal, and petrologic evidence, implies that the two lava flows can be considered as parts of a single lava field that erupted in a nar- row time window between 5494 yr B.P. and 5387 yr B.P. The emplacement of such a huge lava flow field may have buried several Neo- lithic settlements, which would thus explain the scarce occurrence of archaeological sites of that age found below the town of Catania.
    Description: Published
    Description: 616–628
    Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
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    The 2004–2005 Mt. Etna Compound Lava Flow Field: A Retrospective Analysis by Combining Remote and Field Methods (2021)
    Wiley-AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-15
    Description: Mapping lava flows frequently during effusive eruptions provides crucial parameters to better understand their dynamics, in turn improving our ability to model lava flow behavior. New photogrammetric methods have recently been developed, shifting the paradigm of photogrammetry from pure method to a multidisciplinary approach able to reduce the cost of volcanic monitoring and widen the potential spectrum of application. In this work, we demonstrate how multi-view and singleview photogrammetry methods can be used effectively to extract accurate quantitative information from photographs taken during routine surveys over an active lava flow. One intriguing advantage of these methods is that they can re-use images acquired previously to extract new data from past eruptions. In particular, we reconstructed quantitatively the evolution of the lava flow field emplaced during 2004–2005 at Mt. Etna, subdivided in five eruptive phases from the earliest simple lava flows to the final compound lava field about 6 months later. Our results show that, in the first week of eruption, lava field formation was characterized by an increasing lava length that followed a power law growth and by a decreasing front velocity that followed a power law as well. Thereafter, the length increasing became almost constant until the developed lava tube system was able to drain the lava for long distances, with the area inundated by lava that grew linearly in the first 20 days. Finally, we demonstrate the crucial role that the syn-eruptive DEMs acquisition could have to improve our understanding of the emplacement dynamics of complex lava fields.
    Description: Published
    Description: e2020JB020499
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 3
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    Re-pressurized magma at Mt. Etna, Italy, may feed eruptions for years (2021)
    Nature PG
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-02
    Description: Identifying and monitoring the presence of pressurized magma beneath volcanoes allows for improved understanding of internal dynamics and prediction of eruptions. Here we show with time-repeated tomography clear evidence that fresh melts accumulate since 2019 in three reservoirs located at different depths in the central feeding system. In these three volumes, we observe a significant reduction of seismic wave velocity, an anomaly that has endured for almost two years. Reservoir re-pressurization induced seismicity clusters around the pressurized volumes within high fluid pressure compartments. This indicated a sharp change in volcano behavior, with re-pressurization of the central system replacing two-decade-long, flank collapse-dominated dynamics. The volume where the velocities are altered is remarkable in size, suggesting the injection of new melt, and that erupted lava represents only a small percentage. Our findings suggest that ongoing volcanic recrudescence can persist.
    Description: Published
    Description: 216
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 4
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    The significance of the 1971 flank eruption of Etna from volcanological and historic viewpoints (2021)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-15
    Description: The 1971 eruption represents a benchmark in the recent history of Etna volcano. From a volcanological point of view, this eruption was characterised by complex intrusive dynamics associated with significant ground deformation that induced the activation of the Moscarello seismogenic fault and the formation of a new summit crater: the Southeast Crater. At the same time, the 1971 event marks an important change in the eruptive style and composition of the magma towards products richer in K. It is no coincidence that, over the next fifty years, there would be an increase in the frequency of summit and flank eruptions and associated output rate. From an historical viewpoint, the eruptive event of 1971 was the first important flank eruption studied by the International Institute of Volcanology: the analysis of the scientific articles on this activity reveals a greater multidisciplinary content in the descriptions and explanations of volcanic activity. Particularly important were the collaborations of British and French research groups that, together with their Italian colleagues, succeeded in giving a complete picture of the eruption and describing the state of knowledge on the Sicilian volcano. The multidisciplinary methodology used to study this eruption is still valid today.
    Description: Published
    Description: VO543
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 5
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    Prehistoric human presence on Mount Etna (Sicily), in relation to the geological evolution (2021)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-15
    Description: This study analyses the relationship between the pre- and protohistoric sites on the slopes of Etna and the volcanic products, as well as the diverse settlement strategies in the different periods of prehistory. New C14 dating from significant excavations, in addition to those known from other Etnean sites, were performed with the aim of validating the chronology of the sequence of the different phases. A substantial concordance of the archaeological data with the volcanological ones has been found. It has been observed that a consistent human presence on Etna appears from the Middle Neolithic (5500 BC), after the sequence of eruptive events that marked the end of the Ellittico volcano (13550 - 13050 BC) and the formation of the Valle del Bove, and the subsequent debris and alluvial events on the eastern flanks of the volcano (7250 - 3350 BC). Human presence intensifies between the Late-Final Copper Age and the Early Bronze Age (2800 - 1450 BC), due to improvement in subsistence techniques and to the large presence of soils on lava flows suitable for sheep farming. The most recent phases of the Bronze Age are poorly represented, probably because of the concentration of the population in larger agglomerations (Montevergine and S. Paolillo at Catania, the Historical Hill at Paternò). The explosive eruptions taking place in this period seem to have had less impact on the settlement choices and have not affected the development of the sites over time.
    Description: Published
    Description: VO542
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 6
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    Towards a multi-hazard assessment at mt. Etna volcano (italy): investigating the statistical relationship between flank eruptions and major earthquakes in the historical catalogs (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-17
    Description: The problem of evaluating the statistical dependence among different series of events is often encountered in geophysics. On active volcanoes, the typical question is to relate different phenomena having significant impact in terms of multi-hazard implications. At Mt. Etna volcano, flank eruptions are often related to the occurrence of damaging earthquakes; the last case-history is the 2018 flank eruption, accompanied by a seismic swarm producing a destructive earthquake (Mw 4.9). The statistical analysis of the seismic and eruptive records on a significant time-span may contribute to defining potentially hazardous conditions and enhancing civil protection preparedness.
    Description: Unpublished
    Description: Online Conference
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Keywords: Etna ; flank eruptions
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Conference paper
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  • 7
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    MAGMATOLOGICAL TECTONICS: ALFRED RITTMANN’S PARADIGM (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-02
    Description: The aim of this research is to present the life and research of Alfred Rittmann (1893–1980). He was an Earth scientist in the broadest sense: a petrographer, mineralogist, magmatologist, tectonist, geodynamicist, planetologist, volcanologist and, what is more, a philosopher of geosciences. He is considered the founder of contemporary, volcanology by combining in his interdisciplinary research the study of volcanic phenomena at the surface with tectonic activity and magmatology. In his books, Rittmann discussed the first correlations between volcanism and tectonics; his geodynamic model comprises complex studies of geology, volcanology, magmatology and geodynamics. We propose to name his scientific worldview ‘Magmatological Tectonics’ (MT) and to describe it as a Kuhnian paradigm. The leading concept of all geological processes is the fundamental law. Rittmann also made abundant use of Chamberlin’s method, the method of multiple working hypotheses. Some brief interpretations will be proposed regarding the importance of Rittmann in the history of geosciences in the twentieth century and the emergence of some philosophical problems deriving from this research.
    Description: Published
    Description: 266–281
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 8
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    Tales From Three 18th Century Eruptions to Understand Past and Present Behaviour of Etna (2021)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-23
    Description: The structure of an active volcano is highly dependent on the interplay between the geodynamic context, the tectonic assessment as well as the magmatic processes in the plumbing system. This complex scenario, widely explored at Etna during the last 40 years, is nevertheless incomplete for the recent historical activity. In 1763 two eruptions occurred along the west flank of the volcano. There, an eruption started on 6th February and formed the scoria cone of Mt. Nuovo and a roughly 4-km-long lava flow field. Another small scoria cone, known as Mt. Mezza Luna, is not dated in historical sources. It is located just 1 km eastward of Mt. Nuovo and produced a 700mlong flow field. We focused on the activity of Mts. Nuovo and Mezza Luna for several reasons. First, the old geological maps and volcanological catalogues indicate that Mt. Mezza Luna and Mt. Nuovo cones were formed during the same eruption, while historical sources described Mt. Nuovo’s activity as producing a single scoria cone and do not give information about the formation of Mt. Mezza Luna. Second, petrologic studies highlight that the products of Mt. Mezza Luna are similar to the sub-aphyric Etna basalts; they preserve a composition relatively close to Etna primitive magma which were also erupted in 1763, during La Montagnola flank eruption, which took place along the South Rift of the volcano. Third, the two scoria cones built up along the so-called West Rift of Etna, which represents one of the main magma-ascent zones of the volcano. We applied a multidisciplinary approach that could prove useful for other volcanoes whose past activity is still to be reconstructed. Critical reviews of historical records, new field surveys, petrochemical analyses and petrologic modelling of the Mts. Nuovo and Mezza Luna eruptions have been integrated with literature data. The results allowed improving the stratigraphic record of historical eruptions reported in the Mount Etna Geological map, modelling the sub-volcanic magmatic processes responsible for magma differentiation, and evidencing recurrent mechanisms of magma transfer at Etna. Indeed, the intrusion of a deep primitive magma along the South Rift is often associated with the activation of other rift zones that erupt residual magma stored in the shallow plumbing system.
    Description: This study has been funded by the EC FP7 Mediterranean Supersite Volcanoes project (ECGA 308665) of the European Commission
    Description: Published
    Description: 774361
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Etna volcano, historical activity, historical geological maps, stratigraphic sequence, deep magma composition, volcano rift zones ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 9
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    Supporting Information for "Quantifying the statistical relationships between flank eruptions and major earthquakes at Mt. Etna volcano (Italy)" (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-18
    Description: This compressed folder contains supporting information related to the manuscript: "Quantifying the statistical relationships between flank eruptions and major earthquakes at Mt. Etna volcano (Italy)". Data Set S1. Catalog of flank eruptions Historical catalog of flank eruptions of Mt. Etna from 1600 to 2018. Data Set S2. Catalog of major earthquakes Macroseismic catalog of Etnean earthquakes from 1800 to 2018. Data Set S3. GIS dataset of Eruptive fissures GIS shapefiles of eruptive fissures at Mt. Etna from 1800 to 2018. UTM WGS84, Zone 33 N. Data Set S4. Tests with ±2 months maximum inter-event time Histograms of the inter-event time of earthquakes and flank eruptions lesser than ±2 months. Pie charts of the positive values (dark colors), negative values in [-2.5, 0] days (light colors), and lower than -2.5 days (white) are reported. Data Set S5. Tests with dt = 5 days moving window Conditional rates of major earthquakes less than ±4 months from flank eruptions, obtained assuming dt = 5 days instead of dt = 10 days. A solid line marks the average annual rate of the earthquakes, and bold lines threshold rates 2, 5, and 10 times larger than the average value. Data Set S6. Tests on the eruptions end, including earthquakes in ±2.5 days from the onset Conditional rates of major earthquakes less than ±4 months from flank eruptions end, obtained without excluding the earthquakes occurred in ±2.5 days from the onset. A solid line marks the average annual rate of the earthquakes, and bold lines threshold rates 2, 5, and 10 times larger than the average value. Data Set S7. Summary of inter-event time histograms Histograms of the inter-event time of earthquakes and flank eruptions lesser than ±4 months, also decomposed according to spatial groups E1-E4 and fault systems F1-F4. Light-colored bars highlight the eruptions 〉 2850 m.a.s.l.
    Description: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
    Description: Published
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: report
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  • 10
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    Quantifying the Statistical Relationships Between Flank Eruptions and Major Earthquakes at Mt. Etna Volcano (Italy) (2022)
    Wiley-AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-18
    Description: At Mt. Etna volcano, flank eruptions are often accompanied by seismic swarms with damaging earthquakes; the most recent case-history is the 2018 flank eruption, associated with a destructive earthquake (Mw 5.0). In this paper, we analyze the earthquake and eruptive catalogs from 1800 to 2018, to produce quantitative estimates of the earthquake rate under the influence of flank eruptions. We quantify that 30% of the flank eruption onsets precede a major (i.e., damaging, Ix ≥ V–VI EMS) earthquake by 30 days or less; 18% of the major earthquakes follow a flank eruption onset in 30 days or less. Thus, we show that the probability of major earthquakes increases 5–10 times after the onset of flank eruptions and this effect lasts for 30–45 days. This is also observed after the end of the eruptions. Results indicate different relationships depending on the location of the volcano-tectonic systems considered individually (eruptive fissures, seismogenic faults). For instance, we describe a 10–20 times increased probability of earthquakes for 65–70 days after eruptions on the northeastern flank, and of new flank eruptions for 45–70 days after earthquakes of the Pernicana fault.
    Description: Published
    Description: e2022JB024145
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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