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  • 1
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    Towards a Dynamic Approach to Urban Metabolism: Tracing the Temporal Evolution of Brussels’ Urban Metabolism from 1970 to 2010 (2016)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-07
    Description: Urban metabolism (UM) is a way of characterizing the flows of materials and energy through and within cities. It is based on a comparison of cities to living organisms, which, like cities, require energy and matter flows to function and which generate waste during the mobilization of matter. Over the last 40 years, this approach has been applied in numerous case studies. Because of the data-intensive nature of a UM study, however, this methodology still faces some challenges. One such challenge is that most UM studies only present macroscopic results on either energy, water, or material flows at a particular point in time. This snapshot of a particular flow does not allow the tracing back of the flow's evolution caused by a city's temporal dynamics. To better understand the temporal dynamics of a UM, this article first presents the UM for Brussels Capital Region for 2010, including energy, water, material, and pollution flows. A temporal evaluation of these metabolic flows, as well as some urban characteristics starting from the seminal study of Duvigneaud and Denayer-De Smet in the early 1970s to 2010, is then carried out. This evolution shows that Brussels electricity, natural gas, and water use increased by 160%, 400%, and 15%, respectively, over a period of 40 years, whereas population only increased by 1%. The effect of some urban characteristics on the UM is then briefly explored. Finally, this article succinctly compares the evolution of Brussels’ UM with those of Paris, Vienna, Barcelona, and Hong Kong and concludes by describing further research pathways that enable a better understanding of the complex functioniong of UM over time.
    Print ISSN: 1088-1980
    Electronic ISSN: 1530-9290
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Wiley
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  • 2
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    Dust grains potential variation in a Vasyliunas Cairns-distributed plasmas with negative ions (2015)
    American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-12-25
    Description: Dust grains' potential variation is presented by using a non-equilibrium complex (dusty) plasma following the Vasyliunas Cairns ( VC )-distribution, in which the components such as the electrons, ions [positive and negative], and dust grains have negative charge. For this reason, mathematical statement of currents is solved for dust grains having negatively charge to accomplish the equilibrium state value (viz., q d  = constant) in the presence of VC -distributed plasmas. Indeed, the current balance equations are modified due to the streaming/nonequilibrium distributed negative ions. Numerically, it is assessed that the important plasma variable, for example, spectral index α , spectral index κ , negative ions streaming velocity ( U 0 ), and negative ions number density ( ρ ) , significantly influences the dust grain surface potential ( | ψ d | ) by: (i) increasing the value of spectral index kappa ( κ ) and negative ions density ( ρ ) , the magnitude of dust surface potential ( | ψ d | ) decreases and (ii) increasing the values of spectral index α and negative ions streaming velocity ( U 0 ), dust grains surface potential ( | ψ d | ) increases. The relevance to low-temperature research center in a non-equilibrium dusty (complex) plasma is precisely discussed by associating oxygen ions (negative and positive) species.
    Print ISSN: 1070-664X
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-7674
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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  • 3
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    Present‐day subsidence in the Ganges‐Brahmaputra‐Meghna Delta: eastern amplification of the Holocene sediment loading contribution (2019)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract The subsidence of the Ganges‐Brahmaputra‐Meghna Delta (GBMD) drastically increases the adverse impacts of coastal flooding and exacerbates the vulnerability of populations from ongoing rapid sea level rise. We focus here on estimating the present‐day subsidence rates induced by the loading of sediments continuously deposited within the GBMD over the past 11,000 years. By constructing a realistic GBMD 3‐D numerical model with laterally variable mantle and lithospheric structure, we demonstrate for the first time that the presence of the strong Indian Craton and the weakened Indo‐Burma margin result in significant amplification of subsidence driven by sediment loading in the eastern part of the delta, where the population density is the highest (〉1000 habitants/km2). Although uncertainties remain regarding the amplitude of subsidence, the rate estimates (2–3 mm/yr) are found to be comparable to the present‐day global mean sea level rise.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 4
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    Dust charging processes with a Cairns-Tsallis distribution function with negative ions (2016)
    American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-01-23
    Description: Dust grain charging processes are presented in a non-Maxwellian dusty plasma following the Cairns-Tsallis ( q , α )–distribution, whose constituents are the electrons, as well as the positive/negative ions and negatively charged dust grains. For this purpose, we have solved the current balance equation for a negatively charged dust grain to achieve an equilibrium state value (viz., q d  = constant) in the presence of Cairns-Tsallis ( q , α )–distribution. In fact, the current balance equation becomes modified due to the Boltzmannian/streaming distributed negative ions. It is numerically found that the relevant plasma parameters, such as the spectral indexes q and α , the positive ion-to-electron temperature ratio, and the negative ion streaming speed ( U 0 ) significantly affect the dust grain surface potential. It is also shown that in the limit q → 1 the Cairns-Tsallis reduces to the Cairns distribution; for α  = 0 the Cairns-Tsallis distribution reduces to pure Tsallis distribution and the latter reduces to Maxwellian distribution for q → 1 and α  = 0.
    Print ISSN: 1070-664X
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-7674
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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  • 5
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    Materials, Vol. 12, Pages 1966: Conceptual Design of Composite Sandwich Structure Submarine Radome (2019)
    MDPI
    In: Materials
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Radomes are usually constructed from sandwich structures made of materials which usually have a low dielectric constant so that they do not interfere with electromagnetic waves. Performance of the antenna is increased by the appropriate assortment of materials enabling it to survive under marine applications, and it depends on composite strength-to-weight ratio, stiffness, and resistance to corrosion. The design of a sandwich core submarine radome greatly depends on the material system, number of layers, orientation angles, and thickness of the core material. In this paper, a conceptual design study for a sandwich core submarine radome is carried out with the help of finite element analysis (FEA) using two unidirectional composite materials—glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) and carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP)—as a skin material and six different core materials. Conceptual designs are obtained based on constraints on the composite materials’ failure, buckling, and strength. The thickness of the core is reduced under constraints on material and buckling strength. Finite element analysis software ANSYS WORKBENCH is used to carry out all the simulations.
    Electronic ISSN: 1996-1944
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by MDPI
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  • 6
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    Compressive Behaviour of 3D Printed Polymeric Gyroid Cellular Lattice Structure (2018)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-12-20
    Description: 3D cellular lattice structures have multiple applications in engineering including uses in crash resistant and protective equipment. Gyroid type lattice structure has a complex geometric shape, which is very difficult to manufacture by conventional manufacturing processes. Additive manufacturing (AM) technique such as Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) offers a convenient approach to fabricate such structure provided supports are carefully selected or avoided during their manufacture. This study involves designing the Schoen Gyroid type 3D lattice structure with different unit cell sizes and volume fractions and evaluating their manufacturability on the FDM 3D Printing machine. The study also presents the comprehensive behaviour of different Schoen Gyroid samples of four different unit cell sizes (ranging from 6 to 12 mm) and three different volume fractions of 14%, 20% and 25%. All the samples in this study where built without support. Results show that the smallest unit cell of ...
    Print ISSN: 1757-8981
    Electronic ISSN: 1757-899X
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Institute of Physics (IOP)
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  • 7
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    Combining magnetic forces for contactless manipulation of fluids in microelectrode-microfluidic systems (2019)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-2322
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 8
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    Mammalian Y chromosomes retain widely expressed dosage-sensitive regulators (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-04-25
    Description: The human X and Y chromosomes evolved from an ordinary pair of autosomes, but millions of years ago genetic decay ravaged the Y chromosome, and only three per cent of its ancestral genes survived. We reconstructed the evolution of the Y chromosome across eight mammals to identify biases in gene content and the selective pressures that preserved the surviving ancestral genes. Our findings indicate that survival was nonrandom, and in two cases, convergent across placental and marsupial mammals. We conclude that the gene content of the Y chromosome became specialized through selection to maintain the ancestral dosage of homologous X-Y gene pairs that function as broadly expressed regulators of transcription, translation and protein stability. We propose that beyond its roles in testis determination and spermatogenesis, the Y chromosome is essential for male viability, and has unappreciated roles in Turner's syndrome and in phenotypic differences between the sexes in health and disease.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4139287/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4139287/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bellott, Daniel W -- Hughes, Jennifer F -- Skaletsky, Helen -- Brown, Laura G -- Pyntikova, Tatyana -- Cho, Ting-Jan -- Koutseva, Natalia -- Zaghlul, Sara -- Graves, Tina -- Rock, Susie -- Kremitzki, Colin -- Fulton, Robert S -- Dugan, Shannon -- Ding, Yan -- Morton, Donna -- Khan, Ziad -- Lewis, Lora -- Buhay, Christian -- Wang, Qiaoyan -- Watt, Jennifer -- Holder, Michael -- Lee, Sandy -- Nazareth, Lynne -- Alfoldi, Jessica -- Rozen, Steve -- Muzny, Donna M -- Warren, Wesley C -- Gibbs, Richard A -- Wilson, Richard K -- Page, David C -- P51 RR013986/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- U54 HG003079/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U54 HG003273/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2014 Apr 24;508(7497):494-9. doi: 10.1038/nature13206.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Whitehead Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, & Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. ; The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA. ; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24759411" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Chromosomes, Human, X/genetics ; Chromosomes, Human, Y/genetics ; Disease ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Female ; Gene Dosage/*genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Health ; Humans ; Male ; Mammals/*genetics ; Marsupialia/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Annotation ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Protein Biosynthesis/genetics ; Protein Stability ; Selection, Genetic/genetics ; Sequence Homology ; Sex Characteristics ; Spermatogenesis/genetics ; Testis/metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic/genetics ; Turner Syndrome/genetics ; X Chromosome/genetics ; Y Chromosome/*genetics
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 9
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    Differential positioning of adherens junctions is associated with initiation of epithelial folding (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-03-30
    Description: During tissue morphogenesis, simple epithelial sheets undergo folding to form complex structures. The prevailing model underlying epithelial folding involves cell shape changes driven by myosin-dependent apical constriction. Here we describe an alternative mechanism that requires differential positioning of adherens junctions controlled by modulation of epithelial apical-basal polarity. Using live embryo imaging, we show that before the initiation of dorsal transverse folds during Drosophila gastrulation, adherens junctions shift basally in the initiating cells, but maintain their original subapical positioning in the neighbouring cells. Junctional positioning in the dorsal epithelium depends on the polarity proteins Bazooka and Par-1. In particular, the basal shift that occurs in the initiating cells is associated with a progressive decrease in Par-1 levels. We show that uniform reduction of the activity of Bazooka or Par-1 results in uniform apical or lateral positioning of junctions and in each case dorsal fold initiation is abolished. In addition, an increase in the Bazooka/Par-1 ratio causes formation of ectopic dorsal folds. The basal shift of junctions not only alters the apical shape of the initiating cells, but also forces the lateral membrane of the adjacent cells to bend towards the initiating cells, thereby facilitating tissue deformation. Our data thus establish a direct link between modification of epithelial polarity and initiation of epithelial folding.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3597240/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3597240/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wang, Yu-Chiun -- Khan, Zia -- Kaschube, Matthias -- Wieschaus, Eric F -- 5R37HD15587/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- P50 GM071508/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R37 HD015587/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Mar 28;484(7394):390-3. doi: 10.1038/nature10938.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22456706" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adherens Junctions/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Animals ; *Cell Polarity ; Cell Shape ; Choristoma ; Drosophila Proteins/deficiency/genetics/metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster/*cytology/*embryology/genetics/metabolism ; Epithelial Cells/*cytology/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Epithelium/*embryology/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Gastrula/cytology/embryology/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Gastrulation/*physiology ; Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/deficiency/genetics/metabolism ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 10
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    Primate transcript and protein expression levels evolve under compensatory selection pressures (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-10-19
    Description: Changes in gene regulation have likely played an important role in the evolution of primates. Differences in messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels across primates have often been documented; however, it is not yet known to what extent measurements of divergence in mRNA levels reflect divergence in protein expression levels, which are probably more important in determining phenotypic differences. We used high-resolution, quantitative mass spectrometry to collect protein expression measurements from human, chimpanzee, and rhesus macaque lymphoblastoid cell lines and compared them to transcript expression data from the same samples. We found dozens of genes with significant expression differences between species at the mRNA level yet little or no difference in protein expression. Overall, our data suggest that protein expression levels evolve under stronger evolutionary constraint than mRNA levels.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3994702/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3994702/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Khan, Zia -- Ford, Michael J -- Cusanovich, Darren A -- Mitrano, Amy -- Pritchard, Jonathan K -- Gilad, Yoav -- F32HG006972/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- GM077959/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM077959/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Nov 29;342(6162):1100-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1242379. Epub 2013 Oct 17.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24136357" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Evolution, Molecular ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Humans ; Macaca mulatta/*genetics ; Pan troglodytes/*genetics ; Protein Biosynthesis/*genetics ; RNA, Messenger/*biosynthesis/genetics ; *Selection, Genetic ; Species Specificity ; *Transcription, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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